AS-1282 (Revised) Compiled by J.W. Schroeder Dairy Specialist NDSU Extension Service In calculating rations and mixing concentrates, using weights rather than measures usually is necessary. However, in practical feeding operations, measuring the concentrates often is more convenient for the farmer or rancher. ❚ FORAGE Storage Space Requirements for Feed and Bedding The space requirements for feed storage for the livestock enterprise – whether it is for cattle, sheep, hogs or horses, or as is more frequently the case, a combination of these – vary so widely that providing a suggested method of calculating space requirements applicable to such diverse conditions is difficult. The amount of feed to be stored depends primarily upon (1) length of pasture season, (2) method of feeding and management, (3) kind of feed, (4) climate, and (5) the proportion of feeds produced on the farm or ranch in comparison with those purchased. Normally, the storage capacity should be sufficient to handle all feed grain and silage grown on the farm and to hold purchased supplies. Forage and bedding may or may not be stored under cover. In those areas where weather conditions permit, hay and straw frequently are stacked in the fields or near the barns in loose, baled or chopped form. Sometimes sheds or a waterproof cover is used for protection. Other forms of storage include temporary upright silos, trench silos, temporary grain bins and open-wall buildings for hay. Hay Weight in a Stack or Barn Stockmen and hay dealers frequently buy and sell large quantities of hay in the stack or in the barn. This practice is prevalent especially in the Western and Great Plains states, where cattle and sheep are brought into the farm yard to be wintered on hay bought from hay producers. Under such circumstances, the weight of hay usually is estimated because (1) no scales are available, and/or (2) weighing the hay is impractical due to the time, labor and wastage involved. In many such instances, the hay is fed directly from the stack or barn, in racks arranged about it. Under these and other circumstances, there is need for a simple and reasonably accurate method of estimating the weight of hay in a stack or barn. To estimate the tonnage of hay in a stack or in a barn, you need to (1) compute the volume of hay, and (2) know the number of cubic feet per ton of hay. Table 1 gives the density information. March 2012
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www.ag.ndsu.edu�■�1
AS-1282 (Revised)
Compiled byJ.W. SchroederDairy SpecialistNDSU Extension Service
In calculating rations and mixing concentrates, using weights rather than measures usually is necessary. However, in practical feeding operations, measuring the concentrates often is more convenient for the farmer or rancher.
❚ FORAGEStorage Space Requirements for Feed and BeddingThe space requirements for feed storage for the livestock enterprise – whether it is for cattle, sheep, hogs or horses, or as is more frequently the case, a combination of these – vary so widely that providing a suggested method of calculating space requirements applicable to such diverse conditions is diffi cult. The amount of feed to be stored depends primarily upon (1) length of pasture season, (2) method of feeding and management, (3) kind of feed, (4) climate, and (5) the proportion of feeds produced on the farm or ranch in comparison with those purchased.
Normally, the storage capacity should be suffi cient to handle all feed grain and silage grown on the farm and to hold purchased supplies. Forage and bedding may or may not be stored under cover.
In those areas where weather conditions permit, hay and straw frequently are stacked in the fi elds or near the barns in loose, baled or chopped form. Sometimes sheds or a waterproof cover is used for
protection. Other forms of storage include temporary upright silos, trench silos, temporary grain bins and open-wall buildings for hay.
Hay Weight in a Stack or BarnStockmen and hay dealers frequently buy and sell large quantities of hay in the stack or in the barn. This practice is prevalent especially in the Western and Great Plains states, where cattle and sheep are brought into the farm yard to be wintered on hay bought from hay producers.
Under such circumstances, the weight of hay usually is estimated because (1) no scales are available, and/or (2) weighing the hay is impractical due to the time, labor and wastage involved. In many such instances, the hay is fed directly from the stack or barn, in racks arranged about it. Under these and other circumstances, there is need for a simple and reasonably accurate method of estimating the weight of hay in a stack or barn.
To estimate the tonnage of hay in a stack or in a barn, you need to (1) compute the volume of hay, and (2) know the number of cubic feet per ton of hay. Table 1 gives the density information.
