Dr. Kohei Watanabe Dr. Iderlina B. Mateo-Babiano Ms. Siti Khadijah binti Abd. Gani Dr. Tetsuya Araki Dr. Tomoko Okayama Dr. Cristina P. Lim Ms. Adelia R. Licos Prof. Prijono Tjiptoherijanto "#$% Asian Public Intellectuals Collaborative Grant Risks and Challenges of Urbanization Focusing on Solid Waste Management Issues
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Dr. Kohei Watanabe Dr. Iderlina B. Mateo-Babiano Ms. Siti Khadijah binti Abd. Gani Dr. Tetsuya Araki Dr. Tomoko Okayama Dr. Cristina P. Lim Ms. Adelia R. Licos Prof. Prijono Tjiptoherijanto
"#$%!
Asian Public Intellectuals Collaborative Grant
Risks and Challenges of Urbanization Focusing on Solid Waste Management Issues
!"#"& ' ( ) "
!
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List of Tables
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Asian Public Intellectuals Collaborative Grant
Risks And Challenges Of Urbanization
Focusing On Solid Waste Management Issues
Background:
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Project Financial Support:!
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Research Team:!
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Research Objectives:
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1. Generate greater understanding of the by-products of urbanization, especially solid
waste management issues and its environmental risks, the situation of the local stakeholders giving more emphasis on private recyclers and informal waste pickers;
2. Generate knowledge of the national initiatives addressing solid waste management (laws, policies, local legislations, institutional arrangements, etc);
3. Gather some insights from some local communities’ response to solid waste
concerns by documenting local community exemplary practices to address solid
waste management including interventions provided to communities and the local
waste pickers. This includes discussion on the following:
a. amount and types of waste generated, the flow of waste;
b. recycling initiatives to reduce waste;
c. operation and management of the transport of wastes; and
d. engagements of informal waste pickers;
4. Present the challenges facing the local stakeholders (government, waste generators,
recyclers) and the API community pertaining to those related to compliance issues on the part of the waste generators and enforcement issues on the part of the local
government; and
5. Present the way forward by identifying possible site specific interventions by the local
stakeholders and the API community.
Part 1: Record of Site Visit:
The proposal has been approved and a funding was allocated to implement the research
project in four (4) project sites:
1. Philippines: March 17-23, 2014;
2. Indonesia: August 1-10, 2014;
3. Malaysia: September 1-7, 2014; and
4. Japan: October 26 - November 1, 2014.
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!
Philippine Site Visits:
Philippine Site Visits were conducted from 17 to 23 March 2014. The whole research team
stayed at Lourdes Suite. The hotel is situated at Kalayaan Avenue, just nearby the corner of
Makati Avenue.!
The itinerary is as stated in Table 1.
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Date Activity
Mar 16 (Sun) Arrival from home countries to Ninoy Aquino International Airport
(MNL)
Mar 17 (Mon) 1000 API Office @ Ateneo de Manila University
Launch meeting, briefing of fieldwork
Mar 18 (Tue) 0900 Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
1400 Makati City Local Government Unit (LGU)
1600 Earth day Network Philippines Inc (NGO)
Mar 19 (Wed) 1000 Philippine Plastics Industry Association
1400 Renew Plastics Recyclers Center
Mar 20 (Thu) 0900 Makati City Jail Green Shop
1100 Gladys’ Junk Shop: Ashcody Trading
1400 Payatas Landfill
Mar 21 (Fri) 0900 Municipality of Carmona
1400 Imus City Composting Centre
Mar 22 (Sat) 0900 Debriefing
Mar 23 (Sun) Departure from Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL) to home
countries
General Information on Waste Management in the
Philippines
An average Filipino generates 0.3 and 0.5 kg of garbage daily in rural and urban areas,
respectively. A recent Asian Development Bank (ADB) 2004 study showed that 6,700 metric
tons of waste is generated daily in Metro Manila composed mostly of food/kitchen wastes.
Annual waste generation is expected to grow 40% by 2010.
The average waste composition in Philippines consists mainly of kitchen/food waste (45%)
followed by paper (16%). Plastic and other items recorded 15% each and the lowest
percentage is glass and wood (9%) (World Bank, 2004).
Metro Manila waste was send to 2 (two) landfills which were located in Carmona, Cavite
(40%) and San Mateo, Rizal (50%)1. 70% of urban waste was collected and sent to
dumpsites and the remaining rural waste was uncollected garbage. It is either burned or
thrown indiscriminately (Senate Economic Planning Office, 2005).
