1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 POCKET GUIDE for Air Conditioning Heating Ventilation Refrigeration (lnch-Pound Edition) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329 ..... -------------------------- ....
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
POCKET GUIDE
for Air Conditioning
Heating Ventilation
Refrigeration (lnch-Pound Edition)
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329
1~~~ ..... --------------------------....
wl 93 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and TABLE OF CONTENTS r-Conditioníng Engineers, !ne. Ali ríghts reserved.
IAir Handling and Ductwork Page Air Friction Charts ...................................... 1-3 Velocity versus Velocity Pressure ............................. 4
1 ISBN ()..883413
--0l-X Circular F.quivalcnts of Rectangular Ducts ................... 5-6 \1)esign Vclocitics: Louver Sizing ........................... 7-8 tan Laws ............................................. 9-10
sychromclric Chart ............•..•.••.......•.••...•... 11 Moist Air Data .......................................... 12
of lhis manual may be reproduccd without pennission in writinE,tmperature ~ Altitude Correction · · · · · · · · · · · · ............ 13
f ASHRAE b . h b . f ·,cnthalpy of Air ....................................... 14-15
rom , except y a rev1~r w o may ~uote r.1c passages º'steam Thblc ............................................. 16
iroduce illustrations in a rcview w1th appropnate credit; nor may anf
of this book be reproduced, stored in a r~rieval systc~, or uans~r Con~mlnants and Control ed in any fonn or by any means-electromc, photocopymg, record r Qua?tY ~tandards .................................... 17
ing, or Other-without permission in writing from ASHRAE. !~me Air Cleaners ................................... 18 1 ter Performance ....................................... 19
. RAE has compilcd this publication with carr., but ASHRAE h n~~~!~~~ ~b:~~.; · : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ;~ . invcstigated, and A~HRAE expressly disclain:is any duty_ to inv~ ood Capture Velocities ....................... . .......... 22 tigatr., any product, scrv1ce, process, proccdure, dcs1gn, or the likc whic xbaust Velocity Contours ................................ 23
1 be described hcrein . Thc appcarancc of any technical data, editori ontaminant 1l'ansport Velocities .................. ......... 24
erial, or advcrtiscmcnt in this publication does not constitu tflood Entry Loss ........................................ 25 • orsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, serv¡Gtchen Rangc Hoods .................................. 26-27 1cr., process, procedure, design, orthe like. ASHRAE does not warranf..aboratory H oods · · · · · · · · · · .. · .. · . · ..................... 28
that the information in this publication is free of errors, and ASHRAfwater a nd Steam
I s not nccessarily agrec wíth any statement or opinion in this publipump Turms and Formulas ................................ 29 on. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publicatiofump Affinity Laws ................................... 30-31
1s assumed by the user. fypical Pump Curves .................................. 32-34 Stearn Pipe Capacitics ................................. 35-37
1 ~~m Pipe Capacities-Rcturn Mains ....................... 38 t:t:ncral lnformation on Water ............................. 39
ass Flow and Spccific Heat of Water ...................... 40 freezing Points of Glycols ................................. 40
1 Jizing Formulas for Hcating/Cooling ...................... .41 Vertical Cylindrical Thnk Capacity ......................... .42 Horizontal Cylindrical Thnk Capacity ....................... 43 V'olume of Water in Pipe and Tube .......................... 44 !fot Water Demand per Fixture ............................ 45
~riction Chart-Steel Pipe ................................ 47 lntcd in thc United States of America rlot Water Demand for Buildings ........................... 46
l h 1 C d t. 't r So'ls and Rocks u orna e n s · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -erma on uc 1V1 y 1or 1 ................. .
urnmary of CLTD/CLF Equations ....................... . 11 LTDs for Aat Roofs ................................ 108-lpcoeral
PREFACE l This Pocket Guide was developed to serve as a ready reference fo
· engineers whose mobility keeps them from easy access to thc larg~ ASHRAE Handbooks. Much of the information is taken fro the four vol u mes of thc ASHRAE Handbook series and abridged rcduced to fil the smaller page sizc. Other sources includ the Cooling and Heating Load Calcu/ation Manual published bJ ASHRAE in 1991; Industria/ Ventílation: A Manual o/ Recommendel Practice, 21st Edition, published in 1989 by Thc American Conferena of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; and Numbers published il 1985 by W. Holláday and the late C. Otterholm.
This third edition of the Pocket Guide, which was first published it 1987, was compiled by Frcdcrick W. Kohloss and cditcd by Robcrt A Parsons with thc guidance of thc Society's Special Publications Com mittee. Previous major contributors wcre Carl W. MacPhee, Griffitl C. Burr, Jr., and Harry E. Rountree.
,f "',..: -..:.e ~-+ ~ .., ~.u a ~ ~~ ~~ g 'O - .g u ·::;
~-~ o ·~
... 1i ~-•º .o"' J!.;'e 'llli ¡-.ó'
l)'plcal Deslgn Velocitles for HVAC Components
Duct Element
LOUVERSª Intake:
7000 cfm and greater Less than 7000 cfm
Exhaust: 5000 cfm and greatcr Less than 5000 cfm
FILTERSb Panel Filters:
Viscous lmpingement Dry-'JYpe, Extended-Surface:
Flat (Jow efficiency) Pleated media (intermediate efficiency) HEPA
Renewable Media Filters: Moving-Curtain Viscous lmpingement Moving-Curtain Dry-Media
Electronic Air Cleaners: Ionizing 'JYpe
HEATINO COILSt Steam and Hot Water
Face Veloclty, fpm
400 See figure, page 8
500 See figure, page 8
200to 800
Duct Velocity Up to 750
250
500 200
ISO to 350
400 to500
Electric: 200 min., 1500 max.
Open Wire Finned Tubular
f DEHUMIDIFYINO COILSd
AIR WASHERSt Spray'JYpe Cell:Jype High-Velocity, Spray:Jype
Refer to mfg. data Refer to mfg. data
SOO to 600
300 to 600 Refer to mfg. data
1200to 1800
ªBased on assumptions prcsented in text. b Abstractcd from Chaptcr IO, 1988 Equipment Volumc.
¡cAbstracted from Chaptcr 9, 1988 Equipmcnt Volumc.
Id Abstracted from Chaptcr 6, 1988 Equipment Vol u me . eAbstracted from Chaptcr 4, 1988 Eq uipmcnt Volume.
7
a: ... > ';)
No.
la
lb
Fan Laws•,b For Ali Fan Laws: 'hl ; 'hl 1nd (PI. of Rt&.) 1 •(PI. of Rt¡.)1
Ikpendent lndependent Vulabiu Variables
Q¡ ... Qi x(EL )3 x ~ X 1 D2 N2
Press. 1 X (EL )2 X ( ~ ) 2 X g¡_
• Press.2 e D i N2 '12
X~ le W1 = W2 x(EL }5 x (~ )3
D i N 1 '12 ~ 3011----1-----f-----71:'---;T~----i a: ... ...
"'= .e
2a x (EL ) 2 x ( Press. 1 ) " 2 x ( Q2 ) " 2 D2 Press.2 '11
~ 20 b x (D2 ) x ( Press.1 )"2 x ( Q2 )"2 < ...
u < ...
00l_-2L-_J•L..__.J91----!9:----},o;:---f,~2 -71•;---,~e¡---,~e¡--;,20 b
"IR Ft. OW X 10· 3. c lm PEA t.OUVER
Oc
Press. 1
• Press.2
D 1 Press.2 '11
x (EL )i x ( Press. 1 )312 x ( Q2 )'12 D 2 Press.2 '11
ªThc 1ubscrip1 1 denotes that the variable is for thc fan under consideration. bThe subK ript 2 denotes that the variable is for thc tcstcd fan . <pi/ or P.¡
. p 1 rs Used In Establishinl! Fhture . . .. Pertment arame e · Unless otherw1se 1denuf1ed, fan performance data are Parameter lntake Louver Exhaust Louv1 ~ased on dry air at standard conditions 14.696 psi and 70
----~~~:!,___ ___ _!:=:::...:::::.:.~=-'----1~ (0.075 Jbm/ft3). In actual applications, the fan may be re-Minimum Free Arca (48-in. Squarc
45 45 ui red to handle air or gas at sorne olher density. The change Test Scctíon), 07o • • N A I' bln density may be because of temperature, composition of
Water Pcnctration, oz/ (ft2 ·0.25 h) 1 Ncg~gtbbc2) 01 PP ica he gas, or altitude. As indicated by the Fan Laws, the fan
( css 1 an · ~rformance is affected by gas density. With constant size Maximum S1atic Prcssurc Drop, 0.25 nd spced, the horsepower and pressure varies directly as the ~i~n.~o~r~wa~tc~r:_ _ ________ o:::·.:.:15:__----- 41liltio of gas density to the standard air density.
8 9
The application of the Fan Laws for a change in fan speed, N, for a specific sizc fan is shown. The computed P, curve is derived from the base curve. For example, point E(N
1 = 650) is computed from point D(N2 = 600) as
follows: Al D, Q2 = 6 and Pl/1= 450
Using Fan Law la al point E Q
1 = 6 X 650/ 600 = 6.5
Using Fan Law lb p tfi "' 450 X (650/600)
2 = 530
The completed P 11 , N = 650 curve thus may be generated by computing addihonal points from data on the base curve, such as point O from point F.
If equivalcnt points of rating are joined, as shown by thc dotted lines, thesc points will all lic on parabolas wbich are defined by thc rclationship expressed in Eq l.
600
I / 1001--~~-1--,-<¡'~.....¡..~~~---~~-1--~~-+-~~~1
ASHRAE hes •dopted pounds of molsture per pound of drv a lr as standard nomenclatur•. Relations of other unlu ar• .,1pressed below et v•rious dewpoint temperatures.
Equiv. Lb H20 I Paru per Grains I Par cent
Oew Pt. F lb drv • Ir mi Ilion lb drv a ir• Molsture %b
- 100 0.000001 1 0.0007
90 0 .000002 2 0 .0016
80 0 .000005 5 0.0035
70 o 00001 10 0 .073 0 .06
60 0 .00002 21 0.1 48 0.13
50 0 .00004 42 0.291 0 .26
- 40 0 .00008 79 0.555 0 .5
30 0.00015 146 1.02 0 .9
- 20 0.00026 263 1.84 1.7
10 0 .00046 461 3.22 2.9
0.0008 787 5.51 5.0 o 0.0013 1 315 9.20 8.3
10 2 152 15.1 13.6
20 0.0022 24.2 21.8
30 0.0032 3 154 36.5 33.0
40 0 .0052 5 213
50 0 .0077 7 658 53.6 48.4
60 0.011 1 11 080 77.6 70.2
70 0.0158 15 820 110.7 100.0
80 0 .0223 22 330 156.3
90 0 .0312 31 180 218.3
100 0.0432 43 190 302.3
a 7000 gr•lns • 1 lb b Compared to 70 F saturatea .
Normallv th• sensible h••t l•ctor determines the Cfm requored 10 accept a load. In sorne Indust rial applications the latent heat factor m•v control th• air circulation rate.
Latent hHt. Btu/h Thu!i Cfm •
IW1 - W2) " 4840
• NUMBERS. 1985, Altadena, CA. by 8111 HoClad•Y and Cy Otterholm.
12
Tumperalure and Allilude Correction Temperah1re-Denslty* Allltude-Oensily**
Temp. Den sil y Wt. per Ele\'lltlon Air denslty Density ºF factor cu. r1. (l. lb./cu. {l. faclor
o 1.IS2 0.0864 o 0.o7S 1.0 70 1.000 0.0749 soo 0.0736 0.982
Abr;dye<l frorn "Thermodynamic Properties of Stearn ..
1 by Keenan and Keyes. John Wlley & Sons. lnc .. N. Y.
* NUMBERS, 1985, Altadena, CA, by 8111 Holladay and Cy Otterholm.