March 2012
2�■�AS-1282 Weights and Measures of Common Feed
Table 1. Storage space requirements for feed and bedding. Pounds per Cubic Feet Pounds per Kind of Feed or Bedding Cubic Foot per Ton Bushel of Grain
Source: Adapted from Beef Housing and Equipment Handbook, Midwest Plan Service, Iowa State University, 4th edition, 1987, Table 8-13, pg. 8.21 and Table 8-17, pg. 8.22.
In using Table 1, you must recognize that many factors – other than kind of hay, form (loose, chopped, or baled) and period of settling – affect the density of hay in a stack or in a barn, including (1) moisture content at haying time, and (2) texture and foreign material.
Computing the volume of hay in a mow is relatively simple, but determining the volume of a stack is more diffi cult. Although different rules or formulas may be and are used, the U.S. Department of Agriculture1 recommends the following:
1. Volume of hay in barnsMultiply the width by the length by the height, all in feet, and divide by the cubic feet per ton as given in Table 1.
2. Volume of hay in oblong and rectangular stacksThree types of oblong stacks are common, as shown in Figure 1 (page 3). The volume of each type of oblong stack may be determined as follows:
a. For low, round-topped stacks: (0.52 x O) - (0.44 x W) x W x L
b. For high, round-topped stacks: (0.52 x O) - (0.46 x W) x W x L
c. For square, fl at-topped stacks: (0.56 x O) - (0.55 x W) x W x L
In these formulas, O is the “over” or “over-throw,” which is the distance in feet from the ground on one side of the stack, up and over the stack and down to the ground on the other side; W is the width; and L is the length.
The application of this formula is illustrated as follows:
Example. You want to estimate the amount of alfalfa hay in a low, round-topped type of oblong stack that has settled for four months. The stack is 20 feet wide, 30 feet long and has an over of 40 feet.
The answer is secured as follows:
a. Volume = (0.52 x 40) - (0.44 x 20) x 20 x 30 = 7,200 cubic feet
b. Table 3 shows that there are 470 cubic feet per ton of settled alfalfa
c. 7,200 ÷ 470 = 15 tons of hay
3. Volume of hay in round stacksThe rules or formulas used for oblong stacks do not apply to round stacks. But Table 2 (pages 4-5) gives the volume of round stacks when the circumference is between 45 and 98 feet and the over between 25 and 50 feet.
Calculate the volume of stacks having circumferences or overs greater or less than those given in Table 2 by using the following formula:
Volume = (0.04 x O) - (0.012 x C) x C2
In this formula, C equals the circumference or distance around the stack at the ground, and O equals the over or distance from the ground on one side over the peak to the ground on the other side (usually taking two measure-ments at right angles to each other and averaging them is best).
Thus, the computation of the volume of a large, round stack may be illustrated by the following example:
Example. You want to determine the amount of alfalfa hay in a round stack that is 100 feet in circumference and has an average over of 60 feet.
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Figure 1. Three common types of oblong or rectangular stacks. (Source: Measuring Hay in Stacks, USDA Leafl et No. 72.)
Hay shed capacities.* Shed Small Chopped Width Square Bale Hay
a. Volume = (0.04 x 60) - (0.012 x 100) x (100)2 = 12,000 cubic feet.
b. Table 1 shows that there are about 470 cubic feet per ton of settled alfalfa.
c. 12,000 ÷ 470 = 25.5 tons of hay.
Indoor hay and straw storage helps preserve quality and reduce dry-matter losses. Store hay and straw near loading or feeding areas. Use hay storage sheds according to the following chart.
Rather Use a Computer or Your Smartphone?
This publication contains a variety of weights and measures
most commonly used in agriculture. It is by no means a
complete list, but it is intended to be a handy guide all under
one cover for your desktop reference or for the vehicle glove box.
However, do you have times when you would rather use your
computer or smartphone?
Many programs or apps are available for purchase and free
if you have an Internet service provider or data package.
