As the Enlightenment began, European thinkers began looking for ways to apply reason in order to improve the human condition. English thinker, wrote views.

As the Enlightenment began, European thinkers began looking for ways to apply reason in order to improve the human condition.

• English thinker, wrote views of government in Leviathan

• Absolute monarchy best

• Believed people needed government to impose order

– People selfish, greedy– Should exchange some

freedoms for peace, safety, order

– Social contract

Thomas Hobbes• English philosopher, believed all

people born equal

• Government should protect people’s natural rights– Monarchs not chosen by God– Government by consent– Power limited by laws– Ideas foundation for modern

democracy

John Locke

New Views on Government

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Two Views on Government

The Enlightenment in Europe

New Ways of Thinking• Scientific Revolution spurs reassessment of many

prevailing ideas - Europeans seek insights into society during 1600s,

1700s• Leads to the Enlightenment—a movement stressing

reason and thought

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Hobbes’s Social Contract• Hobbes distrusts humans, favors strong government

to keep order• Promotes social contract—getting order by giving

power to monarch

Continued . . .

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) • Applied Newton to the nature of being

– Reality is bodies and motion– Removed God from philosophy, not from religion

• Religious critics branded Hobbes a heretic • Humans are purely material: the body (monistic)

– Not concerned with souls or minds because these cannot be observed or measured and so cannot be proven to exist

– Humans are the sum of their physical parts• Deterministic—all human thoughts and actions are

determined by past actions and environment and not by free will

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes•Thomas Hobbes believed that all humans are naturally selfish and wicked and prone to fighting.

•He said that in order to escape a bleak life, people should give up their rights to a strong leader who would give them law and order.

• This is called the social contract.

Thomas Hobbes• Leviathan 1651

– Felt the horrors of the English Civil War convinced him that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked

– Social contract- in order to escape a bleak life, people gave up their rights to a strong ruler—they gained law and order

• He felt that a government as an absolute monarchy was the right choice

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)“The obligation of subjects to the sovereign is

understood to last as long, and no longer, than the power lasteth by which he can protect them.”

• Sovereign free to rule- must act in interest of subjects• Monarchy best form of govt.

– All powerful, centralize state• If ruler fails to ensure stability, society will dissolve into a state of nature/chaos until new ‘contract’ is made• Denies the people’s right to rebel in such instances• Most famous work is Leviathan (1651)

– response to English Civil War

Hobbes’ Famous Works

• Leviathan- 1651 Established the agenda for nearly subsequent Western Political Philosophy

• The book concerns the structure of society• In the book Hobbes argues for a social contract and rule

by an absolute monarch• The social contract was made to institute a state that

would provide for the "peace and defense" of the people, the contract would become void if the government no longer protected its citizens

• . In such a case, man would automatically return to a state of nature until the creation of a new social contract.

Leviathan

A Leviathan is a huge “sea monster”

Leviathan• Metaphor for the state, the Leviathan is described as an

artificial person whose body is made up of all the bodies of its citizens, who are the literal members of the Leviathan's body. – The head of the Leviathan is the sovereign. – The Leviathan is constructed through contract by people in the state

of nature in order to escape the horrors of this natural condition. – The power of the Leviathan protects them from the abuses of one

another.

• "covenant" or "social contract," contract is the act of giving up certain natural rights and transferring them to someone else, on the condition that everyone else involved in making the contract also simultaneously gives up their rights. – People agreeing to the contract retain only those rights over others

that they are content for everyone else to retain over them.

Absolutism: to manage behavior

The Leviathan, or sea monster,

represents the all powerful

government Hobbes believed exist to

avoid chaos

Hobbes absolute

ruler

• Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan “The life without rule of law is the life of every man against every man which is solitary, dull brutish, nasty and short.”

Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679

• Leviathan 1651 Written in exile during the Puritan War

• Stressed the role of reason, social control to create a commonwealth where all could prosper

• Student of the Enlightenment stressing logic and reason of hard science Bacon, Newton, Descartes, Galileo

Hobbes View on Government• it is unnatural for man to put himself under control of a

government, but knows it is rational to do so• if we give up our rights to the government, the government

will protect all the people and ensure peace• power comes from the people not God; he rejected divine

right• believed the best form of government was an enlightened

despot; a leviathan that will protect the people and make decisions that are best for the majority

• governments are created to protect people from their own selfishness and greed

• not possible to have peace and democracy because people are only interested in promoting their own interests

Hobbes Views on Mankind• humans are basically selfish by nature• because people are equal and cannot accept this, they constantly

compete to prove they are better• this competition leads to violence• people are motivated by a desire for power• people should not be trusted to make their own decisions• can apply the principles of mechanics and motion to humans:

a)de corpore: behavior of physical life

b)de homine: actions of the body and mind

c)de cine: man’s organized social life• “perpetual and restless desire (for) power…that ceases only in death”• “If men are not naturally in a state of war, why do they always carry arms

and why do they have keys to lock their doors?”- This quote supports the view that men are competitive by nature and are motivated for desire for power

Hobbes views on Freedom and Liberty

• Believed that freedom and peace could not coexist

• everyone should have the right to own property

Historical or Contemporary Examples to Support Hobbes

Views

• English Civil War

• Success of Enlightened Despots

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continued Two Views on Government

Locke’s Natural Rights• Philosopher John Locke says government gets power from the people • Stresses that people have a right to overthrow an unjust government

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John Locke held a different view because he felt that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. Because of this view Locke favored the idea of self-government instead of an absolute monarchy.

