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Contents
Preface V
Genesis of the Arts 1The Presence of the Past Constants and
Variables Onward into the Past
Stone Age Beginnings Ancient Egyptian Art Dynamics of
HistoryMainstreams of Influence Arts and Society Unity and
DiversityTime, Place, and Idea
part I THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 19The Hellenic Style 21Athens, 5th
Century B.c. Architecture The Acropolis and the PropylaeaThe
Parthenon Doric Order Deviations from Regularity The Erechtheum
Ionic OrderSouth Porch Sculpture The Parthenon Marbles Metopes of
the Doric FriezeCelia Frieze Pedimental Sculptures Overall
Sculptural ProgramThe Course of Hellenic Sculpture Male Figures
Female Figures Drama OriginsStructure and Scope Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides Aristotle’s CommentaryMusic Music and
Literature Music Theory Music and Drama The Chorus IdeasHumanism
Humanism and the Arts Idealism Plato’s Ideal Forms Idealism and the
ArtsRationalism Plato's Suspicions of the Arts Rationalism and the
Arts
The Hellenistic Style 55Pergamon, 2nd Century b.c. Architecture
Triple GymnasiumUpper Agora and Altar of Zeus Athena Precinct and
Theater Royal ResidenceSculpture First School of Pergamon Second
School: Altar of Zeus StructureFrieze Stylistic Differences
Paintings, Mosaics, and the Minor ArtsPergamene Painting and Roman
Adaptations Mosaics and Lesser ArtsMusic Phrygian Music Musical
Contests Music in Hellenistic Life IdeasIndividualism Epicureanism
and Stoicism Individualism and tke ArtsRealism Realism and
Architecture Realism and Sculpture EmpiricismRise of Antiquarianism
The Road to Rome
The Roman Style 76Rome, 2nd Century a.d. Architecture Forum of
Trajan Basilica UlpiaTemple of Trajan Imperial Baths Colosseum and
Aqueducts The PantheonThe Roman Architectural Contribution
Sculpture: Trajan’s ColumnContinuous Narrative Style Music
Instruments and Performing GroupsMusic in Speech and Drama Ideas
Organization Applications to ArchitectureExpansion of Interior
Space Broadening Appeal of the Arts Utilitarianism
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part II THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD 95The Early Roman Christian and
Byzantine Styles 97Ravenna, Late 5th and Early 6th Centuries
Architecture and MosaicsRectangular Basilicas: Sant’ Apollinare
Nuovo Roman and Byzantine MosaicsCentral-Type Churches: San Vitale
Structural Counterparts Decorative DesignSculpture Characteristic
Forms and Representations Carved Stone TombsMaximians Cathedra
Music Theoretical Discussions Church Music Arian Liturgy
Ambrosian Liturgy Byzantine Liturgy Ideas
AuthoritarianismAuthoritarianism and the Arts Mysticism World of
Symbols
Liturgy as Embodiment of Mysticism
The Monastic Romanesque Style 119The Monastery at Cluny, Late
11th and Early 12th Centuries ArchitectureThird Abbey Church at
Cluny Sculpture Tympanum at Vezelay Capitals at VezelayWorks in
Metal Painting and Other Monastic Crafts Manuscript Illumination
and MuralsHandcrafts Music Development of Notation Music Pictured
in SculptureEarly Forms of Polyphony Ideas Asceticism Symbolism and
OtherworldlinessHierarchism Cluniac Feudalism Survival of Creative
Vitality
The Feudal Romanesque Style 137The Norman Conquest and the
Bayeux Tapestry Song of Roland The Art of MinstrelsyNorman
Architecture The Tower of London Abbey Churches at Caen Ideas:
FeudalismFeudal Virtues Ruggedness of Feudal Art
The Gothic Style 150Ile-de-France, Late 12th and 13th Centuries
Architecture of Chartres CathedralWest Facade Nave Interior
Construction Exterior SupportsTransept, Choir, and Apse Interior
Lighting Sculpture of Chartres CathedralIconography West Facade