16
1
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen dioxide
Oione
Hydrocarbons (nonmethanc)•
l..ead
U.S. Ambient Air Quality Standards
Averaglng Time
Annual (geomctric mean) 24ht
Annual (arithmetic mean)
24 h t
Annual (arithmetic mean)
1 ht
Primary Standard
l..e'l·els 75 µg/m 3
260µg/m 3
80µg/m3
(0.03 ppm¡ 36Sµglm (0.14ppm)
10mg/m3
(9ppm) 40 mg/m3t (35 ppm)
IOOµg/m 3
(O.OS ppm) 240 µg/ml (0.12 ppm)
3 h 160 µ/gml (6 to 9 A.M.) (0.24 ppm)
3 mos. 1.5 µg/ml
*A nonhealth·relatcd standards used as a guide for oz.one control fNot to be exceeded more than once ayear fEPA has proposed a reduction of the standard 10 29 mg/m3
• tt.t
"·' o
tt.O o
o o o o ~'\ /
9'.0
to.o
to.o ?o.o .... 30.00 4000 30.00 10.00
o- ;..º.j7
'º·ºº ) ,00
1 00
o'º O.O!
o
~
./
/ /
/
V
/ / / /
/ / / / / /
./ ./ •./ ./
.~ f
./ ./ ./ ./
/ ./
V .~#' /
/
I
Secondary Standard
l.evels 60 µg/m 3
150µg/m 3
IJOOµg/m 3
(O.S ppm) 10mg/m3
(9 ppm) 40mg/mJ (3S ppm)
IOOµg/m 3
(O.OS ppm) 240µglm 3
(0.12ppm) 160µ/gm3
(0.24 ppm) l.S µg/ml
º' º" . 'º 10 Pa1H1C1.' 01aM[f(*, M1C•OMtHt[
Particle Si:ie Distribulion of Atmospheric Dust
17
t ~I
Electronlc Air Cleaners Eleclronic air cleaners use electroslatic prccipitalion 10 remove and collecl par·
ticulatc conlaminants such as dust, smoke. and pollcn. Wires with a positiw dirccl currenl potcnlial of bclwcen 6 and 25 kV DC are suspended equidistan! belween grounded plalcs, creatin¡¡ an ionizing field for charging patticles.
Thc colleclina plate section consists of parallcl platcs with a positivc vollagt of 4 lo 10 kV (de) applicd to altcrnatc platcs. Platcs that are nol charged are at ground po1ential. As parlicles passinlo this section, they are forced lo thc platel by lhc clectríc flcld on thc chargcs lhey carry, and thus are removed from the air·
strcam and collcctcd by thc pla1cs. Elcctronic air clcancrs typically operatc from a l:ZO.. or 240-V AC singlc-phasc
electrical service. Power consump1ion rangcs from 20 lo 40 walls pcr 1000 cfm
of capacity. This type of air filler can removc and collect airbornc contaminants with aves
age cfficiencics of up lo 98G7o at low airílow velocitics (ISO to 350 fpm) whe lcstcd per thc ASHRAE Standard 52.1. Efficicncy dccreascs (1) as the collecling pi ates t>ecome loaded wilh particulalcs, (2) wilh highcr vclocities, or (3) wit
nonuniform vclocity. As with most air filtration dcvices, the duct approaches to and from lhe aiI
clcancr housina should be arran¡¡ed so that thc airflow is distributed uniforml ovcr the facc arca. Panel prefillersshould also be uscd to helpdistribute thc air now and lo trap largc particles thal mlght short out or cause cxcessivc arci
withín thc hl&h -voitage section.
- 111/11'l/111///1 !I !1111 1 !l l/ I 1 11 1 11 /! 1 11 i 1 11 /li -
\ \ '/ ALTIANATE
\ \ l AlflflOW ?-"~ e::::o trtl 11,,,, 1,, 1 1 , 11111111"u1 u -
,ATH~/, \\ INTERM!DIATE
°":¡,O~!ll!li/ l l i i l! lil l////////l!l!ll/ 11~. ~;.:r~ WIAUAT ~~:::;;" '':::¿J!/ ''' \('' '111 ~~: ~~~~;1f \\ ~·-· 1 + PAATICLES
- ez 11, 11º'P¿n1u11 111wu1u 1m m 11111 11 1111 -
POSITill(LY CHARGlD ,..ATICL.E
Cross Secllon or l onlzing EJectronlc Air Cleaner
18
... 5
:i a o .. ~ .[
.§
o 00
g o r-
8 "'
o ..... V
o 00
g ~
g o 00
1\) o
~
-Soul'(:es, Possible Concentrations, and lndoor-to-Outdoor Concentration Ratios of Some lndoor Pollutants
Pollutant
Carbon monoxidc
Respirable particlcs
Organic vapors
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide Tutal suspended particles
without smoking Sulfate Formaldchyde
R.adoo and progeoy Asbestos Mineral and synthetic fibers Carbon dioxidc Viable organisms
Ozone
Sourcesof Possible lndoor 1/0 Conc~n-lndoor Pollution Concentration• tralion Ratio Location
Combuslion cquipment, engincs, fauhy JOOppm >>I Skaling rinks, officcs, heating systcms homes, cars, sbops Stovcs, fi~laces, ci&arcttcs, coodcn- 100 to SOO µglm 3 >>l Homes, officcs. can, public satioo of volatilcs, aerosol sprays, facilities, bars. restaurants resuspcnsion, cooking. Combustioo, solvents, resin products, NA >l Homes, restaurams, public pcsticides, aerosol sprays Combustion, gas stovcs, water bcaters, 200 to 1000 µglm3
~ 5. ~ e e ~ S-cr [ ~ i a:gggg~ ~~·g a .... ~::2::a::a:snnn..,oo '< i;' C. (:La.a.:s <n c.'< n < .. - ·-·-·-·o. <<::o ~ oo~o -. n•""' '8 ~. ~. e. ~. ~ e;·'& E.. ~ ~~~~c.: e:..,~
n ~ It .. ::o Q. o ció ~ ;;·
~
~ e: ~ ¡;: n
::o o :>
"
ª· o ¡;¡ o iii! .. 2. n
;i
~
e :s = :s :i
ººººº = :s :s ::> :::i n n n n n
~ ~!!~ g!i" ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~· c;· e¡ ...... ~o~-~·~ p Oí! n n )" - · "'o o o &. =· 9 3 N -·"'8'8 g g&ccp
3 =::o .. 'O e- e- o. o "O. e .., ::o .. a. "' .. a
3 .., J = • a
~~ .. -t: g
~~ ~~ e ;:
a.~
b' ~ .,;.,¡ .. 3
¡ = ~ > ~ o a. .. .il (") =" .. 3 §' a. ~ .. = Q.
o ¡;
~
- - ---:
Hood Capture Velocitles
Tu select an adequate volumetric flow ratc to withdraw air througl! a hood, designers use the concept of capture velocities, which are air velocities al the point of cont.aminanl generation. The contaminan! enters the moving airstream at the point of gcneration and is conducted along with the air into the hood. The table shows capture vclocilics for severa! industrial operations, based on successful cxperience under ideal conditions.
Range of Capture Velocitles Capture
Condltlon of (Control)
Contamlnant Dispcrslon Examplcs Veloclty, fp11
Relcased with essentially Evaporation from tanks, 50 to 100
no velocity into still air degreasing, plating
Relcased at low velocity Container filling, low- IOOto 200
into moderately stiU air spccd convcyor transfers, welding
Active generalion into Barre) filling, chute load- 200to 500
zone of rapid air motion ing of convcyors, crushing, cool shakcout
Released at high velocity Grindin¡, abrasive 500 to2000
into zone of very rapid blasting, tumbling, hot
air motion shakeout
In each category above, a range of capture velocities is shown. proper choice of values depends on severa) factors.
Lower End of Range l. Room air currents are favor
able to capture. 2. Conlaminants of low toxicity
or of nuisance value only. 3. lotermittent, low production. 4. Large hood; large air mass
in motíon.
1.Jpper End of Rangc 1. Distributing room air curren
2. Contaminants of hi¡h toxici
3. High production, heavy us 4. Small hood; local control o
22
Q = V(IOx2 + A)
Q • flow rate, cfm V • capture velocily, fl/min X • distancc from hood face, fl A • hood face arca, ft2
Contaminant Tnlnsport Velocities Adaptcd írom Industrial Ventilation- A Manual of Rttommended Practkts
(ACGIH 1988)
Nature or
Contam-
Min1m1111 Traosport Veloclty,
inan! Examples
Vapors, Ali vapors, gases, smokes gases, smoke Fumes Welding
Very fine Cotton lint, wood flour, litho powder light dust Ory Fine rubber dust, Bakclite molding powder dusts and dusL, jutc lint, cotton dust, shavings (light), powders soap dust, leather shavings Average Grindiog dust, buffing lint (dry), wool jute dust industrial (shaker waste), coffee beans, shoe dust, granite dust dust, silica flour, general material handling, brick
cutting, clay dust, foundry (general), limestonc dust, packaging and weighing asbestos dust in textilc industries
Hcavy dusts
Sawdust (heavy and wet), metal tumings, foundry tumbling barreis and shakeout, sandblast dust, wood blocks, hog waste, brass turnings, cast-iron boring dust, lead dust
Heavy L.ead dust with small chips, moist cement dust, or moist asbestos chunks from transite pipe cutting dusts machines, buffing lint (sticky), quicklirnc dust
24
fpm
Usually 1000 to 2000
200010 2500
2500to 3000
3000 to
4000 3500
to 4000
4000 to
4500
4SOO and up
Hood Eotry Loss Whcn air cnters a hood, a loss of total prcssurc occurs; thc hood
mtry /oss is:
h, = CofJ,
where h, • hood entry loss, in. or water C0 • loss íacior, dimension tcss p, • appropriate velocity pressure, in. oí water
Tutal prcssure is difficult to measure, since it varies across a duct, depending on local velocity. On thc other hand, static pressure remains constant across a straight duct. Therefore, a single measurement of 1tatic pressure in a straight duct downstream of the hood can monitor thc volumctric flow rate. The valuc of this static pressure, hood suction , is givcn by:
Phs = Pv + h,
whcrep.u = hood suction, in. of water
L PlAIN DUCT ENO c. •1.0
FACEAREAAT LEASTZTIMES DUCTAREA
b. FLANGED OUCT ENO c. •0.60
.. • •
c. ORIFICE AT OUCT E.NO e, -1.1e
(USEP. OFORIFICE)
.J • .. ~ . ,. t; • • < ...... RECT '"NOULAR l SQU• E V
Fllters 1. Select praetical filler size. 2. Determine number of filters requlred lro manufac:turer's data.
(Usually, 2 cfm maximum exhaust for each square inch ol filler area.) 3. lnstall at 45º - 60º to horizontal. Never horizontal. 4. Alter mounling height
a. No exposed oooking flame- 18" mlnimum to lowest edge <_>f filler. b. Charcoal and similar fires-4' mlnlmum to lowest edge ol ftlter.
5. Shleld lilters from dlrect radlant heat. 6. Provlde removable g1ease drlp pan. 7. Clean pan and lilters regularly.
Fana 1. Use upblasl discharge tan. 2. Select fan lor design Q and SP resistance ol filters and duct. 3. Adjust tan specificatíon lor expected exhaust alr temperatura.
Reprinled with pennission oflhcAmerican ConfCTCnceofGovernmental Industrial H)'licnists for Industrial Venlílation-A Manual of Recommended Pmctlct, 21st Editfon (1992).
~-t •
1 1
Optlonol room otr by-pou dou not apen unlil 1osh IJ cloHd 25""-30"4
A1rtoll ¡omb
tr.4ov•oble sosh --.µ..,...::;..; con "'ove horlzontol 1Hdln9 ponefs
Receued bottom A1rto1I sill
(xhousl duct
Adjustobl• top 1101
So1h clo1u by - pou when rolaed
íhced center stot
Aeor bofffe
VERTICAL SASH AIR FOIL HOOO
ror 1otety sh1eld, ot leost one sosh 16.. mow. w1dlh
HORIZONTAL SASH AIRFOIL HOOO
O = 80-100 t:fm/t 1' fulf open oreo dtpendlng on quollly of 1upply oir dislrtbution ond uniformlty of foce veloclty
h," 0.5 VPd Ouct · velocity • 1000- 2000 fpm to
sult condltion1
Alrfoil 1111
l)'plcal Laboratory Hood
~rinte<! w!th pmnission ofthc Americ:an Confcrencc ofGo-erorncntal lndus· lnal Hyg1cn~s~s for Industria/ Ventila/Ion-A Manual of Recommended Practlcr, 21st Ediuon (1992).
