1 Asian Americans History Asian Ethno-Linguistic Groups China, Mongolia etc. • Mongolia, inner & outer ▫ Mongol empire (see next map) • Tibet independence movement • Uyghur (Uighur) • PRC and Taiwan ▫ Characters ▫ Politics ▫ Language in Taiwan Mongol Empire
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Asian AmericansHistory
Asian Ethno-Linguistic Groups
China, Mongolia etc.
• Mongolia, inner & outer▫ Mongol
empire (see next map)
• Tibet independence movement
• Uyghur (Uighur)
• PRC and Taiwan▫ Characters▫ Politics▫ Language in
Taiwan
Mongol Empire
2
China
Uyghur
TibetHan
Korea
Taiwan
MongoliaMandarinCentral Asian Dialects
Cantonese
SouthernFujianese
TibetanShanghainese
(shanghai)
Northern Fujianese
Shanghainese (Hangzhou)
Gan(Dialect of JiangXi provice)
Xiang (dialect of HuNan)
Hakka
Mongolia
Chinese Dialects
China
Turkic/Uygher
Han
Mongolian
Tibetan-Burman
Korean
Altaic family, with about 250 million speakers, includes Turkish and Mongolian. There is considerable controversy about this family. First, it is often classified with the Uralic languages (see above), which have a similar grammatic structures. Second, many linguists doubt that Korean, Japanese (125 million speakers), or Ainu should be included, or that these last three are even related to each other! Also represented here are the language isolates Gilyak and Ket.
Languages of Northern Asia
3
Korean dialects
“official” Korean is the dialect of the educated people in the Seoul area (light green in the map)
Indochina
Austronesian language family
This family includes some 1000 different languages, spoken by about 250 million speakers. Malay and Indonesian (essentially the same language) account for about 140 million. Other examples include Madagascar in Africa, Tagalog in the Philippines, the aboriginal languages of Formosa (Taiwan) -- now almost displaced by Chinese -- and the many languages of the Pacific Islands, from Hawaiian in the north Pacific to Maori in New Zealand.
US Imperialism
• Guam, Wake (1899), Samoa – still US possessions whose “Pacific Islander” residents are US citizens. Small numbers, insignificant in most statistics, but present on mainland.
• (Hawaii annexed in the same year 1898)
4
Pacific Islanders of US• Chamorro people. Austronesian language group. ▫ 65,000 in Guam; (US since 1898) US citizens▫ 19,000 Northern Marianas (mostly Saipan) (US
since WWII) US citizens▫ 93,000 in rest of US (mostly Hawaii & West
Coast). US citizens.• American Samoa is US colony pop 65,000; part
of larger Samoan area (mostly independent country). US nationals, not US citizens.
• Wake Island: uninhabited, near Marshall Islands• Other uninhabited islands acquired after WWII
US and the Pacific
Guam & Marianas
Philippines
Wake
American Samoa
Hawaii
Japan
Korea
Indonesia
Oceania
Philippines major language groupsEnglish & Filipino (derived from Tagalog, red) are official languages. Education is in English. Migrants to Hawaii were most often Ilocano (green).
peasants• Small as part of US total, but very high
percentages of several western states. • Built the western part of the trans-continential
railroad; not permitted to drive the last spike in 1869
Chinese Exclusion• Explicit racism, hostile attacks, race riots, forced
removal• Cartoons of era equate Asians and blacks.
“Yellow peril.”• 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: absolute
prohibition of immigration from China• Chinese here are largely isolated males, forced
into the cities by hostility and violence• Chinese laundries & tourism as survival
strategies
8
Japanese Migration
• Begins 1868, Meiji Restoration (economic development & disruption), more after Chinese excluded in 1882
• Younger sons (& their wives) urged to migrate as part of development strategy; generally well-educated & skilled as farmers.
• Often quite successful in US as farmers, business owners. Vegetable farmers.
Japanese Exclusion
• 1907 Gentlemen's Agreement. No more immigration from Japan. (Japan agrees to restrict.)
• Korea a Japanese colony – Koreans often classified as Japanese by US, although politically resisting Japanese occupation
• Face violence, hostility, explicit segregation laws.
Discrimination, Segregation
• Explicit racial segregation laws applied to Chinese, Japanese.