Seven Liberal Arts North and South PorchesThe Stained Glass of
Chartres Iconography and Donors Rose Windows MusicSchool of
Chartres School of Notre Dame in Paris Tenor, or Cantus
FirmusTwo-Part Motet Three-Part Motet Ideas Gothic Dualism Gothic
Dualism and the Arts
The Scholastic Synthesis Aquinas’ Summa Aesthetics and Number
TheoryBroader Resolutions
part III THE RENAISSANCE 173The Early Italian Renaissance Style
175Italian Panorama, 14th Century The Basilica of St. Francis at
AssisiThe Life of St. Francis in Fresco Assisi and Padua Series
Giotto’s Late StyleBefore and After the Black Death Sculpture at
PisaSienese and Florentine Schools of Painting Reaction to the
PlagueMusic and Literature The Dies Irae Lauds and the Canticle of
the Sun
Dante’s Divine Comedy Ideas Late Medieval Naturalism Nominalism
and the Arts
Franciscan Humanitarianism Humanitarianism and the Arts Survival
of Classicism
The Florentine Renaissance Style 191Florence, 15th Century
Brunelleschi’s Dome The Florentine City-StateDufay’s Dedicatory
Motet Pazzi Chapel and Medici-Riccardi Palace SculptureGhiberti
versus Brunelleschi Ghiberti’s East Doors Donatello
Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio Painting Masaccio Fra AngelicoBenozzo
Gozzoli and Fra Filippo Lippi Paolo Uccello Piero della
FrancescaBotticelli Medici Patronage in Bruges Jan van Eyck Hugo
van der GoesPoetry and Music Lorenzo as Poet and Patron Carnival
SongsCollaboration with Heinrich Isaac Ideas Classical
HumanismScientific Naturalism Renaissance Individualism
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The Roman Renaissance Style 216Rome, Early 16th Century
Sculpture: Michelangelo The Pietà Tomb of Julius IIPainting
Michelangelo’s Sistine Ceiling Frescoes Lower and Intermediate
AreasCenter Panels Raphael’s Vatican Murals The Dome of St.
Peter’sJosquin des Prez and the Sistine Chapel Choir Ideas:
HumanismRevival of Classical Forms Pagan versus Christian
Ideals
part IV THE BAROQUE PERIOD 233Venetian Renaissance, Mannerism
and Early Baroque 235Venice, 16th Century Architecture Sansovino
Palladio Villa RotondaChurch of II Redentore Olympic Theater
Scamozzi, Romano, and Longhena PaintingGiorgione Titian Tintoretto
Veronese Music Gabrieli MonteverdiIdeas: Mannerism Academic
Mannerism Free Mannerism Venice the Crossroads
Diirer’s Synthesis of North and South Grtinewald’s Altarpiece:
The Northern SpiritRoads to the Baroque
The Counter-Reformation Baroque Style 258Rome, Late 16th and
Early 17th Centuries Roman Counter-Reformation ArtArchitecture
Painting and Sculpture Caravaggio Pozzo BerniniSpanish
Counter-Reformation Art Architecture The EscorialPlateresque and
Churrigueresque Styles Painting El Greco Velazquez MusicIdeas:
Militant Mysticism St. Ignatius and the Jesuits Mysticism and the
Arts
The Aristocratic Baroque Style 277France in the Time of Louis
XIV Architecture Louvre Palace Versailles Palace
Sculpture Painting Rubens Poussin Claude Lorrain Music Lully and
French OperaForm Style The Academy of Music Ideas Absolutism
Unification of the Arts Academicism
The Bourgeois Baroque Style 293Amsterdam, 17th Century Painting
Rembrandt Self-Portraits Hals, de Hooch, and RuisdaelVermeer Music
Sweelinck Bach Ideas: Domesticity Domesticity and the Arts
The Baroque Synthesis 309London dining the Restoration English
Genius for Compromise ArchitectureSt. Paul’s Cathedral Wren’s New
Plan for London Drama and Music DrydenPurcell and English Opera
Handel: Opera and Oratorio Comparison with BachIdeas: Baroque
Rationalism Baroque Synthesis and Conclusion Expansion of Space
The 18th-Century Styles 32318th-Century Panorama The Rococo
Architecture and the Decorative ArtsPainting and Sculpture The
