O rganization ofN ervous S ystem B rain C entral N ervous System (C NS ) Spinal cord Visceral Stim uli Sensory Stim uli A utonom ic N ervous S ystem Som atic N ervous System A fferent D ivision Peripheral N ervous System (PN S ) Efferent division Parasympathetic N ervous S ystem Sympathetic N ervous System M otor N eurons EffectorO rgans (m ade up ofm uscle and gland tissue) SkeletalMuscle Sm ooth M uscle C ardiac M uscle G lands (O utputfrom CNS To periphery) (Inputfrom CNS To periphery)
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Ascending pathway Thermal pain receptor in finger to brain Response Thermal pain receptor in finger Afferent pathway Efferent pathway Ascending pathway.
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Organization of Nervous System
Brain
CentralNervousSystem(CNS)
Spinalcord
VisceralStimuli
SensoryStimuli
AutonomicNervous System
SomaticNervous System
AfferentDivision
PeripheralNervousSystem
(PNS)Efferentdivision
ParasympatheticNervous System
SympatheticNervous SystemMotor Neurons
Effector Organs(made up of muscle and gland tissue)
SA node Rate β1 Rate M2 Atrial muscle Force β1 Force M2 AV node Automaticity β1 Cond. vel. M2 AV block Ventricular muscle Automaticity β1 No effect Force Blood vessels Arterioles Coronary Constriction α Muscle Dilatation β2 No effect Viscera Skin Brain
Constriction
α
No effect
Erectile tissue Salivary gland
Constriction α α
Dilatation ? M3
Veins Constriction α No effect Dilatation β2 Viscera Bronchi Smooth muscle No sympathetic innervation, β2 Constriction M3 but dilated by circulating epinephrine Glands No effect Secretion M3 GI tract Smooth muscle Motility α2, β2 Motility M3 Sphincters Constriction α2, β2 Dilatation M3 Glands No effect Secretion M3 Gastric acid secretion M1 Uterus pregnant Contraction α Variable non-pregnant Relaxation β2 Male sex organs Ejaculation α Erection ? M3 Eye Pupil Dilatation α Constriction M3 Ciliary muscle Relaxation (slight) β Contraction M3 Skin Sweat glands Secretion (mainly cholinergic) α No effect Pilomotor Piloerection α No effect Salivary glands Secretion α, β Secretion M3 Lacrimal glands No effect Secretion M3 Kidney Renin secretion β2 No effect Liver Glycogenolysis α, β2 No effect Glyconeogenesis
Vm (mV)
Vm (mV)
fiber
Target organs
Sympatheticpreganglionicfiber
Sympatheticpostganglionic
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Epinephrine
Spinal cord
Adrenalmedulla
Blood fiber
Target organs
inactiveA-kinase
regulatorysubunit
catalyticsubunit
complex ofcyclic AMP and
regulatory subunits active catalyticsubunit
cyclic AMP
1 molecule ofsignaling ligand
receptor protein
each activated receptor proteinactivates many molecules of Gprotein, each of which in turnactivates an adenylate cyclasemolecule
each activated adenylatecyclase molecule generatesmany cAMP molecules
each cAMP moleculeactivates 1 moleculeof protein kinase
each kinase molecullephosphorylates andthereby activates manycopies of enzyme X
each copy of enzymeX produces manymolecules of product
cAMP
AMPLIFICATION
AMPLIFICATION
AMPLIFICATION
AMPLIFICATION
G protein
acivatedadenylate cyclase
proteinkinase
enzyme X
products ofenzyme X
GTP
Phosphatidylinositol Polyphosphoinositides
Ptdins Ptdlins4P Ptdins4,5P2
Ins 1,4,5P3
AGONIST
Diacylglycerol
d
a
cb
β1 Linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclaseβ2 Linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase α1 Linked to phospholipase C mobilization of intracellular Ca2+
α2 Linked to inhibiion of adenylyl cyclase
Classification of Noradrenergic Receptors Linked to Second-messenger Systems