As given april 24 2013 with 10 questions

Design Management and

Construction of Sanitation and Water

Projects in the Third World

Presented by Dr. James J. Yarmus, F.NSPE, F.ASCE

Regional Vice-Chair NSPE PEC

Past President of NYSSPE

Past President ASCE, Mid-Hudson

Past President Rockland NYSBOC

[email protected]

Phone: 646-340-8500

Fax: 845-230-6616

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Rotary International (RI)

US Agency for International Development (USAID)

Water & Sanitation Project in Ghana

RI/USAID Alliance Project - Ghana

A Long term approach to meeting and sustaining crucial water and sanitation needs in 114 communities with a population of more than 86,000 people

Includes (3 components): • Infrastructure construction (indigenous contractors,

competitive bidding)

• Capacity building at local, district and regional level

• Behavior modification to improve basic sanitation habits

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Project Overview The Rotary Foundation and Rotarians worldwide

are contributing $1,000,000 for:

• 57 wells with hand pumps in rural villages

• *17 Modern Institutional latrines in 15 schools

• 2 WC/Shower blocks in two public facilities

• *Modern water supply and distribution systems in 3 communities of a municipal assembly

USAID is contributing $1,000,000 for:

• 20 wells with hand pumps in rural villages

• 31 Modern Institutional latrines in 25 schools?

• 1 WC/Shower block in a public facility

• All training, capacity building and behavioral modification activities

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* Works completed to date on-time and within budget

The Need for Clean Water

In many communities, residents (mostly women and children) must make a daily round trip(s) on foot to fetch water in cans or other containers from contaminated sources. Some may walk several miles.

These sources shrink or dry up in the dry season.

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The Need

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Upstream

Downstream

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Current water source for a village

The Need

There is a steep uphill trek back to the village

Distended bellies on children disappear shortly after they get clean water and have been treated for worms 9

The Need

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The Need for Sanitation

Schools need proper sanitary facilities

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The Need

This “trestle” straddles an open pit latrine located in a dilapidated structure too near a classroom building. The stench is overwhelming. Students and staff use this facility. There is little privacy. Corncobs and paper scraps are provided for necessary “paperwork”. There is no soap or water for hand washing.

“This is the worst I’ve seen!” PDG Ron Denham

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The Need

Great kids! Typical sanitary facilities at their schools

Fulfilling the Need

A successful community well with hand pump and drainage sump compliant with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. This well was part of a Ghana Rotary club community service project completed 3 years ago.

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A new “Alliance Project” well, built to the same standards, awaiting a hand pump and other finishing touches

Fulfilling the Need

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A modern water supply and distribution system

Fulfilling the Need

15 10,030 users in 3 communities can choose to draw water at

ground level or overhead.

Fulfilling the Need

A modern institutional latrine with cistern and hand washing facility for schools. Compliant with WHO standards.

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Built to last !

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in schools

The back of an institutional latrine showing vent pipes to minimize odor, access panels for pump outs and one of two faucets used for hand washing.

17 of these, serving 4,700 students, have been completed. 31 to go.

Fulfilling the Need

One of two 12–seater Water Closets (WCs) each with 6 showers and 10 hand washing basins currently under construction. A third will be constructed by USAID. These will serve a large market complex, a busy border crossing and a health center.

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Fulfilling the Need

Floor plan – WC with Shower Block

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Filtro Bioarena BSF (Bio Sand

Filter) El agua contaminada se

filtra a través de 3 capas de arena y grava (marrón)

El agua sube por su propio peso por un tubo localizado al costado del filtro (escondido)

Si el agua pasa muy lenta, se necesita hacer limpieza y mantenimiento.

Casi 100,000 filtros en uso en mas de 50 países.

Filtros que ya brindan mejor calidad de agua a mas de medio millón de personas.

Componentes Filtro Bioarena (BSF)

Tapa

Impide que los contaminantes

penetren en el filtro

Placa de difusión

Protege el schmutzdecke

cuando se vierte el agua en

el filtro

Capa de agua

Mantiene el schmutzdecke

vivo durante periodos de

descanso.

Arena fina

Permite de retener los

contaminantes

Tubo de salida

Lleva el efluente de la base

del filtro al exterior

Grava de drenaje

Promueve el flujo vertical del

agua hacia el tubo

Arena gruesa

Separa la arena fina de la

grava

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CUADRO COMPARATIVO

SUMINISTRO DE LECHE DIARIA SE REQUIEREN 40 LITROS

AL MES QUE SON 1200 LITROS MENSUALES

LECHE

LALA

LECHE

SAN MARCOS

LECHE

NUTRILECHE

PROYECTO

VACA

MECANICA

PRECIO

UNITARIO X

LITRO

$ 14.00

$ 10.50

$ 10.00

$ 2.50

COSTO

UNITARIO

MENSUAL

$ 16,800

$ 12,600

$ 12,000

$ 3,000

COSTO

UNITARIO

ANUAL

$ 201,600

$ 151,200

$ 144,000

$ 36,000

Questions to Evaluate Learning Objectives in the Design,

Management and Construction of Sanitation and Water

Projects in underdeveloped areas:

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What are the challenges in finding water sources? Which are the three major purifying processes? Why are group latrines preferred to single latrines? When are bio-sand filters used in some projects? What are the maintenance problems in bio-sand filters? What are the alternatives to bio-sand filters in those projects? Describe distribution modes for tank or dam projects? When are wells preferred as a water source in some areas? Why are latrines used more than conventional water closets? How do Professional Engineers work on third world projects?

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THIS RESPONDS TO THE FIRST TWO QUESTIONS: Challenges to find water sources include constructing or repairing a dam, running piping without excessive pressure, and constructing a nearby tank. The purifying processes include removing turbidity, neutralizing PH, and providing means to remove contaminants such as e-coli. Sometimes, chemical treatment is needed such as removal of excess minerals (like iron).

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Group latrines can provide for less frequent maintenance and better venting. They can also justify proper maintenance when residents cannot replace as they get filled and no longer serve the residential group or single house.

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Bio-sand filters can be used when only certain bacterial contaminants generate health dangers to users. The “schmutzdecke” eliminates contaminants with bacteria That consumes the e-coli and similar threats

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The maintenance problems include disturbing the schmutzdecke, removing the sand under it, adding the contaminated water too fast, insufficient frequency of cleaning the tubes that carry the purified water and protecting the filter from insects or other vermin.

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The alternatives to biosand filters are usually less effective but better than not cleaning the water during maintenance cycles when local supplies are unavailable. Porous clay filters are in use for transient workers and as back ups when needed.

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Distribution modes include methods to relieve excess pressure, piping to pilas, piping to toilets if they exist, providing central chlorination when indicated, usually on the top of the local tank.

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The wells are preferred when equipment is available and the aquifer quality eliminates the need for additional purification processes. Often wells are manual and the women get their buckets filled very close to their homes.

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Latrines are used when water closets cannot be built due to insufficiency of supplies. Usually, latrines serve more than one household, depending on proximity.

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Professional Engineers can be mentors with EWB with or without going to the field, they can join Rotary and volunteer for CADRE projects, or they can donate to both. This is the last slide. For additional information, email me or call: Email: [email protected] Cell: 845-300-6666

Thank you for coming and in advance for acting on these world projects. Jim