For your computer, simply use your favorite browser and search
engine. If using your Android, iPhone, Blackberry or Windows
smartphone, go to markets and search with the key words
“convert for windows” or “converter.” You have many options
from which to choose.
While you likely will get better support from a “paid” version,
many of the free programs are worthwhile and easy to use.
These programs and apps typically will convert the most
popular units of distance, temperature, volume, time,
speed, mass, power, density, pressure, energy and currency,
plus some have the ability to create custom conversions.
But keep a copy of this reference because it has calculations
you are not likely to fi nd easily elsewhere.
4�■�AS-1282 Weights and Measures of Common Feed
Table 2. Volume of round stacks of hay of specifi ed dimensions. (Volume fi gures given to the nearest 5.)
Table continues on page 5.
Indicated Volume in Cubic Feed When the Over is . . .
* 65% moisture; 40 lb/ft3 or 50 ft3 = 1 ton; 1.25 ft3/bu. Silo assumed level full. Capacities rounded to nearest 5 tons. To calculate capacity of other silo sizes: (silage depth, ft x silo width, ft x silo length, ft) ÷ 50.
Silage Bag CapacityOne way to establish this value is to calculate the volume in the bag and multiply by its density. The volume of a round bag is calculated as:
V = π x (D2 ÷ 4) x L
where π = 3.14, V = Volume (ft3), D = Diameter (ft), and L = Length of silage (ft).
When full-length bags are used, the length of the silage is the bag length minus the unused portion needed to seal each end of the bag.
The quantity of dry matter in the bag is the volume multiplied by the dry matter density. The dry matter density can vary from bag to bag
Table 8. Capacities of silage bags at 13 pounds dry matter per cubic foot density. Bag Diameter
and is based on machine type and adjustment, as well as forage type. Typical corn silage densities range between 11 and 15 pounds DM per cubic foot. Table 8 shows silo bag capacity based on the following assumptions: round bags, silage length = bag length – (2 x diameter), density = 13 pounds DM per cubic foot.
Use the multiplier in Table 9 to adjust the values in Table 8 for a different density.
For example, the quantity of silage in a 200-foot x 9-foot bag packed to 15 pounds of dry matter per cubic foot is:
150,500 lbs DM x 1.15 = 173,100 lbs DM.
Table 9. Multiplier to adjust Table 8 capacities to a different density. Density Multiplier
(lbs DM/ft3)
11 0.85 12 0.92 13 1.00 14 1.08 15 1.15
Table 8 lists dry matter in one bag. If you need to know the capacity in pounds of silage as fed, divide the table value by the dry matter content.
For example, 65 percent moisture silage in a 200-foot-long bag of 9-foot diameter weighs:
430,000 lbs as fed = 150,500 lbs DM ÷ 0.35
when packed at 13 pounds dry matter per cubic foot density. Divide this value by 2,000 pounds per ton to obtain 215 tons as fed (TAF).
Source: Brian J. Holmes, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
10�■�AS-1282 Weights and Measures of Common Feed
Table 10. Silage bag capacities.* Bag Bag Hay Corn Ground Ground Shelled Diameter Length Silage Silage Ear Corn Shelled Corn Corn
* These quantities are only approximations. Silage weights are as-fed wet weight. Actual silage quantities will vary with moisture content, length of cut and density. Dry matter density in table is 13 pounds per cubic foot.