• Asian-descent people born in US are citizens.• Asian immigrants cannot ever become citizens
because only “whites” can be naturalized citizens
Anti-Asian Laws in California• 1906 segregates Asians from whites in schools.
Modeled on “Jim Crow” laws.• 1913 denies right to own land to "persons ineligible
for citizenship." (Aimed at Japanese farmers)• 1920, 1923 amendments also prevent leasing or
farming others' land. • 1924 absolute prohibition of immigration of
"persons ineligible for citizenship." • Many forced into cities. Some hold land in
children's names.
9
Asian Americans in the Early 20th Century
Civil Rights Challenges
• 1920s, 1930s: Japanese American generation, speak English, identify as Americans, seek full civil rights, prove loyalty to US.
• Many Asians, especially those from India & Arabs (who are Caucasian) file lawsuits claiming to be “white” so they can become citizens
• Supreme Court rules in 1923 that “white” does not mean “Caucasian” but “people from Europe”
World War II/ Internment• 1941-1945. World War II• Dec 7 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.• War effort distinguishes evil Japanese from good
Chinese. • Internment of Japanese on West Coast, 2/3 citizens. • Idea originated in Hawaii, but never done there: not
a minority• “Concentration camps”: similar beginnings
(rounded up, train rides to ??, popular hostility). Different endings – not murder.
• Go to slides
O1
Internment of Japanese: Experiences
• Explicit white statements: reclaim Japanese land, “this is for whites, not browns,” define as race war.
• Asked to sign loyalty oaths. Most sign, a few not. (Sent to Japan after the war),
• A few volunteer for army, most not. Then reclassified I-A. Draft resistance breaks out; some are imprisoned. Say they would be willing to fight if they were treated as citizens.
• US also interns Japanese-descent citizens of Latin American nations
Slide 35
O1 pick up here next class after 4/24/14Oliver, 4/22/2014
10
After WWII: 1940s & 1950s
• Interned Japanese-Americans return home• Chinese & other Asians except Japanese finally
permitted to become naturalized citizens during WWII. (Japanese so permitted after 1952.)
• Alien land laws ruled unconstitutional after war• 1949 Chinese revolution makes Chinese the “bad
Asians,” communists
1960s & early 1970s• Vietnam War & other racial/ethnic movements raise
racial consciousness of US-born people of Asian descent
• Critique of “Oriental” as colonialist, call for “Asian” instead. “Asian American” coined.
• Some “yellow power” rhetoric, activism on campuses. Esp. Berkeley, creation of Ethnic Studies programs.
• Students strikes demand “ethnic studies” programs in California 1968-9
• The “model minority” rhetoric starts
Yuri Kochiyama
• Born Mary Nakahara 1921. Japanese-American• Father imprisoned the day of the Pearl Harbor
attack; died shortly after release in 1942• 1942 Relocated to center in Arkansas.• Moved to New York with her husband, got
involved with Malcolm X & Black nationalism, Puerto Rican radicals.
• Lifetime of activism for Japanese reparations but also in alliance with other minorities.
Immigration Law• Major change 1965 (Hart-Cellar Act)• Old law: national origins, immigration permits
in proportion of origins of US in 1820• New law: favors highly educated + relatives of
current residents. Authors thought would accomplish old purposes in less overtly racist ways
• (First quota on Latin American immigration)• Initially a trickle, but by late 1970s, major Asian
immigration.
11
Late 1970s• Growing Asian immigration• Asian Americans, especially 3rd+ generation,
seek to distinguish themselves from immigrants, resent assumption they are “foreigners”
• Japanese American Citizen League works for reparations for WWII internment of citizens (finally wins in the late 1980s)
• Bureaucratic forces increasing favor “racial” organizations create pressures to distinguish Asians as a distinct group, not just “other”
A= of people who named only one group; AC= of people who named an Asian group alone or in combination with other Asian or non-Asian groups
Asians Alone or Combined with Other Races Chinese PRC
Filipino
Asian Indian
Vietnamese
Korean
Japanese
Other Asian, notspecified5Pakistani
Cambodian
Hmong
Thai
Laotian
Taiwanese4
Bangladeshi
other < 1%
ChinesePRC
Filipino
Indian
14
Asians One Group AloneChinese PRCFilipinoAsian IndianVietnameseKoreanJapaneseAsian NSPakistaniCambodianHmongThaiLaotianTaiwaneseBangladeshigroups < 1%
ChinesePRC
Filipino
Indian
Updated information
• http://www.asian-nation.org/index.shtml• This site has a great collection of short reports
on demographics and also on each specific group• See graphs in spreadsheet• Left off here 4/24/14. Showed the new graphs.