28
Common Pump Terms, Symbols, and Formulas
Term Sym bol Unils Formula
Velocity V ít/s
Volume V ft3
Flow rate Q. gpm
Pressure p psi
Density p lb/ft3
Acceleralion of gravity g 32.17 ft/s2
Specific gravity SG Mass of liquid
Mass of water at 39ºF
Speed n rpm
Head H ft 2.31p/SG
Net positive suction H ft head (NPSH)
Efficiency (percent) Pump 'Y/p Electric motor 1/m Variable spced drive r¡, Equipment (constan! r¡. r¡, = 1'/p'Y/m/100 speed pumps)
100 QoHo QA "' actual flow 1111 = H D = design head QAHA HA = actual head
System Efficiency lndex SEi "' 10-• T/¡;'Y/11 (decimal)
Output pawer (pump) Po hp Q,HSG/3960
Shaft power Ps hp 100 P0 1T/p
Input powcr P¡ kW 74.6P/T/m
29
1
1 1
Affinlty Laws for P u m ps
Specific Jmpeller Gravity To DI a meter Speed (SG) Correcl for MuJUply by
Flow ( NewSpeed) Old Speed
1 1
Constant Variable Constan! Head ( New Speed ) 2
Old Speed
Power ( New Speed ) 3
Old Speed
( New Diameler ) Flow Old Speed
1 Variable Constant Constant ( New Diameter ) 2 Head Old Speed
1 Power ( New Diameter ) 3
Old Speed
Constant Constan! Variable Power ( NewSG) OldSG
1
1 30
1
~ ... %
~ o f 2
f
Application of Affini ty Laws
SVSTEM OUtGN Fl.OW
-·-- ---- --r·
IYlt(M rUWr
lf the hydronic system has a system head curve as shown in curve A, thepumpat ll50rpm willoperateat point 1, notatpoint2, aswould be predicted by the affinily laws al o ne. lf the hydronic system has a system head curve like curve B of this figure, the pump at 1150 rpm will run at shutoff head and delivcr no water. This demonstrates that the affinity laws should be used to dcvelop new pump head/capacity curves, but not to predict performance with a particular hydronic system unless its system head curve is known.
31
'fypical Pump Curves (Curves vary with manufacturer. Courtesy of Aurora Pump Co.)
'fyplcal Pump Curves (Curves vary with manufacturer. Courtesy of Aurora Pump Co.)
32 33
~
~
Q
ª ~ ~
~-.,. 3 ~ ~ e 'O
~ ~ a -~ : Q ~ e (") ~ e '< ~ 2, il
~ ¡¡
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Nom. Pipe Size (in.)
~ 1 114 1 V, 2
2 \li 3 3 Vt 4 5
6 8
10 12
1750 RPM SPLIT ~ASE
Y.. psi
3.5 11
9 11 17 21 36 45 56 70
108 134
174 215 318 380 462 5SO 726 800
1,200 1,430
1,920 2,300 3,900 4,800 7,200 8,800
11,400 13,700
Low Pressure System Pipe Capacities-Pounds Per Hour Coodensate Flowing with tbe Steam Flow
Thcwcight-ílow ra1esa13.5 psi¡ can besued to cover sat. press. from 1 to &psig, and thcrates at 12 psi¡ can be used tocover sat. prcss. from 8 to 16 psig with an error not cxcccdin¡ 8 pcrcent.
Relurn Main and Riser Ca1 - --.- - ---- .. ..... _ ..... ·~~un:~y~nems-.rounas Per Hour Pipe lld •sí"' Y, 01 JS. psior jl 02 " psl ort 02 " psl orlo1 14 psi or4 oz Vi psi or 101 Sit:e Orop per 100 f1 Drop per 100 r1 Drop per too f1 Drop 11a toe r1 Drop pa 100 ft Drop per 100 fl ladln Wrt Ory V.e. ~· Ory V.e. W.o Ory v.c. - Ory v.c. -Ory v.c. - Ory v... """'" " - - - - - 42 - - 100 - - 142 - - 200 - - 2B)
Genual lnformatlon on Water spec;r~ grn ity of W11ter Is usuallJ giftn as 1.0 at 60°1: H~. for some pOIJ'lH)SeS lt Is gi•en as 1.0 at 39.l º F, tlle poinl or •axl•u111 dcnsi11. ~ oa Wllltt a139.lºFas1.0, "111tt a1 ISO °I' loas a sp<dflc cravity of 0-"9. 'ncftfo..., wlaido - Is aclKted maka ao pDClka1 cliflnace.
l ? º f SOº F 60º F 7t ºF IOº F IOO º F l :ZOºF 140º F HOºF llOº F 212°F
• 6. Kitcbcn sin k JO . 20 - 20 30_, 20 20 10 20 20 7. lauodry, stalionary 1ubs 20 38 - 28 28 - - 20 - 28 8. Pantry sink s 10 - to d)> fil) 10 s 10 10 ~ 9. Showcrs· 30· ISO . 225 15 30 30. 22S 22S
01 10. Service sink 20 20 - 20 30 -20 20 IS 20 20 11. H)'drotberapeutic showers
400 12. Hubbard baths 600 13. Leg balhs
14. Arm baths 100 IS. Sitz baths 3S
30 16. Continuous-now ba1hs 165 Ir. Circular wash sinks 20 20 30 20 30 18. SemiciICufar wash sinks ~ to to IS to I S 19. DEMANO FACTOR 0.30 O.JO • 0.40 o.is 0.25 0.40 0.30 o.~. 0.40 0.40 20. STORAGE CAPACITY FACTORij · f.2.S ''0.90
J.00 0.60 o:so J.00 2.00 0.70 1.00 1.00 ªDishwashcr requiremcnts should be raken from rhis table or from manufacturers'.data for the model to be u$td, it this is known. bRatio of storage 1ank capacity 10 probable maximum dcmand/b. Storagecapacity may be rcduccd whcre an unlimiled supply of
' stcam is availablc from a central strecr s1eam sysrem or large boiler plant.
-----r- ' _ _J
~ O>
~ -..¡
/
Hot Water Demands and Use for Various 'fypes of Buildings Type of Buildin& Maxlmum Hour MaximumDay
Men's dormitories 3.8 gal/student 22.0 gal/student Women's dormitoríes S.O gal/student 26.5 gal/student Motels: Number of unitsª
20 or less 6.0 gal/unit 35.0/unit 60 S.0 gal/unit 25.0 gal/unit IOOormore 4.0 gal/unit IS.O gal/unit
• Numb«> are Khcdul< aumbers pcr ASTM 83'. IO; ST = Standazd w.;sht; (b) An arbiuary conooion anowa- or 0.025 i11. ror pipe siz.a thtoup NPS XS • Elltra Strona. 2 and o.oo iD. rrom NPS 2~ tM>ush 20. p1us b Workincpreuureshavebeencalcula1ed per ASME/ANSI 831.9u11nafumM:>c (e) A 1hread cuuina allowance ror s1ut throush NPS 2. bu1t wcld (concinuO\lJ weld. CW) ptpe through 4 in. and eltccric rdistance weld
Beeause 1he pipe wall 1hlckness ofthrodtd siandard we1Jh1 pipe is'º small artcr (ERW) 1hereaf1er. The allowance, A, has been lalccn u: (a) 12.5.,. of / for miU toleraoc:c 00 pipe wall llúcknas, plus deductinc 1he allowancc, A. tbe mechanical suength or 1he pipe is impaired. 11 is
eood practice 10 lint11 standard wti¡h1 thteod<d pipe preuurcs 10 90 psic for stnm &Del 12.5 P<Í$ ror-...
'--.. j
( ,\
Copper Tu~ Data
W.11 Cro.,..Stt!Jonal Wo rklna Pl'HSutt .. .,.
Tlllck· Oia meu r SurfaaAtta Metal Flow Wtlaln o r ASTM 1138 10 l50ºF
Nominal Type • W. Oa1sld t, lnsld t, OulSldt IJl.sldt Atta Ara Tu be wattt Aan .. ltd lhwwn
DiamtlU 1,ln. O, la. d, In. r111ri n11r1 1nl it11 lb/ rt lb/ fl P5ia psi&
ª Wl)c.n using soklertd or brazcd nwnas.1 the joln1 determines the limmna prC$$Ure. e lf sotdcrcd vr braz.cd fiuin¡.s are used on hard drawn tub1na. uac the annealcd b Workina pr<Ssur<S cakulat<d usin¡ ASME 8) 1.9 allowoble ""'',..·A S~o mili ra1ings. Full·tube aHowable prcssurc.s can be used wilh suhabl)' rated ílare or tolcrance has be:cn u.sed on the waU thickness. Hiaher tubc ratines can be cak:ulated compression-type tittin¡s. u.sin¡ thc itllow1blc sttt:u for lowcr ccmpcraturts.
-· ··-~
\ Properties of Plastic Pipe Materials
liydrostatk Desl&a Upper Material Tensile Slttss, Tempera tu re nos• 1YPe Streagtll, psi at 73"F Umll, º F Upptt and Cdl psi al ASME ASME Umit Designatioa Grade No. 73°F Mir. 831 Mfr. 831 psi Tbermoplastlcs
440 PVC 1120 Tl,Gl 124S-B 1,SOO 2,000 2,000 140 ISO PVCl200 Tl,02 12454-C 2,000 ISO PVC2120 Tll,GI 14333-D 2,000 ISO CPVC4120 TIV,GI 23447-B 8,000 2,000 2,000 210 210 320 PB 2110 Tll,GI 4,800 1,000 1,000 180 180 soo PE2306 Gr. P23 630 140 ~ PE3306 Gr. P34 630 160 Gr. P33 630 180 PE3406
Steel 7.80 30.0 27,500,000 100 6.31 26.2 l.3 Copper 8.90 17,000,000 140 9.S 3.S The propcnies listod are for the specilic material.$ lisred as each plas- :-ne h)'drostatic design str= (HDS) is cquivalcnt to thc allowable design stress. tic has other formulations. Consuh the manufacrurer of thc system Bascd on the cost of pipe only, without factorina in fiuinas, íoints, hanaers. chosen. These valuq are for comparative pupases. and labor.
--,.,-- - ~-""' ------=-""O,.O. ::.-.--:..- ~
Application of Pipe, Fillíngs, and Valvcs for Ht1lting aod Air-Conditloníng Maidrnum
J oiAI Fillio& S1ste111 Prusart at
Pipe Typt Class Material Temptntutt Tt111ptrt1ll1tt•
Applktltion Mattrial Wtllht "F psJs
Re<in:.1laU111 Wattr S1andanl Thread 125 casi lron 2SO 125
2 in. (SO mm) S1ccl(CW) Wroughl Copptr 2SO ISO
and smallcr CopP'f. Hard Typc L 95-S Soldcr -
Sch80 Solvent Sch 80 PVC 1S lSO
pvc Sch80 Sol~nl Sch80 CPVC ISO ISO
CPVC Heat fusion - PB 160 llS
PB SDR-11 lnscrt Crimp Metal 160 115
Wcld Std Wrought S1ccl 250 400
2.S 10 12 1n. ASl B ERW Stccl Std 250 Cll
Wroughl S1ccl 250 O) (6S 10 300 mm)
Flan ge ISO
flan ge 125 Cast lron 2SO 175
Flange 2SO Cast lron 2SO 400
Groovc - M 1 or Ductilc lron 230 300
Hcat Fusion PB 160 llS
Pll SDR-11
St<2m •nd C:undcnsal• 12s Casi lron 90
Sl•'<:i(CW) Stdb Thrtad 2 in. (SO mm)
90
and smallcr Thread 150 Mallcablc !ron
Stdº Thread 12S Ca<t lron 100
AS3 ll llRW Stccl Thread 150 Mallcablc lron
125
Thread 2SO Casi lron 200
i\S111 hRW Stccl xs Thread 300 Malleablc !ron 2SO
----2.51012m. ~lwl Std Wcld Std Wrought Stccl 250
(6S lo 300 mm) Flan ge ISO Wroughl S1ccl 200
Flan ge 125 Cast lron 100
l\S3 11 EkW S1cd XS Wdd xs Wrought Stccl 700
Flan ge 300 Wrou¡ht Stccl soo Aangc 2SO Cut lron 200
RtírilCl'llAl Copptt. lfard Typc Lor K Brazc - Wrought Copptf
ASJBSMLStccl Std Wcld Wrou¡ht S1ccl
Undtt1tround W11<r
Through 12 in. Coppcr, Hard lypcK 95-S Solder - Wrou¡ht Coppcr n lSO
Cll ()()()mm) -..¡
Through 6 in. l)uc11lc lron Class SO MJ MJ Cast lron 7S 250
(ISO mm) PU SOR9&11 Hcal Fusion PB 15 2S0 / 160
S DR 7 & 11.S lnscrt Crimp Metal 15 2S0/ 160
Potable W•ttr, ln>idt Buildin~
Coppcr. Hard iypc l 9S-S Solder - Wrou¡ht Coppcr 7S JSO
S1ocl Galvnni1cd Std Thread 125 Gal v. Cast 1 ron 7S llS
150 Galv. Mali: lron 7S 12S
l'IJ SDR-11 Heat Fusion PB 7S 200
1 nscrl Crim p Metal 7S 200
"M;iumunt allowabk- wortuna prc,,:urcc have Mtfl ck-r.tfed 1n 1h1$ t::1b&c. Hightr b Extra suon.g pipe 11 tteomrmndcd ror all thre-6ed con4ens1att piping to a.Uow ror
~ysmn rr\'\.Jurc'.'I c-.an be' u'4'C.l lur IOW\:r ttmpttaturts and smatlc:T' pipt si.zcs. Pipe. fil- conostón.