Table 13. Concrete silo capacities for corn silage. Diameter and ———— % moisture ———— Settled Depth 40 50 60 70
—————— tons ——————
12 x 30 47 54 62 74 12 x 40 66 75 87 103 12 x 50 85 97 111 132
14 x 40 93 106 121 143 14 x 50 121 137 158 185 14 x 55 134 153 175 210
16 x 50 163 184 210 250 16 x 60 200 230 260 300 16 x 65 220 250 280 330
18 x 50 210 240 270 320 18 x 60 260 290 340 390 18 x 70 310 350 400 460
20 x 60 330 370 420 490 20 x 70 390 440 500 580 20 x 80 460 510 580 670
24 x 60 490 540 620 710 24 x 70 580 650 740 850 24 x 80 680 760 850 980
24 x 90 780 860 970 1,110 30 x 80 1,090 1,280 1,480 1,630 30 x 90 1,240 1,480 1,710 1,880
Table 14. Steel silo capacities for alfalfa silage. Diameter and ———— % moisture ———— Settled Depth 40 50 60 70
—————— tons ——————
12 x 30 37 47 62 89 12 x 40 54 67 88 127 12 x 50 69 87 116 166
14 x 40 75 94 123 177 14 x 50 98 123 163 230 14 x 55 110 138 183 260
16 x 50 132 165 220 310 16 x 60 165 210 270 390 16 x 65 183 230 300 430
18 x 50 171 210 280 400 18 x 60 210 270 350 500 18 x 70 260 330 430 610
20 x 60 270 340 450 630 20 x 70 330 410 540 760 20 x 80 390 490 630 890
24 x 60 410 510 660 930 24 x 70 490 620 800 1,120 24 x 80 590 730 940 1,310
24 x 90 680 840 1,090 1,500 30 x 80 960 1,180 1,520 2,090 30 x 90 1,110 1,370 1,750 2,390
Table 15. Approximate tons of dry matter in next 4 feet of silage in top-unloading tower silos during unloading. (This information is used in determining removal rates.) Depth of silage Silo Diameter (ft) already unloaded 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
■ Adjusting forage yields to 65 percent or 70 percent moisture so yields can be compared fairly is common. To do so, the following formula can be used:
yield (as harvested) x % dry matter (as harvested) adjusted yield = ——————————————————————— % dry matter adjusting to
Note: Work with dry matter percent, not moisture percent.
Example A: 21.3 tons of forage at 61% moisture (39% dry matter) is harvested per acre. What is the yield in tons/acre adjusted to 65% moisture?
21.3 x 39 yield at 65% moisture (35% DM) = ————— = 23.7 tons/acre at 35% DM 35
Example B: What would be the yield adjusted to 30% DM?
21.3 x 39 yield at 70% moisture (30% DM) = ————— = 27.7 tons/acre at 30% DM 30
Example C: What would be the yield adjusted to 100% DM?
21.3 x 39 yield at 100% DM = ————— = 8.3 tons/acre at 100% DM 100
To convert from wet tons to dry matter, divide by the DMF.
To convert from tons of dry matter to wet tons, multiply by the DMF.
DMF = 100 ÷ (100 - % moisture).
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❚ GRANULAR MATERIAL
Calculating CapacityGrain weight in a binSometimes stockmen need to estimate the weight of grain in storage. The grain weight is the volume multiplied by the density (pounds per bushel or cubic foot). Tables 19 and 20 list the densities.
Such estimates are diffi cult to make because of differences in moisture content, test weight depth of material stored and other factors. However, the following procedure will enable you to fi gure feed quantities fairy closely.
1. Corn (shelled) or small grain in rectangular cribs or bins.
Multiply the width by the length by
the average depth (all in feet) and multiply by 0.8 to get the number of bushels (multiplying by 0.8 is the same as dividing by 1¼ the number of cubic feet in a bushel).
2. Ear corn in rectangular cribs or bins.
Multiply the width by the length by the average depth (all in feet) and multiply by 0.4 to get the number of bushels (multiplying by 0.4 is the same as dividing by 2½ the number of cubic feet in a bushel of ear corn).
3. Round bins or cribs. To fi nd the cubic feet in a
cylindrical bin, multiply the squared radius by π (3.1416) by the depth.
[diameter = circumference divided by π]
Thus, the volume of a round bin 20 feet in diameter and 10 feet deep is determined as follows:
a. The radius is half the diameter, or 10 feet
b. 10 x 10 = 100 (squared radius)
c. 100 x 3.1416 = 314.16
d. 314.16 x 10 = 3,141.6 cubic feet
e. Where shelled corn or small grain is involved, you would multiply 3,141.6 x 0.8, which equals 2,513.28 bushels of grain that it would hold if full.
f. Where ear corn is involved, you would multiply 3,141.6 x 0.4, which equals 1,256.64 bushels of ear corn that it would hold if full.