[[Need to get them into the PowerPoint]]
Median Income of Employed Men, 2000
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Hmong
Hispanic
Laotian
Cambodian
AmerInd
Black
PacIsland
Vietnamese
Thai
Filipino
Other Asian
Korean
White NonHisp
Pakistani
All Asian
Chinese
Japanese
Indian (Asia)
15
% BA+ in 2000 (People over 25)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
White, Not Hisp
Black
Hispanic
PacIsland
AmInd
Asian
Chinese
Filipino
Indian (Asia)
Vietnamese
Korean
Japanese
Cambodian
Hmong
Laotian
Pakistani
Thai
Other Asian
Median Male Income By Proportion Adults > 25 Bachelors Degree or Higher
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Japanese
White NH
Indian
Pakistani
Chinese
Thai
Oth AsianFilipino
Korean
Vietnamese
HispanicHmong
Laotian
Cambodian
Black
Pac Isl
AmInd
R2 = .74
All Asian
Poverty of Asian Groups
16
Japanese-Americans• Were nearly all US born in late 1980s, but new
wave of immigration• 3rd, 4th, even 5th + generations• From 52% of all Asian Americans in 1960 to 12%
in 1990 and 8-10% in 2000 (depending on whether you count mixed)
• High rates of urbanization, education• US born have little tie to Japan, may identify as
Japanese-Americans or as Asian Americans• Face racial discrimination
Chinese-Americans - 1• In 1960, 2/3 of Chinese were US born, by 1985 2/3
immigrant. Largest Asian group now (24%)• Many US-born are 3rd, 4th, 5th generation – like
Japanese-Americans• Immigrants come from Taiwan, Hong Kong,
mainland China. Also Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam.
• Some ethnic/political differences, especially Taiwan vs. mainland, but also dialect/language differences
• Some Taiwanese don’t want to be called Chinese
17
Chinese-Americans - 2
• Professionals quite well off; Monterrey Park CA is wealthy Chinese-dominant city.
• Others are low-wage workers in China towns. Trapped by lack of English. Hard to learn when have to work long hours to survive.
Pilipino (Filipino) Americans -1
• Pilipinos largely invisible. Racial diversity: “look” Mexican or Chinese. Spanish influences. Few “ethnic enclaves.”
• Second largest Asian group, about 20% of total • Predominantly immigrants, high proportion are
women• Many health care professionals, educated in
English. Especially nurses. Many are well off.
Pilipino (Filipino) Americans -2• Many men have to downgrade occupation in US.• Some obtained immigration rights by joining US
military• Philippines a very poor country, many migrants
poor. Pilipino women are maids in much of the world
• Due to currency differences, some college-educated women work in US as maids, can earn more as maids in US than as professionals in the Philippines
• Growing phenomenon of bi-local families
Korean Americans - 1• Huge increase in recent migration. Large
concentrations in NY, LA. • Initial migrants can sponsor relatives. Two initial
streams have different characteristics:▫ War brides from Korean War (1950-53). More
working class.▫ Immigration quota migrants. Wealthier, more
educated.• 70% have college degrees, often medical
professionals. Come as settlers, bring families. Bring $$. Some are prosperous professionals.
18
Koreans Americans - 2• High rates of self-employment in US: $$ +
accent/language issues• Many filling urban retail niche being vacated by
white Jews, Italians, Greeks fleeing to the suburbs. greengrocers. Family labor, hard work. "The first generation must be sacrificed." Own lives bleak, educate the children.