John Locke• He believed that people could

learn from experience and improve themselves

• Two Treatises on Government• Three natural rights

– Life– Liberty– Property

• Foundation of modern democracies.

• Favored limited governmental rule.

John Locke

John Locke (1632-1704): Social realist• Influenced American writers of Constitution

• Believed mind was a tabula rasa (blank slate)– Senses act on mind to train all aspects of a person– Body is important for human development– Intellectual pursuits are more important (dualist)

• Argued for the health of the student– Proper diet and exercise– “A sound mind in a sound body”

John Locke (1632-1704)• Two Treatises of Government (1690)

– Mankind naturally in state of anarchy (no government)

– Individuals left to own device would act with self-interest

– Mankind must enter into a political society to ensure stability

– Government therefore necessary, but only if it acts in the interest of the people- Social Contract Theory– People have right to rebel in such cases

• Glorious Revolution (1688)

Locke believed all people were born with Locke believed all people were born with 3 “natural rights”3 “natural rights”

Right to Life

Right to Liberty

Right to Property

Locke believed government was responsible for protecting these

rights and could be overthrown if it failed.

This is consistent with democracy - - people have the right to be in

charge

Locke’s View on Mankind

• Man has the ability to reason and compromise• Man kind is innately good• Man has the ability to think and problem-solve• Man is born with a blank mind and shaped by his

experiences and education• Man uses his five senses to learn about the world.

He uses this information to develop ideas• All men are equal• Men should help one another• Happiness is determined by the will of the people• Man's desire to pursue one's happiness is inborn.

John Locke– Studied human reason, rationale– Used empirical studies to interpret

human behavior– Individuals are autonomous-

• no longer dependent on Church or King to make decisions

– Each person free to decide personal matter

– Each person free to decide matters of the state

• Opposes absolute ideas of governance

Locke’s View on Government.

• Did not believe in divine right• Believed in a constitutional monarchy with

limited powers and three branches of government

• Social Contract: government is formed with the consent of the people; if the government fails to protect the people, the people have the right to revolt against the government

• Governments are formed to protect the people and their rights

John LockeView of the state of nature (pre-civil society)

1. Human beings are rational, free & equal. They are capable of running their own lives.

2. They have rights to life, health, liberty and possessions that no one should harm.

3. Yet there are no mechanisms (no police, no courts, etc.) to ensure that the strong do not prey upon the weak.

John Locke, continued • To secure their rights, therefore, people give

up some freedom and form government. • The government’s purpose is to protect rights.

It is a type of contract. • The people retain their sovereignty, and the

government is just a mechanism to help them. • The individual is superior to the government.

John Locke, continued

• If government fails to protect those rights and becomes tyrannical, then the contract is null and void.

• The government loses its legitimacy, and people are free to make a new government. [The Second Treatise on Government]

• Called a “right of revolution.”

Locke’s Views on Freedom

• Slavery is wrong

• Women have the ability to reason, and should be treated as equals to men

• Freedom of religion but only for forms of Protestantism; not for Catholics, Jews, or Muslims

• Everyone should have the right to life, liberty, and property

Locke’s Views on Knowledge

• Knowledge reduces intolerance, bigotry, and violence

• More you know and understand, less you have to argue about

• Thoughts should be based on reason

• Law of nature can be observed through experiments

John Locke: Essay on Human Understanding

• This was his major essay on people and how individuals learn.

• Believed that people are born with minds like a blank slate, tabula rasa, and what they know is based on experiences in their life.

• Saw inductive reasoning, reasoning that takes specific examples and attempts to draw general conclusions, as a way to establish laws for human behavior.

John Locke: Essay Concerning the True Extent and End of Civil

Government• In this essay, Locke states that all

individuals are born equal and entitled to some basic rights.

• The government is designed to protect people’s rights.

• When it ceases to do this, the people should revolt and form a new government.

Enlightenment influences

• John Locke (1632-1704)

– “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”• Tabula rasa

– Knowledge is sensory– Denied inherited ability– Rejected “original sin”

This is key! Why??????

Enlightenment Influences

• John Locke (1632-1704)

– Every person has right to life, liberty, and property (except slaves)

– Necessary for……..Educational reform, freedom of the press, religious toleration

Historical or Contemporary Examples to Support Locke’s

Views• Success of the American Revolution:

a) Declaration of Independence

b) Preamble to Constitution

c) The Constitution

Contrast of Locke and HobbesLOCKE• Two Treatises of

Government• Government: voluntary

association of humans acting in their self-interest

• Humans are reasonable and cooperative

• Power of the legislature: the people

• People could overthrow government and replace with better one

HOBBES• Leviathan• All-powerful sovereign

should rule stupid humans• Humans: greedy and violent• Power of the executive: the

government should be an enlightened despot