Table 18. Approximate capacity of round, hopper-bottom bins.* Overall Capacity in Tons Total Height (lb/ft3 material) Capacity
Sizing Commodity StoragesIn most cases, the amount of storage needed for a particular ingredient will be a multiple of the unit truck capacity, plus a cushion of 25 percent to 50 percent, depending on purchasing and transportation arrangements.
A semi-trailer’s capacity is about 24 tons. For dense products, such as grain, cottonseed, soybean meal and pelleted ingredients, one truckload nearly will equal the semi’s weight capacity. For less dense products, such as brewers’ and distillers’ grain, experience shows that truck volume is the limiting factor; the load will contain 20 to 22 tons of material.
To determine the commodity storage required for a semi load of soybean meal, assume the semi capacity is 24 tons. Storage needed per ton of soybean meal is 47 ft3/ton, Table 24. Allowing 25 percent extra storage, the storage required for soybean meal is:
24 ton x 47 ft3/ton x 1.25 = 1,410 ft3
A 16-foot wide by 30-foot long bay will be fi lled about 3 feet deep (1,410 ft3/(30 ft x 16 ft).
Weights and Densities
16�■�AS-1282 Weights and Measures of Common Feed
Table 21. Commodity storage densities and storage requirements.Description Density Storage Vol.
A standard bushel is 1.245 ft3 by volume. Because different grains have different standard bushel defi nitions by weight, a special conversion factor is used for each crop.
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Table 23. Calculating feed inventory.Table continues on page 18.
Forage Stored In
High moisture corn Vertical silo • Shelled Measure depth of corn in feet. From table, determine number of bushels per foot of silo
height based on silo diameter and percentage of moisture.
bushels per foot x depth of stored corn = bushels shelled high moisture corn
Approximate Bushels Per foot of Silo Height kernel moisture Silo Diameter (feet) content (%) 10 12 14 16 18 20
EXAMPLE: 20’ shelled HM corn (28% moisture content) in 14’ diameter silo. From table – 109 bushels/foot x 20’ = 2,180 bushels
• Ground ear Measure depth of corn in feet. From table, determine number of bushels per foot of silo height based on silo diameter and percentage of moisture.
bushels per foot x depth of stored corn = bushels ground high moisture ear corn
Approximate Bushels Per foot of Silo Height kernel moisture Silo Diameter (feet) content (%) 10 12 14 16 18 20
EXAMPLE: 30’ ground HM ear corn (24% moisture content) in 18’ diameter silo. From table – 119 bushels/foot x 30’ = 3,570 bushels
• Dry corn – ear Crib 1. Calculate cubic feet of corn: length x average width x height of grain. 2. Calculate total bushels: 1 cubic foot = .8 bushel
EXAMPLE: 8 feet of corn in crib 4’ wide at bottom and 6’ wide at the top, 20’ long.
1. Calculate bushels of ear corn (above). 2. Two bushels of ear corn = 1 bushel shelled corn.
EXAMPLE: 640 bushels of ear corn as calculated above = 320 bushels of shelled dry corn.
Hay Stacks 1. Calculate cubic feet: length x width x height 2. Calculate total tons: cubic feet ÷ cubic feet/ton (from table)
Loose Hay Cubic Feet/Ton low mow or top of mow 550 average 500 bottom of mow 450 Baled Hay loose bales 250-300 tight bales 200-250 Chopped Hay long 250-360 short 200-250
EXAMPLE: Stacked bales of hay (medium tight bales) 100’ x 40’ x 15’.
1. cubic feet hay = 100’ x 40’ x 15’ = 60,000 cubic feet. 2. 60,000 cubic feet ÷ 250 cubic feet/ton = 240 tons baled hay.
❚ APPLICATION
18�■�AS-1282 Weights and Measures of Common Feed
Hay crop silage and/or corn silage Vertical silo Measure settled depth of silage in feet. From table, determine number of tons of dry
matter.