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Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
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1. Philippine RA 7160: The Local Government Code (1991);
2. Philippine RA 7924: An Act Creating the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA); and
3. Philippine Republic Act RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.
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1. Mandatory segregation of solid waste;
2. Establishment of LGU (Local Government Unit) materials recovery facilities; 3. Ban on open dumps and littering as well as open burning of solid waste; and 4. A prohibition against the setting up of informal settlements at open dumps and landfills.
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1. Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill that will service the rest of the cities in Metropolitan Metro (Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasay, Caloocan, Pasig, Taguig, Pateros, Marikina, San Juan, Parañaque, Muntinlupa, Valenzuela and Las Piñas
2. Quezon City Sanitary Landfill will service Quezon City; and
3. Navotas Sanitary Landfill will service Navotas, Malabon, Caloocan and Manila.
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1. LGUs are responsible for the collection and transport of garbage, MMDA is functionally responsible for waste disposal. The rationale for this is that due to economies of scale, it is not feasible for LGUs to have their own disposal facilities. This will also decentralise waste collection while centralise waste disposal; and
2. LGUs are also responsible for the cost and operation of waste management. LGUs were also given the authority to collect fees and generate income from the operation
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of SWM programs (e.g. Material Recovery Facilities (MRF), establishment of Sanitary Landfill, as well as construction of Common Waste Treatment and Disposal Facilities).
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1. Pasay Central Waste Recycling Facility; and
2. Refuse derived fuel for cement factories named Lafarge.
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1. Community Recovery Centers (CRC): They are existing Barangay MRFs, home owners association facilities, Condo/ Mall/ Hotel MRFs, local junkshops and waste picker's co-op. Different bodies to cope with wide variety of sources of recyclables. With the R&R depot, there will be an increase in saleable items, free market with regular consolidator at a higher selling price;
2. Redemption and Recycling (R&R) Depot: CRCs can sell items to consolidators or to R&R depot. R&R Depot plays the role as One Stop Drop-Off Point for all items. Not intended to replace existing consolidators. R&R Depot operates in relation with recyclers and residual disposal companies, as well as product manufacturers, non-traditional recyclers etc. Recyclers are expected to give preferential rates (connection with National Recyclers Organisation Ph. + cleaner feedstock via CRC) and product manufacturers to contribute as CSR. "Non traditional recyclers" to include reuse of clothes, e-gadgets as well as materials for livelihood schemes. As residual disposal companies, cement kilns (CEMAP, use as fuel), and biodiesel manufacturers were listed;
3. Numerous companies were listed as recyclers. So many items can be willingly utilised, as long as they are properly sorted; and
4. More organised handling of waste resources can be achieved through R&R depot. The residuals will be also utilised as fuel, compost etc. At best nearly zero waste can be achieved, at worst 50% reduction.
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Makati City Jail Integrated Green Producers Cooperative!
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D.99.W80(2!
1. Established and submitted to the DTI-BOI the Philippine Plastics Industry Roadmap
(2016 to 2020);
2. Establishment of the Philippine National Standards on testing procedures of
biodegradable plastics, standards on compostable plastics, and the development of
standards on plastic bags and plastic resins with the Technical Committee 45/40 with
the DTI-Bureau of Product Standards;
3. Establishment and nationwide implementation of the Philippine Ecosavers Program
With Department of Education with the DENR and concerned LGUs;
4. Establishment and implementation of proper waste segragation between the Metro
Manila Homeowners Associations and the DENR, with extended implementation in
Regions 3 and 4-A;
5. Clean up Drive with the DILG-NCR of water ducts (esteros, canals, rivers, etc.) for
the implementation of the Supreme Court Mandamus on Manila Bay Clean Up Program
of government agencies;
6. Headed and graded the internship program of Miriam and Ateneo students enrolled in
marketing subjects on the development of promotional materials for the IEC campaign
on the proper use, disposal and recycling of post consumer plastic bags;
$$"#"& ' ( ) "
!
7. Implemented the JICA partnership program with the DTI-BOI on the study of waste
plastic recycling and plastic bag recovery and recycling program with the pilot LGUs
and schools in Metro Manila;
8. It maintains program partnerships with the Earthday Network on full waste recovery;
9. Archdiocese of Manila and other dioceses and church based organization on plastic
waste recovery and the promotion of IEC, redemption of waste plastic bags and
styrofoam, and voluminous recovery of waste plastic bags to recyclers;
10. With the different LGUs linking them with recyclers for their waste plastics;
11. With MRTI on the production of brick with plastics bags and laminates;
12. With new recycling technology enterprises converting waste plastics into industrial
fuel (such petroleum based liquid fuels and plastic charcoal), and into schools chairs;
13. With NGOs recycling plastics into handicraft like the Invisible Sisters (export quality
ladies bags) and LGUs (plastic bag ID lace, etc,);
14. With different Metro Manila Malls/Supermarkets: Ayala, Robinson’s, SM and Greenhills
in participation with their respective recyclable fairs, with the new partnership with
the National Recycling Organization of the Philippines (NROP);
$%3 Solicited from PPIA members plastic bags for LGUs/NGOs use for packaging relief
goods to typhoon victims, and PP woven bags use for clean-up drives!