Bourgeois Influence Painting SculptureThe Mozartian Synthesis The
Lyric Theater Don Giovanni InterpretationsPlot and Characters
Finales to Acts I and II Ideas The EnlightenmentThe Rococo Storm
and Stress
part V THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 339The Neoclassical Style
341Paris, Early 19th Century Architecture Paris, the New Rome La
MadeleineNapoleon’s Arches of Triumph Classic Revivals Elsewhere
PaintingDavid and Neoclassicism Ancient Roman Subjects Portraits
Napoleon’s CoronationGoya’s Opposition Ingres and Academic Art
Sculpture: Canova MusicNapoleon as Patron Beethoven: The Heroic
Ideal The Promethean IdeaEarlier Movements of the Eroica The
Archaeological IdeaFaithfulness to Antique Models Emancipation of
Music
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The Romantic Style 359Paris, 1830 Liberty Leading the People
Painting Art and LiteratureColor and Emotion Dante and Vergil in
Hell Sculpture: François RudeLinks with the Past Architecture
Gothic Revival in EnglandGothic Revival in Germany and France
Church of Ste. Clotilde Poetry: Victor HugoRondo of the Witches’
Sabbath Music: Hector Berlioz
Program Music: Fantastic Symphony Witches’ Sabbath Movement
Influence of BerliozIdeas Alliance of the Arts and Color Romantic
Individualism and Nationalism
Escapism Revivals of the Past Back to Nature Exoticism
The Realistic and Impressionistic Styles 382Paris, Late 19th
Century Painting Realism Courbet Impressionism Manet DegasRenoir
Monet Postimpressionism Seurat and Cassatt Van Gogh and
GauguinCezanne Sculpture: Rodin Gates of Hell Rodin and His
Materials ArchitectureLabrouste’s Libraries Paxton’s Crystal Palace
Literature and MusicRealism and Naturalism Symbolism Maeterlinck’s
Symbolist DramaDebussy’s Lyric Drama Ideas Alliance of Art and
Science Continuous FluxBergson’s Theory of Time Bergson and the
Arts
The 20th-Century Styles 405The Age of Isms and Schisms
Expressionism and Abstraction NeoprimitivismPainting Sculpture
Music Wild Beasts, The Bridge, Blue Rider, and Operatic
UproarsFauvism Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter Movements Musical
Counterparts CubismPainting Sculpture Music: Twelve-Tone System
Futurism and the Mechanical StyleThe Musical Dimension Dadaism and
Surrealism Dadaist Nonpictures Psychic AutomatismLiterary and
Musical Parallels Neoclassical Interlude Multimedia
ProductionsPainting and Sculpture The Literary Dimension Social
Realism Picasso’s GuernicaNonobjectivism Architecture Organic
Architecture: Sullivan and Wright Art DecoInternational Style:
Gropius and Le Corbusier Ideas: Relativism Relativism and the
Arts
Art Styles since 1945 440Revolutions and Evolutions The New York
School Abstract ExpressionismOrigins and Derivations Action
Painting Color-Field PaintingSculptural Dimension The Aftermath
Neodada and Pop ArtConceptual and Op Art Serialism Minimal and
Kinetic Art The New RealismRecent Musical Developments Karlheinz
Stockhausen Method of CompositionJohn Cage Listener Participation
Milton Babbitt Elliott CarterSecond String Quartet The New
Architecture The FiftiesBunshaft, Miës van der Rohe, and Johnson Le
Corbusier Frank Lloyd WrightThe Sixties Nervi and Saarinen Kahn and
Venturi The Seventies UtzonPiano and Rogers I. M. Pei Ideas:
Existentialism The Existentialist ChallengeSartre The Scientific
Dimension Choices for Artist and Audience
Glossary 483Index 495
MAPSAncient World 15Hellenic World c. 450 b.c. 52Hellenistic
World c. 323-146 b.c. 59
Roman Empire in 2nd Century a.d. 91Europe at Death of Theodoric,
526 115Europe c. 1140 134France c. 1150-1300 150
Italy c. 1450 213
Counter-Reformation Spain 266United Provinces of the Netherlands
in 1648 307
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