Approximate Dry-Matter Capacity of SilosDepth of
Settle Inside Diameter of Silo in Feet Silage 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Source: Dairy Reference Manual, College of Agriculture, Pennsylvania State University.
Table 25. Infl uence of stage of maturity on nutritive content of fi rst-cutting hay crop forage. Dry Matter Basis
Approximate Datesa Stage TDN CP, Grass CP, Legume
Grasses Legumes ———————— (%) ———————— May 15 May 15 Vegetative 70 18.4 23.9 May 30 May 30 Early Head 63 14.5 19.5 June 15 June 15 Full Bloom 56 11.0 14.7 June 30 June 30 Mature 49 7.7 10.6
a For central Pennsylvania. Add or subtract 1 week for northern and southern areas.
Source: Dairy Reference Manual, College of Agriculture, Pennsylvania State University.
Note: One animal unit equals 1,000 lb live body weight. Multiply values above by animal-unit factor for the breed involved. a Assumes 90% dry matter content for hay. Multiply by 0.9 to obtain forage dry-matter needs at feeding, estimating silo capacities, etc. b Average hay equivalent intake at usual forage-feeding rates.
Source: Dairy Reference Manual, College of Agriculture, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Penn.
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1 pound = 453.6 grams = 0.4536 kg = 16 ounces
1 ounce = 28.35 grams
1 killogram = 1,000 grams = 2.2046 pounds
1 gram = 1,000 mg
1 mg = 1,000 µg = 0.001 gram
1 µg = 0.001 mg = 0.000001 gram
1 µg per gram or 1 mg per kg = ppm
Measure of Length (Linear Measure)
4 inches = 1 hand
9 inches = 1 span
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
6 feet = 1 fathom
5½ yards or 16½ feet = 1 rod
40 poles = 1 furlong
8 furlongs = 1 mile
5,280 feet or 1,760 yards = 320 rods = 1 mile
3 miles = 1 league
Liquid Measure
2 cups = 1 pint
4 gills = 1 pint
16 fl uid ounces = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gallon
31½ gallons = 1 barrel
2 barrels = 1 hogshead
1 gallon = 231 cubic inches
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
1 teaspoon = 0.17 fl uid ounces (1/6 ounce)
3 teaspoons (level) = 1 tablespoon (½ ounce)
2 tablespoons = 1 fl uid ounce
1 cup (liquid) = 29.57 cubic centimeters
1 teaspoon = 5 to 6 cubic centimeters
1 tablespoon = 15 to 16 cubic centimeters
1 fl uid ounce = 29.57 cubic centimeters
1 U.S. fl uid ounce = 29,573 milliliters
1 U.S. liquid quart = 0.946 liter
1 U.S. dry quart = 1.101 liters
1 U.S. gallon = 3.785 liters
1 U.S. bushel = 0.3524 hectoliters
1 cubic inch = 16.4 cubic centimeters
1 liter = 1,000 milliliters or 1,000 cubic centimeters
1 cubic inch = 16.4 cubic centimeters
1 liter = 1,000 milliliters or 1,000 cubic centimeters
1 cubic foot water = 7.48 gallons or 62½ pounds
231 cubic inches = 1 gallon
1 millimeter = 0.034 U.S. fl uid ounce
1 liter = 1.057 U.S. liquid quart
1 liter = 0.908 U.S. dry quart
1 liter = 0.264 U.S. gallon
1 hectoliter = 2.838 U.S. bushels
1 cubic centimeter = 0.061 cubic inch
Cubic Measure (Volume)
1,728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard
2,150.42 cubic inches = 1 standard bushel
231 cubic inches = 1 standard gallon (liquid)
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
1 cubic foot = 4/5 of bushel
128 cubic feet = 1 cord (wood)
7.48 gallons = 1 cubic foot
1 bushel = 1.25 cubic feet
1 grain = 0.065 gram
1 apothecaries’ scruple = 1.296 grams
1 avoirdupois ounce = 28.350 grams
1 troy ounce = 31.103 grams
1 avoirdupois pound = 0.454 kilogram
1 troy pound = 0.373 kilogram
1 gram = 15.432 kilograms
1 gram = 0.772 apothecaries’ scruple
1 gram = 0.035 avoirdupois ounce
1 gram = 0.032 troy ounce
1 kilogram = 2.205 avoirdupois pounds
1 kilogram = 2.679 troy pounds
Surveyor’s Measure
7.92 inches = 1 link
25 links = 1 rod
4 rods = 1 chain
10 square chains = 160 square rods = 1 acre
640 acres = 1 square mile
80 chains = 1 mile
1 Gunthers chain = 66 feet
Table 32. Conversion factors, weights and measures.Table continues on page 22.