103.3 340 2.70 3.88 3.94 ª Spacing does not apply whcrc span calculations are made or where conccn-18·1.1 380 3.0S 4.3S 4.42 trated loads are placed bctwccn supponssuch as ílanges, valves, specialties, etc.
• Based on an allowablcstress of 12,000psi reduced by 2S'1• using the roo1 arca in accordancc with ASME 831.1 and MSSSP-S8.
58 59 )
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\ Solar Colleclor lnlercepl and Slo~ by T~ (Huggins and Block 1983)
en o ¡¡ .. ~ = g Q .. 3: .. e. ... o es:
lnterttpt, F RTa Slo~~Uv
Bta/ b • ft · º F
Glulllaand Std. Std . Co~r Material AbsorMr Material and 1Y~ Absorber Coatlna Mean Dev. Mua Dev.
Single glass Coppcr tubes and fins Flat black paint 67.2 s.o - llS 14 Single glass Coppcr tubes and finJ Moderately sclective 73.0 3.6 -112 11 Slngle glass Coppcr tubes and fins Selective surface 71.7 3.3 - 83 11 Single glass Coppcr tubes and aluminum fins Flat black paint 69.1 6.0 -116 12 Single glass Coppcr sheet intearal tubes Selective surface 10.S 5.1 - 89 17 SingleFRP Copper tubes and fins Flat black paint 61.9 s.s - 117 IS
¡¡-
°" Single FRP Coppcr tubes and aluminum fins Flat black paint S7. I 6.2 - 114 10 ... o Double glass coppcr tubes and fins Flat black paint S9.1 6.7 - 84 9 ..
"O .. iil
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!: :!] o t 3:: o a.
INLET
E. INLET ~
(a) EXTERNAL MANIFOLDING (1>) INTERNAl MANIFOLDING END CONNECTIONS
(e) INTERNA!. MANIFOLDING BACl<SIDE CONNECTIONS
COLl..ECTOR EJTlCleCf. P9lCENT
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Refrigerant 22 Propertles of Saturated Liquld and Saturated Vapor
1 º F V h s V h s ISO 0.2606 lll .4S 0.2232 0.23S6 120.58 0.2203 200 0.2985 131.56 0.2392 0.2720 130.90 0.2366 250 0.3330 141.58 0.2538 0.3046 141.06 0.2514 300 0.3654 151.69 0.2676 0.3351 151.27 0.2653
1 V .,. vapor volu~ ft' / lb h 2 cnthalpy, 81u/lb s e cntropy, Btu/lb · ºF
4S.00 54.732 79.26 0.868S 26.314 109.386 0.05679 0.22140 •Tcmperaturcs are on thc ITS-90 scalc. e • triple poinl b = boiling point e • crilical poinl
70 71
Tbermodynamic Propertles of R-134a
Pressure • 15 psla Pressu re • 30 psi a
Temp., Sat. 1eml!· • - t4.25 º F
Sal. 1em2. • 15.39º F
º f V h V h
o 3.118 103.35 0.2324
20 3.268 107.07 0.2403 1.584 106.18 0.22SS
40 3.417 110.88 0.2481 1.663 110.06 0.2335
60 3.S6S l 14.79 0.2SS8 1.741 114.03 0.2413
80 3.7 12 118.79 0.2633 1.818 118.08 0.2489
100 3.858 122.87 0.2708 1.89.S 122.22 0.2S64
120 4.004 127.0S 0.2781 1.971 126.44 0.2638
140 4.149 131.31 0.2853 2.046 130.75 0.2711
Pressure • 45 psla Pressure • 60 psla
Temp., Sa1.1eml!· • J4.94 °F
Sal. 1eml!· • 49.94 º F
º f V h s V h
40 1.077 109.20 0.2243
60 1.132 113.24 0.2323 0.8269 112.41 o.22s5
80 1.187 117.36 0.2400 0.8699 116.60 0.2334
100 1.240 121.SS 0.2477 0.9120 120.86 0.2412
120 1.293 125.82 0.2SS2 0.9533 125.18 0.2488
140 1.345 130.17 0.2625 o.9940 129.58 0.2562
Pressure • 150 psla Pressure • 200 psla
Temp., Sat. lemp. • 105.l4ºF
Sal. teml!· .. 125.19ºf
º f y h s y h s
125 0.3433 122.06 0.2274
ISO 0.3692 128.08 0 .2375 0.2596 125.69 0.2289
175 0.3937 134.13 0.2472 0.2807 132.07 0.2391
200 0.4171 140.23 0.2566 0.3003 138.42 0.2489
225 0.4397 146.41 0.2658 0.3189 144.80 0.2584
250 0.4616 152.66 0.2748 0.3366 151.23 0.2676
Pressure ~ l50 psla Prusure .. 300 psia
Temp., Sal. lemp. • 141.79º f
Sal. cemp. • t56.07º f
º f y h s y h s
ISO 0.1920 122.93 0.2210
11S 0.2118 129.79 0.2320 0.1646 127.20 0.2252
200 0.2295 136.47 0 .2423 0.1817 134.35 0.2362
225 0.2460 143.10 0.2522 0.1969 141.29 0.2466
250 0.2614 149.73 0.2617 0.2110 148.15 0.2564
27.S 0.2761 156.37 0.2709 0.2242 154.99 0.2659
300 0.2902 163.07 0.2798 0.2367 161.84 0.2750
V • vapor volumc. n> / lb h s enthalpy. Btu/lb s • entropy. Btu/lb .Of
72
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1 Refrigerant 717 (Ammonla)
1 (•19d) 3t:lnsS3t:ld Propertles of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
g § Denslty, Volume, Enlbalpy, Entropy, 8 o o 'nmp. Prus. lb/tt1 ft3 / lb Btu/lb lhu/lb· º F o ~ o o o o 2 2 o 2 o 2 Temp., 8~ ... ... ... -o ºF psi a Uquld Vapor U quid Vapor Liqoid V.por o
1 6(J 8 o é '- 15.00 20.861 41.99 12.973 26.511 606.428 0.06125 l.36545 o se N - N -J0.00 23.727 41.77 11.500 31.867 608.102 0.07320 l.35471 IOC >- - 5.00 26.900 41.55 10.223 37.242 609.736 0.08506 1.34424 12( o o.. o
ºTempcratures are convttted from the IPTS-68 sale of the orl1in1I formulati 0.51070 367.58 2.5610 0.64594 363.79 2.5313 Tt to thc l'J'S.90 scalc. 0.46897 404.14 2.6061 0.59131 401.06 2.5774
a • triple point b • boíling point e, ; critial point vapor volume. n> /lb • h • enthalpy, Btu/lb s • entropy, Btu/lb · ºF
76 77
-- ---- ' ' .,¡ 1 ;;!
- - 0:1 l 1 ~
-- - º3 ...... ,ooo~~ -.,"!5 1~~8~~~!50\~J
Suction, Discharge, and Llquid Line Capacities for Refrigerant ll (Single or High-Stage Applicatlons) - - - - -
Suction Unes (.6.1 = 2 °F) Discharce Unes Uquld Liaes• (.6./ ª 1 ºF; Ap • 1.9 psi)
UneSia Sataratecl Suctlom Tempenl•re, ºF S.tlll'Sted Suctio• Temp., ºF U•c!iia 'fype L 'fypeL Al a lºF Copper, -40 -20 o 20 40 - 40 40 Copper, Vel. - Ap =
~ Notes: 4. Values in 1hc table are based on IOS ºF condcosing tcmperature. Mu!-t. 'Jkble capaci1ies are in tons of rcfrigcration. Liply 1able capaci1ies by lhe following faciors for olher condensing
l:i.p "' pressure drop dueto line friction, psi per 100 ft of equiva- temperatures. lent line length
Condenslac Suetlon Dlsc.ltu¡e l:i.t = corresponding cbange in saturation temperature per 100 ft, ºF Ttmpa11111re, ºF Une u.e
2. Llnc capacity for other saturaiion tcmperatures t.t and equiva- 80 1.11 0.79 lent lengths L 90 1.07 0.88
, ( 1\blc L, Aclual Al ) O.SS 100 1.03 0.95 Line capacity • lkble capacity --- x Aclual L, Tublc Al 110 0.91 1.04
3. Saturation tcrnpcrature A/ for other capacities and equivalcru lcng¡hs 120 0.90 1.10
(3) For olher Al's and Equivaleot Leogths, L,, Line capacity (tons) =
(1) Value:S in this ~le are tons of refrige:ration resulting in a line friction drop pcr 100 rt of equivaleot pipe length corrc:sponding io thc change in saturation temperature indicated under the refrigerant desígnation.
(2) Values based on OºF condensing temperature. For capacities at other condensing temperatures, multiply table value by values from the table below. Ton mass flow rates for discbarge lines based on - 50 evap.
NO'rl!: ·lñc iunnasc b ~~ on 90 F' liquid icmrittaturc and &u~rhcal u indic:atc:d by 1hc fü1cd tc:mrxra1urc. For othcr liqu J line u1urx.,.:uun.-~ u~ ~orrl"-'.:li,~u íal.'.1llfS b; 1h< oahlc bdow.
Uquid Temperature, f
so MI 70 IO 100 110 120 130
1.17 1. 14 1. 10 1.116 O.YR 0.94 <U9 . j),~,
Minimnm Tonnage (Rtfrlgerant 22) for 011 Entralnment up Hot-Gas Risen Type L Copper Tublng
NOTE: The tonnaae 11 based on 1111urated suaion tcrnpcrature or 20 F with IS dea F s:upcrhcal ac che indicated satur.ucd condt:nsing 1cmpcrature witb IS des F iubcoolin¡. for oc her s:aturaltd suction tcmptraturcs wilh 1 S dq. F supcrhc111, UJc: che Collowins corrcc:tion fact0f1! Saturation s-i;clion tcmpcratutt.., F .-40 - 20 o 40
Corrcction flc1or 0.88 o.9$ 0.96 1.04
---- ~
_, _;l ¡ ___ _
1 :;l - - ..23 1 1
:;l --- o ~ N 0 9!? ~ *: ~""" .,.,.g
í Practica! Refrigeran! Suction Une Capacities for Ammonla for Te.mperature Cbanges of 0.25 and 0 •. 50 deg F
[Tons of Refrigeration Resulting in a Une Friction Drop (AP in psi) per 100 ft Equivalen! Pipe Le.ngth as Shown, with Correspondlng Cbange (AT) in Saturalion Te.mperature)
Steel Saturated Suction Temperature, F
LlneSlze -60 -40 -20
AT = O.lSF AT a O.SOF AT • O.lSF AT=O.SOF AT = O.lSF AT = O.SOF IPS SCH AP e 0.046 AP s 0.092 AP = 0.011 AP = 0.155 AP • 0.123 AP = 0.245
Notes: l. lllblc capacities are in tons of refri¡cn.tion. Ap & pressure drop duc to Une fñction. psi pcr 100 fi of cquivalent Une lcngth. Al = correspondina changc in sa1uratíon tempcratur< pcr 100 ft, ºF
2. Scc Cbaptcr 2, 1994 ASHRAE Hondbook-Refrigrrotion Cor stccl linc c.apacit ics and for modifjca1ions 11 othcr saturation and condcnsina tcmperatures_ 3. Thcsizing shown is rccommcndcd wherc any gas gcneratcd in the receivcr must rcturn up thc condcnsatc linc to the condcnser without rcstricting condcnsatc now. Water-(:()()lcd condcnscts, wbcrc tbe r=ívcr ambient temperature may be bia)\cr than the refri¡erant condcnsing 1empcratutt, fall in this catqory. 4. ThcUncpres.suredropApisconservative; if subcoolin1
~ SI o pe Up o 20 1.72 1.00 1.90 !:! " ¡¡ o 10 2.08 1.12 2.23 ., Q ~
.:. .!I - so 20 1.76 1.16 1.97 CI e .. ON _., r-o ~ i= e!~ < :::!'.:! 00 .... ... - so 10 2.10 1.30 2.33 ·e ºº o
~ 90 10 2.08 0.84 2.15 0.8! .. so 30 2.01 0.94 1.89 0.91 ~ ] l 1
_,., .,.. = ~ dd d so 10 2.35 1.01 2.32 1.01
:1 ¡::; Vert. Horii. o 20 2.32 1.18 2.17 1.U ...
o 10 2.64 1.26 2.SO 1.21 o .. - so 20 2.36 1.39 2.30 1.37 a .. ] -N ~~ r-... i:i .. ::: 5 ¿ - so 10 2.87 1.56 2.67 U-O $. ~ :'E 00
90 10 2.10 0.84 2.49 0.90 ti .. " so 30 2.24 0.99 2.28 1.00 = ·¡: ~~ ~~ 4S º so 10 2.40 1.02 2.73 1.08 .... ¡:;. 5~ '1 o .. _
00 Slopc Down o 20 2.63 1.26 2.66 1.21 "~ o ¡; o 10 2.81 1.30 3.02 l.~ .. 1 - so 20 2.90 l.S7 2.90 l.Sl 'lj
¡:; - so 10 3.22 1.66 3.31 1.68 .... ~
90 10 2.10 O.SS 3.41 {,.)
so 30 2.38 1.02 3.86 i! e
1 so 10 2.41 1.02 4.09 ~ o &> Horiz. Down o 20 2.83 1.30 4.87 o ... d o 10 2.87 1.31 S.08 [ H
- so 20 3.36 1.69 6.02 & ~-;;- ., - so 10 3.42 1.71 6.36 ..