• Others are prosperous professionals.• Korean-Americans, Korean immigrants, Korean
students, Korean adoptees: complex relations
Korean Americans - 3• Korean churches a major site of ethnic community;
significant fraction are Christian• Many North Koreans migrate through South Korea• April 1992 riot, Korean-black conflicts. ▫ March 4, 1991 Headline: “Korean store-owner Soon Ja
Du gets probation after shooting 15-year old Latasha Harlins for a $1.79 bottle of orange juice”
▫ (March 3, 1991 Rodney King Beaten. ) ▫ Arson of Korean businesses, police did not defend.
Adoptees• http://www.asian-nation.org/adopted.shtml• 110,000-150,000 Korean adoptees since 1950s (Korean
War). • Estimated Korean-American population 1.5 million, so up
to 10% of Korean American population may be adoptees• Foreign adoptees who entered on orphan visas 1989-2008
~123,000 Asian ~75,000 Eastern Europe (mostly Russia) ~34,000 Guatemala
• Asian adoptees entering on orphan visa 1989-2008 (approx)▫ China 66,500▫ S. Korea 34,000▫ India 7,000▫ Vietnam 6,000▫ Philippines 5,000▫ Cambodia 1,000
South Asians - 1• India, Pakistan• Fastest growing Asian group 1990-2000, third
largest now• Religion: Hindus (caste divisions), Muslim, Sikh,
Christian, some Buddhist• Language: Many different. ▫ Upper classes educated in English. (Legacy of British
colonialism.) ▫ Lower classes may not be English proficient.
• Do not identify as “Asian” racially, many identify as “white” (often called “black” in Britain)
19
South Asians - 2
• Highest income ethnic subgroup. • Many are English-educated professionals with
advanced degrees, technical skills• Also large numbers of cab drivers, motel owners.• Politics in US sometimes around ideal of South
Asian unity, sometimes divided around the axes of religious/ethnic conflict in South Asia
Southeast Asians
• Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos• Pre 1980, Generally refugees• Generally poorer than voluntary immigrants• Immigrant generation generally much worse off
than Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Indians• Post-traumatic stress syndrome & depression
common• US-born children doing much better
South-east Asia
Burma Vietnamese• Refugees. First wave evacuated 1975 when Communists
won Vietnam war. Educated US-collaborators, English speakers.
• Boat people. 1980s. ▫ Most hoped to return, reclaim homeland. ▫ Youth often arrived unaccompanied, hard time surviving,
living in motels and hanging out in cafes. Many join gangs. ▫ Two decades later, people growing up, going to college,
settling in• Vietnamese businesses, often people who had businesses
in Vietnam and brought capital. • Some are ethnic Chinese; may identify as Chinese or
• 70,000 ethnic Lao in 1990• 10,000 Mien in 1990• 60,000 Hmong in 1990• Conflicts among these groups in Laos and here.• Immigrants are refugees, generally ill-educated,
generally concerned about Laotian politics, traumatic stress syndrome, depression
Hmong Americans -1
• Ethnic minority in Laos (most are in China) • Worked for CIA/US military in support of US
war effort. Flew planes, ground support. • Emergency evacuation at the war’s end. Many
left behind.• Hmong written language a recent development,
many older people are not literate in their own language.
• Hmong dialects, differences within the group
Hmong Americans -2• Refugees had few urban skills• Although initially scattered, congregated in California
central valley & in Minnesota & Wisconsin; establishing farms in some places
• Cultural clashes with the larger society, e.g. over marriage of young teens, large families, medical & social customs
• Strong clan system is used in the US for collective economic development.
• Younger Hmong are learning in school, going to college.▫ Strong Hmong identity but conflicts with parents over
culture▫ Debates among Hmong young people about marriage age,
schooling, etc.
Hmong Americans: Wisconsin
• Many settled in Minnesota, Wisconsin• 2004 new wave of immigrants• La Crosse Hmong New Year celebration• Marathon County, Sheboygan• Deer hunter shootings 2005, 2007• Campus politics
21
Cambodians
• Escaped the Khmer Rouge. • 100,000 from refugee camps. • post traumatic stress disorder. • some educated, many country folk.• escaping horrors. think of home.• Most live in California• Disruptions in Cambodia reduce positive
identity, contribute to stress issues in US
Others (small in US but students at UW)
Indonesia• 4th largest country by population (after China, India, US)• ~17,000 islands, ~6000 inhabited. Many ethnic groups &
kingdoms thru history. Majority descend from Austronesians, also Melanesians, but many other influences thru history.