22�■�AS-1282 Weights and Measures of Common Feed
Dry Measure
2 pints = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
36 bushels = 1 chaldron
Apothecaries’ Weight
20 grains = 1 scruple
3 scruples = 1 dram
8 drams = 1 ounce
12 ounces = 1 pound
27 - 11/32 grains = 1 dram
16 drams = 1 ounce
2,000 pounds = 1 ton (short)
2,240 pounds = 1 ton (long)
Metric Length
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 foot = 0.305 meters
1 yard = 0.914 meter
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
1 fathom = 6 feet
1 knot = 6,086 feet
3 knots = 1 league
1 centimeter = 0.394 inch
1 meter = 3.281 feet
1 meter = 1.094 yards
1 grain = 0.065 gram
1 kilometer = 0.621 mile
Troy Weight
24 grains = 1 pennyweight
20 pennyweight = 1 ounce
12 ounces = 1 pound
Measure of Surface (Area)
144 square inches = 1 square foot
9 square feet = 1 square yard
30¼ square yards = 1 square rod
160 rods = 1 acre
43,560 square feet = 1 acre
640 square acres = 1 square mile
36 square miles = 1 township
Miscellaneous Equivalents
9 inches = 1 span
6 feet = 1 fathom
6,080 feet = 1 nautical mile
1 board foot = 144 cubic inches
1 cylindrical foot = 5 7/8 gallons
1 cubic foot = 0.8 bushel
12 dozen = 1 gross
baker’s dozen = 13 count
1 gallon water = about 8.3 pounds
1 gallon milk = about 8.6 pounds
1 gallon cream = about 8.4 pounds
46½ quarts of milk = 100 pounds
1 cubic foot water (contains 7½ gallons) = 62½ pounds
1 gallon kerosene = 6½ pounds
1 barrel cement = 3.8 cubic feet
1 barrel oil = 42 gallons
1 standard bale cotton = 480 pounds
1 keg nails = 100 pounds
4 inches = 1 hand in measuring horses
1 furlong = 660 feet
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Table 33. Approximate conversions from metric to English measures and vice versa.Table continues on page 24.
