ASEN 5335 Aerospace Environments -- Magnetospheres 1 PARTICLES IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE The plasmasphere represents the relatively cold ionospheric plasma (~ .3 eV or T ~ 2000 K) which is co-rotating with the earth (frictional coupling). We have discussed the radiation belts extensively, and the plasma sheet to some extent. We will return to the plasma sheet when discussing magnetic storms. -- plasmasphere -- ring current -- radiation belts -- plasma sheet -- boundary layers (magnetosheath, mantle) -- polar wind The main particle populations are:
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ASEN 5335 Aerospace Environments -- Magnetospheres 1 PARTICLES IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE The plasmasphere represents the relatively cold ionospheric plasma.
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The plasmasphere represents the relatively cold ionospheric plasma (~ .3 eV or T ~ 2000 K) which is co-rotating with the earth (frictional coupling).
We have discussed the radiation belts extensively, and the plasma sheet to some extent. We will return to the plasma sheet when discussing magnetic storms.
However, the plasmapause boundary is very dynamic, and varies between about 3 to 6 RE, sometimes getting as low as 2 RE.
Note that the plasmasphere overlaps a considerable part of the radiation belt region as well as the ring current. However, these represent different particle energy populations.
The outer boundary of the plasmasphere, at about 4 RE, is where the plasma density undergoes a sudden drop. This is the plasmapause.
In fact, it is thought that the intensified outer circulation leads to a peeling off of outer layers of the plasmasphere, which are then lost as detached plasma chunks in the magnetotail and solar wind.
Viewed this way, one expects intensification of the outer magnetospheric circulation to lead to a contraction of the plasmasphere (inward movement of the plasmapause). This indeed happens (see subsequent figures).
Put another way, the plasmapause represents the boundary between the "inner magnetosphere" and "outer magnetosphere" plasma circulation patterns. The former is co-rotating, and the latter is strongly influenced by the solar wind interaction (see following figure):
Plasmasphere = corotating ionospheric plasma
Plasmapause = boundary between corotating plasma and convecting plasma
Earth's plasmasphere at 30.4 nm (He+ resonant emission). This image from the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager was taken at 07:34 UTC on 24 May 2000, at a range of 6.0 Earth radii from the center of Earth and a magnetic latitude of 73 N. The Sun is to the lower right, and Earth's shadow extends through the plasmasphere toward the upper left. The bright ring near the center is an aurora, and includes emissions at wavelengths other than 30.4 nm. (From Sandel, B. R., et al., Space Sci. Rev., 109, 25, 2003.)
The EUV Imager on the IMAGE satellite is able to provide information on theplasmasphere distribution, boundary, aurora and other geospace properties.
With the decay of magnetic activity, the magnetospheric circulation and electric fields return to their previous state but now the outer tubes of magnetic flux are devoid of plasma.
“Filling In” of Plasmasphere
O H H O
Observations of the filling are shown in the following figure. Since active periods may recurr every few days there will be times when the outer tubes are never full and the plasmasphere has some degree of depletion.
The rate of filling is determined by the diffusion speed of protons (formed in the upper ionosphere by charge exchange between hydrogen atoms and oxygen ions) coming up along the field, and by the volume of the flux tube which varies as L4. It therefore takes much longer to refill tubes originating at higher latitude.
These gradually refill from the ionosphere over a period of days.
BOUNDARY LAYERS AND PARTICLE TRANSFER TO THE PLASMA SHEET
Solar wind particles find their way from the magnetosheath into the cusp region. There is experimental evidence for this entry, in that particles with characteristic "magnetosheath energy" (i.e., less than 1 keV) have been observed over a limited region centered around 77° magnetic latitude and noon (see following figures).
Such particles on newly-merged field lines flow down towards the earth, mirror there, and then return to find themselves on a field line sweeping back towards the tail. These particles form a particle population known as the "plasma mantle" (see following figures).
At many (~100) RE, these particles are swept into the plasma sheet. Another closer (~ 50 RE) source of plasma sheet particles is the polar wind emanating from the ionosphere at high latitudes (see following figures).
Note: since ~1028-1029 particles/s impact the dayside magnetopause, and ~ 1026 particles/s are estimated to enter the plasma sheet, only 1% efficiency of this process is required.