:!;' ~ 8 8 8 .. o u .. ~~a~ .. .. i! .. Q.
1 1 lntcrpol11ion is pcrmissible for othcr valucs of mean 1emperuurc, lctnpen e t ·5 ~ b' ·~.S.!! a ·~·~ e! .. diffcrcncc, and cffectivc cmi11ancc fefJ· lntcrpolalion and modcratc extrapola cZ ... "iiOoi 6 ~ ~ ii en 6 .s .5 6 .5 for air spaces ¡rc11cr 1han 3.S in. are also pcrmissible. . ... ... ... ... 5 .s e bEffcctivceminanccf~ffº'1~airspaccbaivcnbyl/E<IJ' • l/ E1 + llt2 - l,w o o o .!:! 00 00 ::0NN ~ iS ~ ~ ~ ... .......... " .......... s ft and Ez are !he cmft anees ofthc surfaccs oíthc air spacc (scc Table 3). e-- 8--· p ~ Vi F
1 92 93
1
....
Typical Thermal Properties of Commoo BuildJog and lnsulating Materials-Desl&o Values
Expandcd shalc, clay, or slatc; expandcd sla¡s; cindcrs; pumice (with density up to 100 bl/fl>; and scoria (sandcd concretes have conductivi1ics in thc higher end of thc range) . ...... .....•.•.
Pcrlite, vermiculitc, and polystyrcne bcads ..... .
120 100 80 60 40 20
ConducU~lly Conductancc Per lnc.h (k), (C), Thidmas (l/ k),
Valucs are for a mean temperarure of 15 ºF. Represeowivc valucs for dry materia Is are intend«I as dcsign (nat specification) values for materials in normal use. Tbennal valucs or insulai.ing matcrials may differ from dcsign valucs dcpendi111 on lheír in-situ propertics (e.g., demity and moiJture oonrenl, orientation, etc.) and variabilicy eicperienced during manufacture.
l'ypical Thermal Condoctivlty for Industrial lasoJatioos-Design VaJoes
TíMax. ~~!~ 'JYpical Conducfüity k in Btu • ln/b • ft1 • ºF at Mean Temp., º F cm~, ~.-.~, ___;..;_ ____ _.:.. ___________ .:._;_~
Material º F lb/ ft -100 -15 25 75 JOO 200 300 700 900
BLANJCETS AND FELTS Aluminosilcate Fiber, 3 µ.m dia.
Mineral Fiber (rock, slag, or glass) Blanket ~metal reinforccd Blanket, flexible, fine·fiber
... ~~ ooooé- :e ,; g l" 8 ·= ·= ~ o 1~·i o ~"'o.:! 0 cfcf z 6S 43 Pullman, WA 60 36
" ~b 66 Scattle, WA 61 4S
·~ ~ • "'l 42
.. z..~ 71 43
.... .e g~c
E ~ ~ ~ 1emperatures are integtattd averqes irom surfac:c 10 a deplh of 10 fl dcrived
o .::: (.,) ~
.!< li ulate observed phenomena, ea ch for average amplitud e and phase an¡le wilh
~;: g thcnnal diffusivlty, a • 0.02S ft2 /h.
'9 :2 .!! ·5 a
... ?:Ji "-_¿e c:c:.w .s:h
~ :E • ~ ·~ 5 ~ .9 .g 8 i ·ij J! ti t! ~ n ·- ~ :: e e -5 "' -" " i:i.E-~] :;!.,,.,, ..
_ _, t
1~~~~~~- e~· ~~~~ .rp 8 g ~ ~ • :;, K .~ 8 ~ : S s s ] .!! ª•: ]- ~~~~ ~e"~t-118~,g IH ---- ~ ,,o . ce: ~ w····~~~~o~~!~~s~~ .. - t .e ~ ll & ·es t: ~ M .~ .la :s & ;~ti ~ ~u ~w ~~~u e
104 105
1)'pical Apparent Thermal Conductivily for Soils*
Sands Silts Clays Loams
Normal Range
4.210 17.4 610 17.4 610 11.4 610 17.4
Recommended Values for D to..> Hi 11
S.4 IS.6 11.4 .IS.6 7.8 10.8 6.6 lS.6
ªReasonable values for use when no site- or soiJ.specific data are available. bModerately conservative valucs for minimum heat loss throu¡ht soil (~f., use hcat eicchan¡er orearib·contact cootin¡ calUQhions). <Moderately conscrvative values for maximum hcar loss rhrough soil (~.g .. use· winrer hea1 loss calculations).
Glass area calcuated from plans CLTD for conduction load tbrough
glass.
Net glass arca for plans Shadin¡ coefficicnt for combinar ion of glass and interna! shading
Solar Cooling Load factor Extcrnally shaded glass, use north
orientation Computcshaded arca from building
projcctions 'Thermal conductivity units are Bru • in/ h • ft1•
Dcsign heal 1ransmission coefficicnts, pp 91-103
24r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ll~!..._~~_jQ~·~U.~~~(~T~D~)'..._~~A~r~ca:..:::ca~lc~u~la~t~ed:.,::fr=o~m~pSl~an~s~:::-::: lnpu1 ratina from electrical plans or
lighling fixrure dara
rn EXTENDED ~ AANGE
q '"' INPUT Number of people in space
q5
= No. (Sens. H.G.) CLF Sensible heat gain from occupants. p 117
q1 • No. (Lar. H.G.) Laten! beat aain from occupants
q1 ~ HEAT GAIN (CLP) q¡ • HEATGAJN
q = HEATGAIN(CLF)
Recornmcndcd rarc of heat gainSeasible hcat
Set equal to zcro whcn hood is ovcr applianccs
Manufacturer's data
lnfiltralion air, standard cfm lnside-outside air temperature
diffcrencc q1 = 4840 CFM (.6. W) lnside-ourside air humidity ratio
difference, lbvllb0 q • 4.S CFM (.6.h) lnside-outside air enthalpy di ffer-
ºo~~ ....... ....._5...._.~ ....... -1~0~ .............. ,~5~ ....... ....._20...._......__.__._25.._......_......_._30,__.,'""'ll~~~~~~--:~--::--~::--:~~c~n~c=e,~B~l:u~/l:b~1=, :ps:yc~hr:o:m~e:t:ri~c~d~at::a MOIS'Tl.flECONTENT, PeRCENTBYMASS TION: Approdmarc dara-Usc for prcliminuy compurarions only. See
RAE Cooling and Htaling Load Calr:ulatíon Manual. 106 107
Cooling Load Temperatu~ Differences for Hat Roofs CLTD Data for Flal Roofs applics directly to: (1) dark surface, (2) indoor tcmperature is 78 ºF, (3) l4°N Latllude, July
maximum tcmperaturc of 95º F with mean tcmperaturc of 85 ºF and Roof Solar lime, h ge of21 ºF. (4) solar radiation typical of clear day on 21 st day of monrh, No 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 · surfad rilm rcsistance of 0.333 (h • ft2 • ºF)/Btu, and (6) insidc sur-1 - 2 -5 -6 9 44 76 92 86 S8 23 • ncc of 0.685 (h • ft 2 • ºF)/Btu. 2 o - 4 - 6 1 30 64 86 89 70 36 Justmcnts to dcsi¡n tcmpcratures 3 8 2 -2 3 22 47 68 77 68 47 Corr. CLTD z CLTD + (78 - 1,) + (lm - SS) 4 11 3 - 2 - 4 s 27 SS 75 80 67
, ; insidc tcmperature and t m ; mean outdoor tcmperature, or t m • s 16 8 3 1 10 JO 52 68 70 59 m outdoor temperaturc - (daily range)/2 8 24 17 11 9 14 27 43 S4 S8 52 justmcnt rccommcndcd for color or for vcntilation of air spacc above
9 2S 16 9 4 s 17 36 54 6S 63 10 31 22 IS 9 8 16 30 45 56 59 lgn purposes, the datasuffices for plus or minus 2 wceks from the 21st
Without Sto IS 2 1 2 Coollng Load Temperature Dlfferences for Flat Roofs IS to 2S 4 2 2 48 º N Lalltude, July
Otos 1 Roof Solar time, h s to 10 4 l No. 2 4 6 8 JO 12 14 16 18 20 With IOto IS s 2 1 - 2 -s -s IS 44 69 83 79 59 29 9 1Sto20 9 2 2 o - 4 -s 6 32 60 78 81 68 41 16 20to2S 10 4 3 8 2 - 1 6 24 4S 63 71 6S 48 30 Otos 2 4 12 3 - 1 - 2 8 29 S2 69 74 6S 4S s 10 10 3 s 16 8 3 3 13 31 49 63 66 58 42 Without 10 to 15 4 8 24 17 11 10 16 27 40 SI S5 SI 42
IS to 2S 5 9 26 16 9 s 8 19 3S SI 60 61 SI 10 31 22 IS 10 10 17 29 43 S3 56 SI Oto 10 3 13 30 25 20 16 18 24 32 41 47 47 43 With 10 to 15 4 14 32 27 23 20 20 24 31 38 43 44 41
1Sto20 s CAUTION: Approximatc data-Use for prcUminary comput.ations only. es roof 1ha1 is no1 possiblc with thc chosen paramc1crs Also, sec no1cs on nen ~c.
108 109
•
~ o
~ ~ ~
-Approximate Cooling Load Tempera rore Differences (CLTDs) for Sunlil Walls-24 ºN Latitude, July
Solar time, h 1 Solar time, h 1 Solar time, h Wall facln 6 s 10 12 14 16 rs 20 6 s 10 12 14 16 ta 20 6 s 10 12 14 16 1a 20
Low Mass, Low R-Valuc Wall Low Mass, Medio ro R·Value Wall N
Approxlmate Coollog Load Tempera tu re Differences (CLTDs) for SunUt WaJls-43 ºN Latitude, July CAUTJON: Approximate data-U~ for preliminary compuuuions only. WaU Solar lime, h
7 3 2 86 S8 48 40 34 21 17 SE o 42 90 125 142 140 119
7 3 2 36 S3 70 80 79 68 S2 38 29 18
s o 8 17 24
SS 32 IS 8 4 24 30 35 38 S1 90 122 141 144 127
sw o 8 17
188 191 149 S3 2S 12 6 38 40 66 llS IS9
w o 8 17 24 30 3S
127 43 21 10 s 24 30 35 38 40 40 56 93 129 148 NW o 8 17
13 7 3 246 263 265 2s·1 221 178 124 66 28
Hor o 20 66 120 171 215
:E"~~
Shading Coefflcients for Glass without or with Interior Shading by Venetian Blinds
Nominal Thlckness Each Pane•
No l nlerior Sh•dln& Venetian Bllnds~ ha • 4.0 ha • 3.0 Mtdium Llghl
3/32 lo 1/4 1/4 lo 112
3/S 1/2
l/S to 9/32
1/8
3/16101/4
3/16 to 1/4 1/8 lO 7132
3/8
3/32, 1/8 1/4
1/4
1.00 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.83
O.S3
0.69
0.69 0.69 0.60
0.30 0.40 o.so 0.60
O.SS 0.81
O.SS
0.20 0.30 0.40
1/4 0.71 l/S o.so
1.00 0.9S 0.92 O.SS O.SS
0.8S
0.73
0.73 0.73 0.64
O.S8 O.S2
O.SS
0.64 O.SS
O.S1 O.S3
0.54 O.S2
0.2S 0.23 0.33 0.29 0.42 0.38 o.so 0.44
O.S7 O.SI
0.39 0.36
0.19 0.18 0.27 0.26 0.34 0.33
er 10 manuracturer's lítera1urc for values. wr1ical blinds with opaque white and bcí¡e louvus in the lighlly closcd position. 0.2S and 0.29 when used with glaH or0.7110 0.80 Lransminance.
ers 10 gray, bronze. and green tintcd heat-absorblng ¡ lass. en to factory-íabrlcated units wi1h 3/16, 1/4, or 112 in . alr space orco prime
s plus storm windows.