Symbol When You Know Action To Find LENGTH Symbol mm millimeter X 0.04 inch in. cm centimeters X 0.394 inch in. m meter X 3.3 feet ft. m meter X 1.094 yard yd. km kilometer X 0.621 mile mi. in. inch X 2.54 centimeter cm ft. feet X 30 centimeter cm yd. yard X 0.914 meter m mi. mile X 1.609 kilometer km
Symbol When You Know Action To Find AREA Symbol cm2 square centimeter X 0.16 square inch in.2
m2 square meter X 1.2 square yard yd.2
km2 square kilometer X 0.386 square mile mi. ha hectare (10,000 m2) X 2.471 acre ac. in.2 square inch X 6.5 square centimeter cm2
ft.2 square feet X 0.09 square meter m2
yd.2 square yard X 0.8 square meter m2
mi.2 square mile X 2.59 square kilometer km2
km2 square kilometer X 247.1 acre ac. ac. acre X 0.00405 square kilometer km2
ac. acre X 0.405 hectare ha diameter circle X 3.1416 circumference circle diameter circle X 0.8862 side of equal square diameter circle squared X 0.7854 area of circle diameter sphere2 X 3.1416 area of sphere diameter sphere3 X 0.5236 volume of sphere U.S. gallons X 0.8327 Imperial gallons (British) U.S. gallons X 0.1337 cubic feet U.S. gallons X 8.330 pounds of water (20EC) cubic feet X 62.427 pounds of water (4EC) inches of mercury (0EC) X 0.4912 pounds per sq. in. knots X 1.1516 miles per hour
Symbol When You Know Action To Find MASS (weight) Symbol g gram X 0.035 ounce oz. q quintal X 220.5 pound lb. lb. pound X 0.00454 quintal q kg kilogram X 2.205 pounds lb. t tonnes/ton (1,000 kg) (metric) X 1.102 short ton (2,000 lbs) (English) t. oz. ounce X 28 gram g lb. pound X 0.454 kilogram kg t ton (2,000 pounds) (English) X 0.9072 tonne/ton (1,000 kg) (metric) t ton (metric)/hectare X 0.446 ton (English)/acre ton (English)/acre X 2.242 ton (metric)/acre kg/ha kilograms/hectare X 0.892 pounds/acre lbs/ac lbs/ac pounds/acre X 1.121 kilograms/hectare kg/ha quintal/hectare X 0.892 hundredweight/acre cwt/ac cwt/ac hundredweight/acre X 1.121 quintal/hectare
Symbol When You Know Action To Find VOLUME Symbol ml milliliter X 0.03 fl uid ounce fl . oz. l liter X 2.1 pint pt. l liter X 1.057 quart qt.
24�■�AS-1282 Weights and Measures of Common Feed 750-6-05; Web-3-12
l liter X 0.26 gallon gal. hl hectoliter X 3.532 cubic foot ft3
ft3 cubic foot X 0.2832 hectoliter hl hl hectoliter X 2.838 bushel bu bu bushel X 0.352 hectoliter hl m3 cubic meter X 35 cubic feet ft.3
m3 cubic meter X 1.3 cubic feet ft.3
m3 cubic meter X 0.00973 acre - inch acre inch X 102.8 cubic meter m3
tsp. teaspoon X 5 milliliter ml Tbsp. tablespoon X 15 milliliter ml fl . oz. fl uid ounce X 30 milliliter ml c. cup X 0.24 liter l pt. pint X 0.47 liter l qt. quart X 0.946 liter l gal. gallon X 3.8 liter l ft.3 cubic feet X 0.03 cubic meter m2
yd.3 cubic yard X 0.76 cubic meter m3
Symbol When You Know Action To Find TEMPERATURE Symbol oC Celsius X 1.80, + 32 Fahrenheit oF oF Fahrenheit X 0.555 (F - 32) Celsius oC absolute zero, degrees Celsius X 9/5, then + 32 absolute zero, degrees Fahrenheit absolute zero, degrees Fahrenheit – 32, then X 5/9 absolute zero, degrees Celsius degrees Celsius + 273.16 degrees Kelvin degrees Fahrenheit + 459.69 degrees Rankine
Symbol When You Know Action To Find LIGHT Symbol lux X 0.0929 foot-candle ft-c ft-c foot-candle X 10.764 lux
Symbol When You Know Action To Find PRESSURE Symbol kg/cm2 kilograms/square centimeter X 14.22 pounds/square inch psi psi pounds/square inch X 0.0703 kilograms/square centimeter kg/cm2
bar X 14.50 pounds/square inch psi psi pounds/square inch X 0.0703 kilograms/square centimeter kg/cm2
bar X 0.9869 atmosphere (English) atm atm atmosphere (English) X 1.013 bar kg/cm2 kilograms/square centimeter X 0.9678 atmosphere (metric) atm atmosphere (metric) X 1.033 kilograms/square centimeter kg/cm2
atm atmosphere (English) X 14.70 pounds/square inch psi psi pounds/square inch X 0.06805 atmosphere atm
Symbol When You Know Action To Find VOLUME Symbol
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