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31/03/2017 1 ASIA and CAT Objectives Review CAT guidelines in SCI Review ASIA assessment and grading Review areas where contention may arise
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Oct 28, 2019

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Page 1: ASIA and CAT - cdn.ymaws.com · 7 ASIA Sensory Points Continued… • For a much more specific and detailed description of sensory points, ... • It is common practice to start

31/03/2017

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ASIA and CAT

Objectives

• Review CAT guidelines in SCI

• Review ASIA assessment and grading

• Review areas where contention may arise

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Old Criteria for CAT Determination in SCI

•Paraplegia or Quadriplegia• Not very specific

• Sets no boundaries on injury severity for criteria

New criteria as of June 2016 

• 1. Paraplegia or tetraplegia that meets the following criteria: • i. The insured person’s neurological recovery is such that the person’s permanent grade on the ASIA Impairment Scale, as published in Marino, R.J. et al, International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, Volume 26, Supplement 1, Spring 2003, can be determined. 

• ii. The insured person’s permanent grade on the ASIA Impairment Scale is or will be, 

• A. A, B or C, 

• or B. D, and other criteria

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2016 criteria for AIS – D SCI1. the insured person’s score on the Spinal Cord Independence Measure, 

Version III, item 12 (Mobility Indoors), as published in Catz, A., Itzkovich, M., Tesio L. et al, A multicentre international study on the Spinal Cord Independence Measure, version III: Rasch psychometric validation, Spinal Cord (2007) 45, 275‐291 and applied over a distance of up to 10 metres on an even indoor surface is 0 to 5, or…

2. the insured person requires urological surgical diversion, an implanted device, or intermittent or constant catheterization in order to manage a residual neuro‐urological impairment, or… 

3. the insured person has impaired voluntary control over anorectal function that requires a bowel routine, a surgical diversion or an implanted device.

Points to note in new guidelines

• The guidelines apply to both true upper motor neuron spinal cord injury and cauda equine syndrome

• Does not need to present with upper motor neuron findings to meet criteria

• The words “the persons permanent grade on the ASIA impairment scale” are used 

• Appears to indicate that this is past the point of maximal medical recovery

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How to apply new guidelines

• Will begin by discussing ASIA exam after quick overview

• Sensory and motor exam will be reviewed separately

• Then discuss NLI

• Then discuss scoring AIS

• Then return to application to CAT criteria

ASIA Exam(American Spinal Injury Association)• Standardized examination for SCI as per International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI)

• Used to determine neurological level of injury and impairment rating

• Designed to be standardized such that a variety of healthcare professionals can administer

• Designed to be administered in any scenario – acute or chronic

• Very useful to monitor neurological changes in SCI over time

• Now used for CAT determination

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ASIA and CAT

• To meet criteria for CAT, a SCI must have clinical evidence of AIS A, B or C

• The determination of AIS is dependent/relative to the neurological level of injury in order to distinguish between AIS B, C and D

• Cannot reliably determine AIS  without first determining NLI• Only AIS A (complete) can be determined without NLI

Determining NLI

• Must determine sensory and motor level for left and right side of body.

• Each level on each side of body is determined separately

• NLI is the most caudal level that meets criteria of being intact in all sensory and motor function as per criteria that will follow

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Determining sensory level

• This involves sensory testing of numerous sensory points that represent every dermatomal level from C2 to S4‐5

• There is no point for C1

• Listed in chart

ASIA sensory points

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ASIA Sensory Points Continued…

• For a much more specific and detailed description of sensory points, see ASIA website:

• http://asia‐spinalinjury.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/02/Key_Sensory_Points.pdf

How to determine sensory level

• Test sensation in every point with sharp touch and light touch

• Sharp touch tested with single sharp object, (a safety pin)

• Each sensory point will be scored 0, 1, or 2

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Sharp touch sensory scoring

• 2 = normal sensation

• 1 = sensation present but decreased• Can still distinguish between sharp touch and dull touch on 8/10 trials

• 0 = unable to distinguish between sharp and dull touch on minimum of 8/10 trials

• Exam does not distinguish between totally absent sensation and ability to distinguish sharp/dull

Light touch sensory testing

• Use a piece of cotton whisp – tissue paper also acceptable

• Run over skin on dermatomal points to a distance of 1cm or less

• 2 = normal

• 1 = decreased

• 0 = absent

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Sensory NLI

• Most caudal level with a score of 2 on bilateral sharp touch and light touch.

• Deep anal pressure also performed

• Anal sensation regarded as present if any anal sensation present, including only deep anal pressure

• This alone will not distinguish between CAT and non‐CAT

Sensory level example

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Determining motor level

• This uses MRC grading scale

• 0 = no activity• 1 = flicker• 2 = full range of motion with gravity eliminated

• 3 = full range of motion against gravity only

• 4 = full range of motion against gravity and some resistance

• 5 = normal

• +/‐ only relevant for grade 4, but this is not relevant for determining NLI

Motor testing continued

• Standard myotomal groups tested C5‐T1 and L2 to S1

• Each motor group tested may be tested in a number of standardized positions to determine MRC grade 1‐5

• The NLI motor level is the most caudal level that is at least grade 3, with all above levels grade 5 or greater

• It should be noted that above C5 and between T1 and L2, motor levels are not testable. 