$%"#"& ' ( ) "
!
Indonesia Site Visits:!
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Date Activity
Aug 3 (Sun) Arrival from home countries to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport
(CGK)
Aug 4 (Mon) 0900 Briefing at IPPA
1400 Ministry of Public Works (PU)
Aug 5 (Tue) 0900 Agency for Assessment & Application of Technology (BPPT)
1400 Governor of Jakarta Province, Jakarta (DKI) Provincial
Government
Aug 6 (Wed) 0900 Depok Municipal office / Waste Bank
1400 Cipayung Sanitary Landfill
Aug 7 (Thu) 0900 Universitas Indonesia (UI) discussion
1400 Universitas Indonesia (UI) UPS
Aug 8 (Fri) 0900 Community Initiative: Poklili
1400 API Indonesian Country Workshop
1900 API Dinner at Mang Eng King UI
Aug 9 (Sat) Departure from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) to home
countries
General Information on Waste Management in Indonesia
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1. Pilot/demo project on implementing 3R of municipal waste between Central and local Government and the community;
2. Western Java Environmental Management Project (WJEMP) on composting
implemented by executing agencies such as the Ministry of Public Works and MOE; 3. Pilot project for developing sanitary landfill (Ministry of Public Works, BPPT and
Districts); 4. Debt for nature s wap (Cooperation program with Germany) on municipal waste
management for gas); and 5. CDM program at Bantar Gebang landfill site in cooperation with Japan, Suwung Bali
and Balikpapan (East Kalimantan).
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1. Lack of comprehensive waste management program and planning; 2. Low priority of waste handling due to limited budget and lack of local government
financial resources; 3. Standard and guidelines are limited; 4. 3R is still limited to the informal sectors and community; 5. Simple technology of 3R (composting, plastic & paper recycling) is very limited; 6. Weaknesses of marketing of compost product; and
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7. Low quality compost because no waste separation at source.
!
Governor of Jakarta Province (DKI) Jakarta Provincial
Government
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Agency for Assessment & Application of Technology
(Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT)!
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B)9.W2
1. Project value: USD40 billion
2. Cooperation term: 25 years of operations
3. Expected output: 45.4 tons of compost per day; and
refuse-derived fuel 408, 6 tons per day
4. Maximum tipping fee: Rp80,000 per ton
5. Processed garbage: 1,000 ton per day
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1. Sanitary landfill is actually open dumping;
2. LGU are lacking in terms of the capacity to manage their wastes;
3. Operation and maintenance is poor as manifested by the very limited number of trucks
collecting the wastes;
4. Lack of policy and regulation on public private partnership;
5. Lack fund mobilization;
6. Lacks financial allocation. The normal budget allocation is 5% of the national budget
but in 2003, it was 1-3% only;
7. Lack community participation. The government thinks that SWM is their job. This is not
true. The community must be involved.
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Presentation at the Indonesia API Country Workshop
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Malaysia Site Visits:
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Date Activity
Aug 31 (Sun) Arrival from home countries to Kuala Lumpur International Airport
(KUL)
Sep 1 (Mon) 0900 Briefing @ INTAN Bukit Kiara
1400 Klang Beautiful Gate
1600 Community Initiative: Surau Al-Husna
Sep 2 (Tue) 0900 API Office @ UKM
1000 UKM Faculty of Engineering
1600 Junk King @ Semenyih
Sep 3 (Wed) 0900 Taman Beringin Transfer Station
1100 Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill
1400 Waste Management Assoc. Malaysia (WMAM)
Sep 4 (Thu) 0900 Concession Company: Alam Flora HQ
1400 Putrajaya 3R Centre
1600 KPKT: JPSPN & PPSPPA
Sep 5 (Fri) 0900 Mah Sing Plastics Industries Klang
1400 Debriefing
Sep 6 (Sat) Departure from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL) to home
countries
General Information on Waste Management in Malaysia
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waste management (by Tetsuya Araki)
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The collaborative grant project - a tale of four cities (by Kohei
Watanabe)
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1. Introduction
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2. Highlights of findings
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