115
1
11
1
Refrigerallng Effect Produced by Open Refrigerated Display
B1u/ h · fl of Fixture*
"fype of Ob pl111 Flx1ure
Low remperaturt
Frozen food
Sin¡le deck
Sin¡lc deck, doublc island
2deck
3 deck
4 or S deck
lcccream
Single deck
Single deck, double island
Standard temperaturt
Meats
Single deck
Multldeck
Dairy
Multideck
Produce
Single dcck
Multideck
Lalenl Htll
38
10 144
322
400
64
70
52
219
196
36
192
Sensible H eal
207
400 S16
1288
1600
366
400
298
876
784
204
768
'Thcse íl¡urcs are 1mcr1I ma¡niludes for funures adjusted íor averagedesired p 1emperatures and apply 10 slorc ambients in front of the display cases of 72 to with SO 10 SS" rh. Raisin¡ the dry bulb only 3 to S"Fand thc humidity Sto 10'11 incrcase hcat removal 2Stft or more. Equally lowcr lcmperaturcs and humidi1i in wintcr. have an cqually marked cffcct on lowcring hcat rcmoval from thc s
116
-!
117
- - -Rttommecnded Raie of Htcal Gain from Sclected Rlstauraaa EquipmtcDI'
l•P•I Ratl•&• llttoJlllllndtd Ratt of u .. 1 Cal•, 8na/k 8111/lt Wi.-oDtHood Wlt.kHood
Applisntt Siu Mu. Siandb,,. StllS. Lateat Total Stasfble ......... El«tric, No Hood Reqaiml f .> Blendcr, pcr quan of capacity 1 to4qt IS.SO 1000 S20 1520 480 J.A.· Cabinet (large hot holding) 16.210 17.3 ftl 7100 610 340 960 290
Oishwashcr (hood 1ype chemical sanitizina). per 100 dishes/h
Dishwuher (conveyor rype water sanitizina). 9SO to 2000 dishes/h 1300 170 370 S40 170
.... per IOOdishes/h .5000 10 9000 dishcs/h 1160 l.SO 370 S20 170 cD Display~ (refrigcnited). pcr ft1 of interior 61067 fl1 IS4 62 o 62 o Food warmer (iofrared bulb), pcr hunp 1106bulbs 8.SO ~ o 8.SO 8.SO Food warmer (well type), pcr rt1 of well 0.7 to 2.S fl1 3620 610 lfiiÍ sao
~(larse) 73 rtl 4S70 I~ o 1840 o Criddlc/grill (lar¡e), pcr fl2 or cookina surface 4.610 IL8rt2 9200 -·- 620- ~ 960 340 Hot plate (high spccd doublc burncr) 16720 7810 S430 13240 6240 Ice maker (large) 2201b/day 3720 9320 o 9320 o Microwave oven (heavy duty commcrcial) 0.7 ft1 8970 8970 8970 o Rotinerie 300 10920 7200 3720 10920 3480 Scrving.'!!!!.(hot), per ft3 ofwcll 1.8 'º 3.2 ft1 20SO 680 340 1020 330 Toasier (largc pop-up) 10 slice 18080 9S90 8500 18080 S800 Elettrlc, Exbaust Hood Required Charbroiler, per ft2 of cooking surfacc
F-~ -lb off~
Oven (lmalleonwctlori), ~ Ransc Cburners). pcr 2 burner section Gas, No Hood Requlred Broiler. pcr ft2 or broiling area 2.7 ft2 14710 61 S310 2&60 Dbhwasher (hood type chcmical sanitizia¡),
pcr 100 dishes/h 9SO to 2000 dishcs/h 1740 660b SIO 200 710 230 Dishwashcr (conveyor type water sanitizin¡),
per 100 dishes/h 5000 10 9000 disbes/b 1370 ~ 370 80 4SO 140 Criddlc/grill (large), per fil of cookina surracc: 4.610 11.8 ftl 17000 330 1140 610 17SO 460 Oven (piUA), per ft2 of hearth 6.4 to 12.9 ft2 4740 61b 620 220 840 84 Gas, t:xhaust Hood Required Braising pan, per quatl of capacity IOS to 140QI 9840 620 2430 Charbroiler {large), per rtl of cooking arca 4.6 to 11.8 fil 16440 S10 790
~ fryer {dcc:p fat), per lb of fat capacity ll to701b 2270 3oob 160 CD O•en (convection). per fil of oven spacc: 7.4 lO 19.4 fil 8670 19b 2.SO
O"en (pizza), per ñ 2 of oven heanh 9.3 to 2.S.8 fil 7240 61b 130 Ranae {burners). per 2 bumer scction 2 to JOburners 33600 132.S 6S90 Ran1e {hOt top/fry top). pcr rtl of cooldn& surfacc: 3 toSfll 11800 330 3390 Srnm Companment stcamer, per lb of food/h 46to450lb 280 22 14 36 11 Dishwashcr (hood typecbemical sanitizi.01).
per 100 disheslh 95010 2000 disbeslb 31.SO 880 380 1260 410 Oishwashcr (con"eyor water sanitizina).
pcr 100 dishes/h .5000 to 9000 dishes/h 1180 ISO 370 520 170
•1n casts whtre heat &ain itgivcn pn- unh of clpacHy thc hcac c•in is calculatfd bScandby input ra1ing is for che- e:ndre appliance tt11rdlas oí sizc. by muhlplying che capacity by tht rtromrncndtd heat 11in pc"r unil of capacity.
.... 1\) o
.... ~
Rttommudtd Rut or Heat C2in from ~locled Offlct Equipmtnl
3.9 ft3, 212 to 270°F 7 .8 f11 load arca S 10 15 8allons
1 For h05pi11I cquipment inscatltd under a hood, the hcat gain is as.sumed to be zcro. bHe:at 111Jn per C\lbic foot of interior space ' Input is 11ot Pf'OPortional 10 mtmory sizr
2SIO Sl20 3150 6820
73230 3150 9660 2~
160 to 220b 2050
341 10 2047 2120"
8()'I u,ob
1710 71400 IS220 14SOO'
"Hut ¡a.in pcr 10 rt> or inlttior spa« tHeat gain per 1allon oí capacity 'Sensible heat 1Laten1 Mat
ª'•'• 5600-9600 )400.22400
J00.1800 7500-15000
1000 2500-13000 )500-15000
270-600
)90CM2700 1700-6600 460-1700
5200
1300.7300 1300-14700
480 440 10 1060' 850 IO 201o'
2SIO Sl20 3S80 6820
73230 2970 4810 1230
80 10 l IOb 2050
300 10 1800 290b 34d
I02b 1710 8100
10000 320'
1 Outdoor Aír Requlrements for Ventilation*
Heat Gain from Typical Electric Motors en:ial Facllllles (ofrlces, scon:s, shops, holels, sports facllltles)
&llmaled Max** Outdoor Air Requirements Occupancy cfm/ cfm/
1 P/ 1000 ft1 pcrson r1 1
ners', Laundries Motor Motor Motor ercial laundry JO 25 Na me- jo, out, ercial dry clcaners 30 30 piare or Fulf Load Driven Drh'fn e, pickup 30 35 Rattd Motor Equip- Equlp· laundries 20 15 Horse- Nominal Erficiency, ment In, menf in, p dry clcaners 20 15 power MotorTypc rpm % Blu/ h Btu/ h 0.05 Shaded pole 1500 35 360 130 70 20 0.08 Shaded pole 1500 35 580 200 100 20 0.125 Shaded polc 1500 35 900 320 100 30 0.16 Shadcd polc 1500 35 1160 400 20 15 0.25 Splir phase 1750 54 1180 640 es, Repalr Service Statlons 0.33 Split phase 1750 56 1500 840 d parking garagesd l.SO 0.50 Split phase 1750 60 2120 1270 repair rooms 1.50 0.75 3-Phase 1750 72 2650 1900 Motels, Resorts, l>ormilorles 1 3-Phasc 1750 75 3390 2550 ··1ory slccping arcas' 20 15 cfm/ room 1.5 3-Phase 1750 77 4960 3820 ooms' 30 2 3-Phase 1750 79 6440 5090 J 3-Phase 1750 81 9430
g 30 7640 1 35 5 3-Phase 1750 82 15,500 12,700
7.5 3-Phase 1750 84 22,700 19,100 30 15
IO 3-Phase 1750 85 29,900 24,SOO 50 20
15 3-Phase 1750 86 44,400 38,200 120 15
20 3-Phase 1750 87 58,500 50,900 120 30 25 3 -Pha~c 1750 88 72,300 63,600 JO 3-Phase 1750 89 85,700 76,300 7 20 40 3·Phase 1750 89 114,000 102,000 60 15 so 3-Pha<;e 1750 89 143,000 127,000 cleanina processes may rcquire more air. 60 3-Pha\c 1750 89 172,000 153,000 pplcmentary smokc removal cquipmcnt may be required. 75 3-Pha~c 1750 90 212,000 191,000 ake-up air for hood exhaust may require more ven1 1la1ing air. The sum of 1he
100 3 -Pha~c 1750 90 283,000 255,000 rdoor aír and transíer air of acceptable qua fil y from adjacenl spaces .1hall be
1 125 3-Pha...: 1750 90 353,000 318,000 ocicnt 10 provide an c:>lhaust rate or nOl less than l.S cfm/fl: . ISO J. Pha,c 1750 91 420,000 382,000
'bution among people mu.11 consider workcr loca1ion an concen1ra1ion of running engines; stands where cn¡ines are run must incorporatc systcms for 200 3·1'ha...: 1750 91 569,000 509,000 po$Ílive cng,ine cxhaust withdrawal. Con1aminan1 sensors may be used 10 con-250 J -l'ha~c 1750 91 699,000 636,000 llOI ventíla1ion. $cealso food &bcverage scrviccs, merchandising, barbcr & beau1y sho¡n.11arages.
1 ladcpendenl of room size. IDllalled capacity for intermittcnt u.1e. SuPl*mentary smoke removal equipment may be required. Sorne ornee equipment may require local exhausl.
122 123
Outdoor Air Requirements for Venlilation* (Continued) Commercial Facllilies (ofrices, slores, shops, hotels, sports facili
Eslfmaled Maxº Outdoor Air Requirem Applicatlon Occupancy dm/ i:rmt
P/ 1000 ft1 person rt1
Telecommunica1ion ccnters & data en1ry arcas 60 20
Conferencc roomsl so 20 Public Spaccs Corridors & Utilities Public Rcstroomst cfm/ wc
• Thí\ _table pr~ríbe~ supply ratcs of acccptable outdoor air requíred for acce a ble tndoor atr quahty. These values haYC been choseo to control CO and OI c~ntammants w1th an adequate marain of safety, and to accounl for b~th llons amona people, varied activity levels anda moderatc amount of smoki Raoonalc for C0 1 control is presented in Appendix O of Standard 62-1989.
• • Nct occup1ablc \pace. : Supplcmcmary \mokc removal cquipmcnt may be required.
. 1 Mcchanical cxh_au\I wíth no ~irculation is rccommcnded Normally \Upphcd by transfcr air, local mcchanical exhaust -.i1h no rttircul · rccommcndcd.
"' Normally \upplicd by tr~nsfcr air. • Normally 'upplicd by tran,fcr air, local mcchanical exhaust with no rttirculat'
rccom mcndcd. " Vcn1ila1ion lo oricimi1c rila ni growth may dictate requircments.
Eslfmated Maxº Outdoor Air Requirements Occupancy cfm/ cfm/ P/ 1000 rt1 person fl1
8 15 1.00
150 15 70 25
0.50
arcas 0.50 Floors (Gymnasium) 30 . 20
25 ms& Discos 100 ngAlleys (seatingareas) 70 2S
60 20 ISO 20 150 15 70 15
100 IS 100 15 150 15
10 15 10 15 10 0.50 20 IS 5 15
o.so interna! combustlon cnaincs are operatcd for maintcnancc of playing surincrcascd YCntilation ratcs may be required. Hiahcr valucs may be required
humidily control. "al ventilation will be ncedcd to climinate special stagc cfrects (e.g. dry ice
mists, etc.) tilation within YChiclcs may rcquirc special considcrations.
main1aincdatlowtcmperaturcs(- IOºF10 +SOºF,or - 23ºCto +IOºQ notcOYCrcd by thesc rcquircmcnts unlcss the occupancy isconlinuous. Vcntila-
from adjoinina spaccs is permissiblc. Wbcn thc occupancy is iotcrmiucnt, ilttation will normally excccd thc vcntilation rcquitcment.
llcd cquipmcnt must incorporatc positi'~ cxhaust & control (as required) or sirablc contaminanu (toxlc or othcrwisc).