• If there is a sensory neurological level of injury above C5 or between T1 and L2, the motor level defers to the sensory level.

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Motor testing continued

• Rectal examination performed to look for anal tone

• When performing rectal examination, patient should be asked to squeeze as though attempting to hold back bowel movement 

• Do not ask patient to bear down as though having bowel movement as this may give false positive manual detection of pressure by utilizing abdominals

Motor Testing Cont…

• Standardized Exam performed in the supine position

• For each myotomal group tested, standardized positions are utilized for testing

• I will review each.

• It is common practice to start with testing for Grade 3 strength and then to test higher and lower levels of strength depending on whether or not grade 3 is present.

• Some myotomal levels have 3 standard testing positions and some have 4 standard testing positions

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C5 Elbow Flexors

Grade 3

Grades 4 & 5

Grade 2

Grades 0 & 1

C 6 Wrist ExtensorsGrade 3

Grades 4 & 5

Grades 0, 1 & 2

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C7 Elbow Extensors

Grades 0 & 1Grade 2

Grades 4 & 5Grade 3

C8 Long Finger FlexorsGrade 3 Grades 4 & 5

Grades 0, 1 & 2

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T1 Small Finger Abductor

Grades 0, 1 & 2

Grades 4 & 5Grade 3

L2 Hip Flexors

Grades 0 & 1Grade 2

Grades 4 & 5

Grade 3

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L3 Knee ExtensorsThis image cannot currently be displayed.

Grade 3

This image cannot currently be displayed.

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Grades 4 & 5

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Grade 2 Grades 0 & 1

L4 Ankle Dorsiflexors

Grade 3 Grades 4 & 5

Grade 2Grades 0 & 1

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L5 Long Toe Extensors

Grade 3Grades 4 & 5

Grades 0 & 1

S1 Ankle Plantarflexors

Grade 3Grades 4 & 5

Grades 0, 1, & 2

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More detailed info on motor testing

• ASIA motor testing is described in even greater detail on the following website:

http://asia‐spinalinjury.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/02/Motor_Exam_Guide.pdf

Motor levels

• There is no motor testing between T1 and L2, so will defer to sensory level

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NLI determination

• Take all 4 NLIs – 2 sensory and 2 motor for L and R side of body

• Most caudal level with all 4 NLIs intact is the NLI

NLI Determination exmple

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AIS impairment level determination

• AIS is ASIA  Impairment Scale

• A = complete SCI

• B = motor complete, sensory incomplete

• C = sensory incomplete, motor incomplete

• D = sensory incomplete, motor incomplete

• E  = normal

How to Determine AIS

• 1st determine if complete or incomplete

• 2nd ‐ if incomplete, determine if motor sparing

• 3rd ‐ if motor sparing, determine if AIS C or D

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Determination of Completeness (AIS‐A vs. all other levels)• Depends on presence or absence of sensation and motor function in lowest sacral segments.

• Only AIS A if no sensorimotor function at lowest sacral levels.

• Motor function depends on anal contraction

• Sensory function depends on presence/absence of light touch, pin prick, and deep anal pressure

• Only AIS A if all above absent

• If any present, SCI not complete – not AIS‐A

AIS‐A Cont…

• If AIS A, any preserved sensory or motor function below NLI is referred to as Zone of Partial Preservation (ZPP)

• ZPP is only used in reference to AIS‐A SCI

• ZPP is not relevant in determination of CAT, but those determining CAT should be familiar with ZPP so as not to confuse complete with incomplete injuries.

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Documentation of Completeness

• Standardized ASIA exam sheet will be used for documentation.

• Only need to look at bottom of sheet to see if A or non‐A

• Only a if ‘N0000N’

• If anything else, non‐A

Example of complete injury

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Example of Complete Injury with ZPP

Determination of Sensory Incomplete: AIS‐B

• Sensory incomplete if sensation spared in lowest sacral segments

• No motor sparing in lowest sacral segments

• No Motor sparing more than 3 levels below NLI

• If motor function spared in lowest sacral segments of more than 3 levels below NLI, then classification is motor incomplete: AIS C or D

• NON ASIA MUSCLE GROUPS CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE MOTOR SPARING MORE THAN 3 LEVELS BELOW NLI

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Example of sensory sparing: AIS‐B

Example of incomplete injury ‐ not AIS‐B

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Moving on to motor sparing – AIS C and D

• Determination of motor sparing if not complete (not AIS A), and if any motor function present in lowest sacral segments or motor function present more than 3 levels below NLI (based on standard or non‐standard motor groups)

• Once motor sparing is determined, must determine if AIS C or D

Distinguishing between C and D

• Most critical distinction for CAT• If AIS‐C, automatically CAT

• If AIS‐D, separate criteria apply in order to determine CAT

• Distinction is based exclusively on motor function in standardised tested myotomal groups

• Sensory function plays no role in distinction

• AIS C:  < half the muscles below NLI are grade 3 or less

• AIS D: =/> half the muscles below NLI are grade 3 or greater

• Tie goes to D

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Example distinguishing between AIS C and D

Example cont

• What is NLI – C5

• How many ASIA key muscle groups are tested below NLI – 18

• How many muscle groups are grade 3 or greater – 8 of the 18

• How many muscle groups are less than grade 3 – 10 of the 18

• Is this example AIS C or AIS D – AIS C

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Nuances of muscle grading

• Designed to only assess for true neurological weakness attributed to SCI

• Joints must have greater that 50% range of motion to be testable.