• 41% Javanese, many other ethnic groups• Dutch colony before independence. • Indonesian national language based on a longstanding lingua
franca (trade language)• Predominantly Muslim (86%) ; Christians 9%, some Hindus &
Buddhists.• Chinese minority (~4%) is relatively wealthy & controls much
of the private economy, has been subject to ethnic violence. • Repressive government for a long time, inequality.
Indigenous & other. • Chinese are generally wealthier, more educated,
economically dominant• Malay are politically dominant• Had ethnic violence in the past, has worked to
achieve ethnic peace; compensatory programs for ethnic Malays & indigenous
• Part of the British community of nations, so historically less tied to the US.
• More Malaysians coming to US to study in recent years both ethnic Chinese and Malaysian
22
Others• Singapore, a very small former British colony,
predominantly Chinese, sees itself as cosmopolitan.• Hong Kong, now part of China, was British colony
until 1997. Urban, cosmopolitan.• Taiwan. Island to which nationalist Chinese fled
after Communist revolution. Officially, part of China; both governments claim to be “true” Chinese government. Taiwanese somewhat ethnically different from mainland Chinese who took over. There are independence sentiments.
Campus Issues
• Student support groups for various ethnic groups
• Asian American Studies• Etc?
Arab, Middle-Eastern, Muslim Americans
Muslim Populations
23
Legend to religions map Arabs• Arabs speak Arabic (which has dialects)• Arabs live in Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
• Some Arabs are Israeli citizens.• Some Arabs are Christian • There were historic Arabic-speaking Middle-Eastern
Jewish populations (most now identify more as Jewish than Arab): Mizrahim
Arab Americans• About 3 million Arab-Americans• Seen as various “races” in US – some
white/European, some African, some south Asian.
• Most Arab-Americans are US born, ancestors migrated before 1920, mostly Christians from Lebanon and Syria
• The majority of Arab Americans are Catholic or Orthodox Christian
• More recent wave are Muslims
Non-Arab Middle East Peoples• Iranians are Persian or Irani, speak Farsi, are mostly
Muslim, are not Arabs▫ Longstanding Persian Jewish population▫ Longstanding Zoroastrian population
• Turkish speak Turkish, are Muslim, but not Arabs• Kurds don’t have a state, are Muslim, speak Kurdish• Minority groups within other nations include
Assyrians, Berbers, Chaldeans, Copts▫ Chaldeans are Catholics from Iraq, significant
communities in US. ▫ Coptics are Egyptian Christians: speak Arabic but see
themselves as culturally distinct
24
Middle East
Muslims• About 12 percent of Muslims worldwide are
Arabs. • There are more Muslims in Indonesia than in all
Arab countries combined. • Large populations of Muslims live in India, Iran,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, other parts of East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
• Islam originated among Arabs, and the Quran was originally written in Arabic, so there are Arabic cultural influences in Islam.
Muslim Americans 2000American Muslim Council Figures
Percent
African American 24
South Asia 25
Middle East Arab 26
Middle East Non-Arab 10
East Asia 6
Other 12
Ethnicity of Muslim Americans
Source: Mosque Study Project, Council on American-Islamic Relations, 2001
25
Muslim Americans (Pew Report)• Foreign-born Muslims
65%▫ Arab region 24▫ Pakistan 8▫ Other South Asia 10▫ Iran 8▫ Europe 5▫ Other Africa 4▫ Other 6
• Native-born Muslims 35% • Born/Convert▫ Converts to Islam 21▫ Born Muslim 14
• Race/Ethnicity▫ African American 20▫ Other 15
• Generation ▫ Second 7 ▫ Third + 28
Birthplace of Foreign-Born Muslims
• Region of Birth▫ Arab region* 37%▫ South Asia 27%▫ Iran 12%▫ Europe 8%▫ Other Africa* 6%▫ Other 10%
• Country of birth▫ Pakistan 12%▫ India 7%▫ Bangladesh 5%▫ Iran 12%▫ Lebanon 6%▫ Yemen 6%▫ Iraq 4%▫ Bosnia & Herzegovina 4%
Gallup poll (random sample of whole population, English only)