125
Outdoor AJr Requlrements for VentiJation• (Concluá lnstitutlonal Facilities
Estimated Mu** Outdoor Air Req Appllcatlon O«upancy dm/ d
Correctlonal facllllles Ce lis Dining Halls Guard Stations
20 100 40
15 20 20 15 15
15 60
25 15 30 15
IS
20 15 15
• Thls ~able p~ríbe~ supply rates of acceptable outdoor air rcquired for table m~oor mr ~uahty. These valucs have bttn chosen to control co and c~ntam1nanu with an adequate margjn of safety, and to account ror h~h uo~s amona people, varied activíty leYels anda moderare amount of sm •
• Rauonale ~or C02 control is prescnted in Appcndix o of Standard 62-1989 • Net occuptable spacc.
• ~pcci8! contaminan! control systcms may be rcquircd for proccsscs or fu • mctudina la~tory animal ocxupancy.
".'onnally supphed by transfer air. Local mechanical exhaust with no red uon recommended.
" S~e~ial rcqul~m~nts or codes and prcssurc rclatíonships may detc mm!mum vcnul111on ratcs and íllter effieiency. Procedurcs oe ·
• 'ª!'1'"ants may rcquirc hiaher rates. .. neraun¡ Atr shall not be rccirculated ínto othcr spaccs.
126
WEATHER-ORIENTED DESIGN FACIORS
usual approach in air-conditioning system design involves tation of peak design load ata specific hour of a design day,
of thc frequcncy levcls of design conditions in Chapter 24, HRAE Handbook-Fundamentals or the ASHRAE HeatCooling Load Calcularions Manual.
um tcmperaturcs usually occur between 6:00 A.M. and 8:00 time on clcar days when thc daily range is greatest. For
tial applications or othcr applications where theoccupancy is uous throughout the day, the recommcnded dcsign tcmperatures With commercial applications or othcr applications where occuisonly during hours near the middle of thc day, design temper-abovc tbe recommcnded mínimum may apply.
um temperaturcs usually occur between 2:00 P.M. and 4:00 time with deviations on cloudy days when the daily range is en calculating building cooling loads, it is advisable to ~eter-
whether the structure is most sensitive to dry bulb, i.e. extensive rexposure, or wet bulb, i.e. outside ventilation. Then theappro-design is dry bulb with its coincident wet bulb, or the appropriate wct bulb with its coincident dry bul'b may be used.
For residential or other applications where the occupancy is conus throughout the day, thc recommended dcsign temperature
For commcrcial applications or othcr applications where occuisonly during hours ncar the middle of the day, design temperbclow the rccommcnded maximum might apply. In sorne cases,
occupancy load occurs bcforc thc effect of the outdoor maxtcmperature has rcached the space by conduction through the
·ng mass. Eocrgy consumption ofthe proposed system is a design concern sol ved by intuition, cxperiencc, or simple calculation. Current
programs includc occupancy schedules, operating scbedules, weather data varying from hourly to seasonal. These programs include off-peak dcsign valucs. They may evaluate system con
on days that are characterized as cloudy, small tem{>CTClture change, y warm AM and cool PM, fa ir and warm, and faír and cool. A
system design should considcr these weather conclitions and 'r cffcct on tcmpcraturc control before a final design ís chosen and 'pment sclcction is madc.
1 on all...ait syi,ttm and normal oucdoor au qu~ndua ror ,-cm.ala· R•fn¡ttotion 1nd air qllllnlitin for appli<ations listtd in !hit 11bltor <oohng load <h<ct fisurcs ar< base< 1 ion t"-ct?I a n0<t'd.
Notts: t Rdriscration loads au (Of f'Rtitt 11>9lication. • Au quanrnin for hcavy manuraccurina uns arf' bast<l on suppkmc-mary t lncl\Kln Olhct loads aprn~ in Wans/sq f1. mc:ans to rnnoo.f' ~"f' hH.1
(;) o
AIJowable Ampacjties of lnsulated Conductors Rated 0-2000 Volts, 140° to l94°F No1 More Than Tbrtt Conduc1ors in Raccway or Cable or Earth {Dircctly Buricd), Basc<I on Ambient Tempera1urc of 86°F
Temperature Ratlng or Conductor
Siu AWG -
-18 16 14 12 10 g·
140ºF
TW" ur
20• 2s• 30 40
215 240 260 280 320
167°F
fEPW* RH0, RHW* THHW* THW* THWN* XHHW* USE",ZW*
Copper
20• 25• 35• so
194°F j 140º F
'fypcs of lnsulakd Conduclors TA, TBS, SA 1 TW" SIS,fEP* ur FEBS*,MI RHR*, RHW-2 THHN*, THHW* THW-2, THWN-2 USE-2.XHH XHRW* XRlfW-2, ZW-2
For ambient temperatures othcr than 86°F, mulliply thc allowable ampacities shown above by the appropriate factor shown below.
~ Ambienl Temp, ºf
10-n 1.08 1.00 .91 .82 .71 .58 .41
1.05 1.00 .94 .88 .82 .75 .67 .58 .33
1.04 1.00 .96 .91 .87 .82 .16 .71 .58 .41
1.08 1.00
.91 .82 .71 .58 .41
1.05 1.00 .94 .88 .82 .15 .67 .58 .33
1.04 1.00 .96 .91 .87 .82 .76 .71 .58 .41
78-86 87-95 96-104
105-112 114-122 123-131 132-140 141-158 159-176
•unless permilled in the National Eltttrical Code, ov=urrent protection for conductors marked with • shall not excttd IS A for No. 14, 20 A for No. 12, and 30A for No. IOcopper, or IS A íor No. l2 and 2S A for No. IOaluminum and coppcr-dad aluminum after anycorrccllon factors íor amblen! tcmperaturc and numbcr or conduetors have bcen applicd.
Characterisclcs of AC and OC Mocors (Nonhermecic) Pumaiwal
Pol) phase,
Split-Phllle Splll..C•pacitor Shadcd-Pole 60-lh.
Conncclion diagram
3 Yó Spced lorque
curves D • Startin& Cenuifusal Non e Non e Motor
Controllcr mcthod Switch
Ratina.s, hp O.OS to O.S O.OS to 5 0.01 to0.2.S O.S and up
Fu U-load 3•S-O to 172.S ~SOio 1725 3100to ISSO 350010 1750
Venlilatlon Air for Engine Equlpmeot Room EnglneRoom Murner and Mltlfit r and Alr Ttmp R1se• Exhaust Plpeb Exhaust Pipe•
ºF dm/ hp dm!hp d m/ hp JO 140 280 550 20 70 140 280 30 50 90 180 8
Exhaust minus inlet •Not insulatcd
blnsulatcd or encloffd in >cntilatcd duct dHeat cfücharged in cnginc room
136
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"' '"'!'.)~~~E~~~~~ :::; __ ,...
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- - ""'""'~Ñ~ ti
oo!2:;~~~2S~~~ :!! o
E .J:: -N..,-,.._fi .. "' ,¡; _,.. .. ..
O\-oo"'S:<S~~~88 ~ c.
! NMf'_,., .. V\~ 8 _,...,, ~ -s
Types o f Fuel O ils
Fuel oils for hea1ing are broadly classificd as distilla1e fue! o· (lighier oils) or residual fue! oils (heavier oils) . ASTM b cstablished specifications for fue! oíl propcrties which subdivid 1he oils in to various grades. Grades No. l and 2are distillatc fu oils. Grades 4, 5 (Light), 5 (Heavy), and 6 are residual fue! oils. Speci ficat ions for the grades are bascd on required charactcristia of fue! oils for use in differcnt types of burners. Thc ANSI stan· dard spccification for fue! oils is ASTM Standard 0396-86.
Grade No. J is a light distillate intended for vaporiz.ing-type burncrs. High volatility is esscntial 10 continued evaporation of the fue! oil with mínimum residue.
Grade No. 2 is a heavier (API Gravity) distillate than No. l. lt is used primarily with pressure-atomiz.ing (gun) burners that spray the oíl in to a combustion chamber. The atomized oil vapor mixes with air and burns. This grade is used in most domestic burners and many medium capacity commercial-ind ustrial burncrs.
Grade No. 4 is an intermediate fuel that is considered either a light residual ora heavy distillatc. lntcnded for burners that atomizc oils of higher viscosity than domestic burners can han. die, its permissible viscosity range a!Jows it to be pumped and atomized at relatively low storage temperatures.
Grade No. 5 (Light) is a residual fue! of intermediatc'víscosity for burncrs that handle fuel more viscous than No. 4 without preheating. Preheating may be neccssary in sorne cquipment for burning and, in colder climatcs, for handling.
Grade No. 5 (Heavy) is a residual fucl more viscous tban No. 5 (Lighl), but in tended for similar purposes. Preheating is usually necessary for burning and, in colder climates, for handling.
Grade No. 6, sometimes referred to as Bunker C, is a bigh viscosity oí l uscd mostly in commercial and industrial heating. Jt rcquires preheating in the storage tank to permit pumping, andadditional preheating at the burner to permit atomizing.
Gnide No.
1 2 4 SL SH 6
Table 6 Typlca l Gravlty a nd Heating Value. of Sta ndard Grades o f Fuel Oil
Gnivlly Ma5s (Wefghl) llttll ng V•lut API lbl &•I Blu/aal
38 to 4S 6.9SO to 6.67S 137,000 ro 132,900 30to 38 7 .296 10 6.960 141,800 to 137,000 2010 28 7.78710 7.396 148,100 10 143,100 17 to22 7 .940 10 7 .686 150.00010 146,800 1410 18 8.080 10 7 .890 IS2,000 lo 149,4()(). 810 IS 8.448 [0 8.053 ISS,900 lo ISl,300
138
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Ownlng and Operatlng Cost Data and Summary OWNING COSTS
l. Inicial Cost or System A. Equipment B. Control systems- Compleie C. Wirin& and pi pin& cosis aciributable to systcm D. Any incrcase In buildin¡ construction cost auributable to systcm E. Any decrcase in buildin& construction cost auributable to systcm F. l nstallation cosu
TOTAL INffiAL COST
11. Annual fixed Charges A. Equivalent uniform annual cost B. lncome taxcs C. Property taxes D. lnsurancc E. Reni
TOrAL ANNUAL FIXEO CllARGES
OPERATING COSTS
111. Annual Maintenance Allowances A. Replacemenl or scrvicing oil, air, or water filters B. Contracted maintenance service C. Lubrlcatlng oíl and arcase D. General housekeepin¡ coSl E. Replacement of worn parts (labor and material) F. Refrígerant
TOTAL ANNUAL MAINTENANCE ALLOWANCE
IV. AnnuaJ Energy, fuel, and Water Costs A. Electric Ener¡y Costs
l. Chiller or compressor 2. Pumps
a) Chílled water b) Healin¡ water e) Condenser or tower water d) WeJJ water e) Boiler auxiliaries (including fueLoil heaters)
3. Fans a) Condenscr or tower b) lnside air handlin¡ e) Exhaust d) Makeup air e) Boiler auxiliaries and equipment room venlilalion
140
Annual Energy, Fuel and Water Costs (continutd)
4. Resistancc heaters (primary or supplementary)
S. Heatpump 6. Domcstic water heatin¡ 7. Lightin¡ 8. Cookin& and food service equípmcnt 9. Misccllaneous (t.g., clevators, escalators,
and computcrs) B. Oas, Oil, Coal, or Purchascd Steam Costs
l. On-site ¡eneration of the electrical powcr requittmcnts under A of this section
2. Heatina a) Direct heatin& b) Ventilation
(1) Prcheaters (2) Reheatcrs
e) Supplementary hcnting (l.t., oil prchenting)
d) Orhcr 3. DomesLíc water heating 4. Cooking and food scrvicc equipment S. Air condilioning
l. Condenser makeup water 2. Sewer charges 3. Chemicals 4. Misccllaneous
TCYfAL ANNUAL FUEL, ENERGY, ANO WATER COSTS
V. Wa¡es of en¡ineers and operators
SUMMARY
11. lbtal Annual fixcd Char¡es 111. Tutal Annual Mainrenancc Costs IV. Total Annual Energy, Fuel, and Water Costs V. AnnuaJ Wages for Engincers and Operacors
TOrAL ANNUAL OWNING AND OPERATING COSTS
141
Life Cycle Costs
A representation in present dollars of lhe cost of an investment its lifetime is useful for cvaluating mutually exclusive altematives have lhe same anticipated lifetime.