• Muscles with less than 50% range of motion are graded not testable (NT)

• Strength that is limited by factors other than SCI should not be indicated 5*, if this is thought to be otherwise normal

• Muscle groups that are limited by pain, joint injury, tendon injury, etc… that would not be expected to be affected by SCI are 5*

Possible areas for contention

• When performed correctly, there should be few disparities in grading from assessor to assessor

• Area where contention may arise include:• 5* grading

• Changes in neurological function over time

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5* grading

• Disparities in motor findings may arise.

• MSK injuries, pain issues, and effort may lead different assessors to grade a key muscle group differently.

• Muscles should not be graded as less than grade 5 for purposes of ASIA exam (NLI and AIS determination) unless it appears that the weakness is true neurological weakness caused by the SCI

• 5* appropriate to use when full range against gravity

Time from SCI to assessment

• In the first year post SCI, motor recovery is rapid.

• Often, muscles that are grade 1 early on post SCI will progress to grade 3 by one year

• AIS C early on has high likelihood of conversion to AIS D• CAT determination stipulates that the AIS grading be expected to be permanent.

• Anticipate that this will become an area of dispute.

• May lead to need for repeat assessments to determine if discrepant findings amongst assessors is due to true neurological improvement of decline

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Neuro Recovery

• Most SCI patients will reach maximal neuro recovery by around 2 years

• Some AIS grades can be predicted much sooner based on type/characteristics of injury

• Don’t need to wait 2 years to determine AIS‐A if a complete spinal cord injury is permanent if characteristics of injury indicate that healing beyond AIS‐A will never be expected to occur

• Ex – spinal cord transection

Neuro Decline

• Late neuro decline can also occur due to factors associated with the initial injury.

• Problems such as syringomyelia, myelomalacia, and tethered cords can result in late neuro decline that may also be permanent.

• Current CAT criteria offers no clear process for dealing with such scenarios.

• These will presumably be dealt with on a case by case basis.

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AIS‐D: Not considered CAT unless:1. the insured person’s score on the Spinal Cord Independence Measure 

[SCIM], Version III, item 12 (Mobility Indoors), as published in Catz, A., Itzkovich, M., Tesio L. et al, A multicentre international study on the Spinal Cord Independence Measure, version III: Rasch psychometric validation, Spinal Cord (2007) 45, 275‐291 and applied over a distance of up to 10 metres on an even indoor surface is 0 to 5, or…

2. the insured person requires urological surgical diversion, an implanted device, or intermittent or constant catheterization in order to manage a residual neuro‐urological impairment, or…

3. the insured person has impaired voluntary control over anorectal function that requires a bowel routine, a surgical diversion or an implanted device.

SCIM score

• More likely to be performed by allied therapy staff (not typically graded by an MD)

• Involves assessing activity level in basic functions rather than physiological abnormalities

• SCIM score up to 5 is CAT. 6 or greater is non‐CAT

• Difference between SCIM 5 and SCIM 6 is walking with 1 cane vs 2 canes (or crutches)

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SCIM score cont…

Uses item 12: Mobility Indoors 

• 0. Requires total assistance 

• 1. Needs electric wheelchair or partial assistance to operate manual wheelchair 

• 2. Moves independently in manual wheelchair 

• 3. Requires supervision while walking (with or without devices) 

• 4. Walks with a walking frame or crutches (swing) 

• 5. Walks with crutches or two canes (reciprocal walking) 

• 6. Walks with one cane 

• 7. Needs leg orthosis only 

• 8. Walks without walking aids 

Urological criteria for CAT in AIS‐D

• Appears fairly straightforward

• Urological diversion surgery, implanted device, or use of catheter seems a relatively black and white issue

• Bowel surgical diversion and implanted device also very straightforward

• Problem arises from use of word bowel routine

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AIS‐D with bowel criteria

• Does not specify what meets criteria of a bowel routine.

• Most spinal cord injury patients suffer from chronic constipation

• Most engage in some form of bowel management routine varying from minimally invasive to highly invasive 

• Some may only involve getting up first thing in the morning and sitting on a toilet for 15 minutes to assist in bowel movement

• Suspect case law will eventually begin leading to inclusions/exclusions of what constitutes a bowel routine.

• There will likely be strong arguments made for and against until case law establishes.

Areas of possible contention on CAT criteria for AIS‐D• 1 – bowel routine terminology

• 2 – unlike AIS A‐C, permanence is not stated explicitly for AIS‐D criteria – although it does seem common sense that this would apply

• 3 – Late neuro decline may be source of contention

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References

• http://asia‐spinalinjury.org/