A discount rote is required for a life-cycle-cost calculation. Tbe count rate represents the oost of capital to building owners. In es il is the rate on a loan (or bond) adjusted to account for inflation taxes. Higb di.scount rates disoourage investments. A 30/o real disco rate is Lypical for energy policy analyses. Higher rates are often by private investors for economic evaluation of commercial cons tion. lb account for inOation and fuel escalation, either lower the count rate or inOate future encrgy and maintenance costs.
The U.S. Dcpartment of Energy has proposed a 4.SOJo discount for federal energy management programs, calculated from thc lo tcrm bond rate (8.S'lo at the time) minus lhe ínflation rate (40Jo). Li cycle cost is calculated by determining thc prcsent worth of the e of an investment. For system alterna ti ves it looks likc lhis:
LCC = IC + ESPWF(COSTene11y + COST maínt) wlzere
LCC .. life-cycle cost IC .. initial cost premium of altcmativc
ESPWF .. cqual series prcsent worth factor (see table) COST•nuay • :;carly energy cost savina cosr maint • :;carly maintenance cost rcduction
ESPWF for other lifetimes and discour¡t rates can be calculat from:
ESPWF = [(! + dY - 1] d(I + d)n
where n = lifetime in ycars and d = discount rate in percent/100, Note that ESPWF can only be used when aonual costs remai
constant.
142
!!
:l ~ $
l ~ · -4 .§ -;; ~~ .p ~1
111 ~~ ~:!
~ ~~ :e ~
l1 ~~ $~
18 1~ ri ~!
11 • '1! u ~~
143
Estimating Maintenance Costs
The following method may be used for estimating or comparing total office building H YAC maintenance costs. The premise of method assumes that the base HVAC system in the building cons of fi.re-tube.boilers for heating equipment, centrifuga! chillers coolmg equ1pment, and VAV distribution systems. The total b ing HVAC maintenance cost for this system is 48.40~/ft2 • Adj ment factors from the table are then applied to this base cost to for building age and variations on type of HVAC equipment as fo
C = Total building HVAC maintenance cost (e/ft2) = Base system maintenance costs
+ (Age adjustment factor) x (age in years n) + Heating system adjustment factor h + Cooling system adjustment factor e + Distribution system adjustment factor d
ore = 48.40 + 0.18n + h + e + d
HVAC Malnlenance Cost Adjuslment Factors (in cents per square foot, 1993 U.S. dollars)
lleating Equlpment h Water tu be boller Casi iron boilcr Elcctric boilcr Heatpump Electric resistance
Coollng &¡uipmenl e Reciprocating chiller Absorption chiller (single stagc)• Water source hcat pump
Db trlbutlon System d Single zone Multizone Dual duct Constant volume 1Wo-pipc fan coil Four-pipc lnduction
•Fac1or applies to buildlngs wi1h oldcr, síngle-slage absorptlon chlllers
144
for Acceptable HVAC Nolse levds In Unoccupied Rooms
Occupancy Prefernd Allemate•
RC 2S-30 (N) NC2S-30
RC 30-3S (N) NC 30-3S
RC 30-3S (N) NC30-3S
RC30-JS (N) NC30-3S
RC JS-40 (N) NCJS-40
RC40-4S (N) NC40-4.S
RC2.S-30(N) NC2.S-30
RC2S-30(N) NC 2S-30
RC30-3S (N) NC30-3S
RC 3S-40(N) NCJS-40
RC40-4S (N) NC40-4S
RC 40-4S (N) NC40-4.S
RC 2S-30(N) NC2S-30
RC 30-3S (N) NC30-3.S
RC2S-30 (N) NC 2S-30
RC 35-40 (N) NC3S-40
RC 30-35 (N) NC 30-35
RC3S-40(N) NC 35-40
RC30-3.S (N) NC30-35
RC2S-30(N) NC2S-30
RC 3.S-40(N) NC3S-40
RC35-40(N) NC 35-40
RC35-40 (N) NC3S-40
RC 20-2.S (N) NC20-25
RC 30-3S (N) NC30-3S
RC 40-4.S (N) NC40-4S
rt and recital halls RC l.S·20(N) NCl.S-20
RC IS-20(N) NC 15-20
RC20-2.S (N) NC20-2S
NC curve noise-raling procedure may be used wbcrc rumbly, blssy, or tonal cteri5tics in the background sound can be toleratcd, ir it is not too loud.
145
RC (Room Criterion) Curves for Specifying Design Level for Balanced Spectrum Spedflc Total Sound Power Levels of 'fypical Fans
Fanl)pe Oclave Bands RC curves are prcferablc to NC curves or A-weightcd sound lcvels for ing systcm design goals and for qualifyin11 or rating ficld installations. This systcm (1) accounts for thc inílucncc oí both spcctrum shape and leve! 011
subjcctive asscssment proccss. (2) includes dala in the octave banclscent
63 t25 250 500 tX lK 4K 8K BFI
31 .S and 16 Hz. and (3) accounts for low-frcqucncy acoustic encrgy that in perceptible vibration in li&ht construction.
· Jncludcs total sound powcr lcvcl in dB for both inlet and outlct. Valu: a~c ~ 30 r~ns only-not packagcd cquipmcnt. BFI • Blade frcquency octave an . w
>
Sound power levels at actual operating conditions can be estimated < ~
lhe actual fan volume ílow rate and fan pressure, as: 8 20
· .. cstimatcd sound power Jevel of fan, dB re 1 pW OCTAVE lllANO CEHTER. FREOUENCY, HZ. .. spccific sound powcr leve! (from table abovc)
Region A: High probability that noisc-induccd vibration lcvcls in light waJJ = now me, cfm cciling consrructions will be clcarly feclablc; anticipa ce audible rattlcs in loW = 1 cfm mass fixrurcs. doors. windows, etc. = prcssurc drop. in. of water Region B: Noisc-induccd vibration lcvcls in light walls and ceilings may = 1 ih. of water . modcratcly fcclablc; slight possibility of rattles· in low mass fixturcs, doo = corrcction factor for point of fan opcrauon, dB windows, etc. R~gion C: Below thrcshold of hcaring for continuous noisc.
146 147
-------... -------------------
148
Passive Duct Sound Attenuators fabricated sound anenuators are available in various sizes and ·rute another method of obtaining noiseattenuation in ducts. Recar units are available in 3, S, 1, and 10 rt lcngths. The lengths of ar units are generally two to three times their diamcter. They are
·1able with varlous percentages of open flow arca for different s of attenuation and pressure drop. Consider: (1) required
ion loss, (2) static pressurc drop, and (3) self-noise, by air movthrough the attenuator. Ali three are related to the air velocity ugh the auenuator-the insertion loss in the low- and miducncy range is inversely related to the velocity, and the pressure drop self-noise are directly related to the air velocity.
Guidelines for locating duct silencers and for mínimum static ssurc drop wilh maximum acoustical performance are as follows:
trifugal Fans From fan discharge- One duct diameter for every 1000 fpm
From fan intake- 0.75 duct diamcler for every 1000 fpm
·ar Fans From fan discharge- One duct diameter for every 1000 fpm
From fan intake-0.75 diameter for every 1000 fpm
et Efbows Three duct diameters or equivalent both upstream and downstrcam
ixing Boxes and VAV Terminafs Onc duct diametcr upstream or downstrcam
rilles, Registers, and Diff users One duct diameter upstream or downstream
lnstall duct sound attenuators in or close to the mechanical equipnt room wall opening. This helps keep the reverberant sound from
e equipment room from bypassing the duct sound attenuator.
149
Vibra1lon lsolalor Sdtttion Gaide"
Equipmont Loailion (Stt Notes 3 and 11)' C~o Supponod Slab 20 ft Floor SpH 30 fl Floor Sp .. 40 ft Tioor Spae SO ft Tioor Spu
Iso- Jifia. lso- Mln. IJo- Mla. lso- Jifia. lso- Mln. a- lator lkn. Base lator ~n. ~ lator DdL a- lator Odl. a- lalor Oof1.
Eqllipmont "JYpo -¡ypo• lYpo' In. ljlpo• 'fypo' ÍD. ljlpo• 'JYpo' In. JYpo• 'fypo' la. -¡ypo• 'Jilp•' In.
Refrl1ero1ion Machines Rcciprocatin¡ Comprcssors e 3 0.15 e 3 0.7S e 3 l.SO e 3 l.SO e 3 2SO Rcciproca1ina Conden51ng
Uni1¡ .t Chilling Uni1¡ A 2 0.2S A 4 0.7S A 4 i.SO A 4 2.SO A 4 2..SO Hermetic Ccn1riíugal Chillers A 1 0.2S A 4 0.7S A 4 l.SO A 4 1.50 A 4 1.50 Open Centrifuga! Chillers e l 0.25 e 4 0.7S e 4 l.SO e 4 l.SO e 4 2.50
~ Absorption Chillcrs A 1 0.2S A 4 0.15 A 4 0.7S A 4 1.50 A 4 l.SO o AirCom~
'Ilulk Mounlcd A l 0.7S A 3 0.75 A 3 1.50 A 3 2.50 A 3 2-50 Base Moun1cd
UptoSOOrmp e 3 0.7S e l 0.1S e 3 l.SO e 3 i.SO e 3 2.SO SOi rpm & ovcr e 3 0.7S e 3 0.75 e 3 l.SO e 3 i.SO e J 2-SO
Pumps Close couplcd, 10 7 !ñ hp B/C 2 0.2S e 3 0.15 e J 0.7S e 3 0.75 e J 0.75 Flexible couplcd, 10 hp e 3 0.75 e 3 0.75 e 3 l.SO e 3 1.50 e 3 1.50 Flexible couplcd, SO 10 12S hp e 3 0.1S e l 0.1S e 3 1.50 e 3 2.SO e J 2.SO Fkidblecouplcd, ISOhp&O>'er
Ptlckagttf Roo/top Air Conditionin1 Units (Not Applicable) o J 0.7S A/B 3 l.SO AIB 3 2-SO A/B J 3.S
•• .. • 1 • • .. 11 ....... 1 . .. Coollng Tbwrs el Clos'1d C1n:uu cootars 2.'° A 4 2.so A 4 J.$0
0.2S A 4 2.SO A 4 1.SO A 4 2..SO
301 to SOOrpm A I, 2 A 4 0.2S A 4 0.7S A 4 i.SO
SOi rpm & ovcr A 1, 2
Fons and Air Handling Equipmont
AJria/, tubular, & Jan hoads 0.75 AIC l 0.7S AJC 3 l.SO
2 0.2S A/B 3 0.7S A/B 3 Up to 22 in. wh«l día. A/B
e 3 2.50 e 3 2.SO 24 in. wbeel dia. & ovcr l.SO e 3 2.SO 2..SO B/C 3 0.15 e 3 !.SO e 3 301 rpm to 500 rpm e 3 1.50 e 3
- OU11>00A All • IUPl'\.Y All • Af:l\lllN A11 + EXIWJST All
WlTH RETURN EXHAUST FANS- OUTOOOR AIR IS GREATER THAN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUPPL Y ANO RETURN AIRFLOWS
Controls for Fb:ed Mlnimum Outdoor Air
152
Economlzer Cycle Control
-RETVRN AIR
Makeup Alr System
153
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Two-Way Valve witb Pump Bypass Variable water now to terminal units and constant now lhrough chiller. AJ fulJ load botb chillers are on-line, and full flow ¡ocs to tenni· nal wúts. As terminal wút val\ICS modulate flQID dcaeased load, flow dccreases and pressure drop from supply to retum mains increascs. 1be
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t AIAFl,.Qw
T00tl1EA COOLS
Three-Way Valve Control of a Coil diITcrential pressure conttoller partiaDy opcns bypass valve to compensatc. Size bypass valve to match flow through onc chiller, so onc chiUcr pump will shut down wbcn bypass opcns fully. As load increases to closc thc bypass completely, thc sccond chilla" and pump restarta.
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Air·Conditioning Formulas
1 Btu = amount of heat requircd to raise (or lower) temperature of one pound of water 1 ºF
Sensible heat {Btu/ b) = 1.08 Qt:.t where tJ.t = differcncc between entering and leaving dry-bulb temperature and Q = aírflow rate in cubic fect per minute
Latcnt heat (Btu/h) = 0.68 Qt:.g where tJ.g • difference in moisture content of entering and leaving air, grains per pound of dry air
Water quantity {gpm) required for heating and cooling = q/500 Álwattr
where q • load in Btu/b
Chiller capacity (tons) = gpm (chilled water) x t:.t (water)/24
For Air: 1 lb/h = 4.5 Q 1 ton .. Q tJ.h/2670
F cfm x static prcssure (in. w.g.)
an hp "' ------"---.:...._--=...:.. 6356 x Efficiency
Density of air x----;.._ __ _ Dcnsity of standard air