Arts and Sports

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UMETNOST I SPORT

ARTS AND SPORTSVioleta [iljak1, Petar D. Pavlovi}2, Elena Plakona3, and Kristina M. Panteli}2

1Fakultet za menadžment u sportu, Uviverzitet Alfa Beograd, Srbija Faculty of Sports Management, Alfa University Belgrade, Serbia2Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Univerzite Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina Faculty Physical Education and Sports, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina3EPAS, Srednja fizioterapeutska {kola, Edesa, Grčka EPAS, Physiotherapy high school, Edessa, Greece

PROFESSIONAL PAPER STRUČNI ČLANAKdoi : 10.5550/SP.3.2011.17 UDK: 796.011.8

Summary

Arts and sports are an integral part of the culture of all people. They also have an important place in human life. They are, from its inception to the present days, intertwined and connected with hard links. Arts, aesthetics and creativ-ity are present in both of these segments of culture. Athletes and sports events were the inspiration for many artists, who left some magnificent works of art in all areas (sculpture, architecture, painting, poetry, literature, film, dance, music and other). Poets and writers have left us wonderful songs and stories about athletes and sports competitions. The ar-chitects created magnificent sports facilities, artists painted beautiful pictures, great sculptors sculpted figures of famous athletes, directors and cameramen filmed and directed a number of films dedicated to athletes and their successes and failures. During writing were used: historical, compar-ative-historical, comparative-logic and inductive methods. Theoretical and critical analysis of: songs, literature, movies, pictures, papers and other sources written about the relation-ship and mutual interdependence between art and sport was performed.

Key words: arts, sports, literature, painting, athletes.

Introduction

Art is a form of culture in which is dominant aesthetic cre-ativity (nice, pleasant), which is directed to the human senses in order to cause their emotional, intellectual and volitional actions, reactions and behavior. Sport is also an integral part of culture and aesthetics and creativity are pres-ent in both of these areas. These two segments from their inception to the present days are intertwined and related with hard links. They are, at the same time, both personal and collective. They carry some national symbols, but at the same time they are also international, what makes them accessible and understandable to all people of the world.Same way as sport, art has the power to gather and unite people from all over the world, and, as Tolstoy said, “Š...¹

Sa`etak

Umetnost i sport su sastavni deo kulture svih naroda. Takođe oni zauzimaju značajno mesto u čovekovom životu. Oni su, od svog nastanka pa do danas, međusobno isprepleteni i povezani čvrstim vezama. Stvarala{tvo, estetika i kreativnost su prisutni u oba navedena segmenta kulture. Sportisti i sportska de{avanja su bili inspiracija mnogim umetnicima, koji su nam ostavili veličanstvena dela u svim umetničkim oblastima (vajarstvu, arhitekturi, slikarstvu, poeziji, književnosti, filmu, plesu, muzici i drugim). Pesnici i književnici su nam ostavili divne pesme i tekstove o sportskim nadmetanjima i sportistima. Arhitekti napravili veličanstvene sportske ob-jekte, slikari naslikali lepe slike, vajari izvajali divne figure znamenitih sportista, režiseri i snimatelji režirali i snimili veliki broj filmova posvećenih sportistima i njihovim uspes-ima i padovima. Prilikom pisanja su kori{ćene: istorijska, komparativno-istorijska, komparativno-logička i induktivna metoda. Izvr{ena je teoretska i kritička analiza: pesama, književnih dela, filmova, slika, radova i drugih izvora u ko-jima je pisano o vezi i uzajamnoj uslovljenosti između umetnosti i sporta.

Ključne reči: umetnost, sport, književnost, slikarstvo, sportisti.

Uvod

Umetnost je jedan od oblika kulture u kome je dominantno estetsko stvarala{tvo (lepo, prijatno) koje je usmereno ka ljudskim čulima da bi kod njih izazvalo osećajne, emotivne, intelektualne i voljne aktivnosti, reakcije i pona{anja. Sport je takođe sastavni deo kulture, a stvarala{tvo, estetika i kreativnost su prisutni u obe navedene grane. Ta dva seg-menta, od svog nastanka pa do dana{njih dana, su međusobno isprepleteni i povezani čvrstim vezama. Oni su, istovremeno, i lični, i kolektivni. U njima se nalaze nacionalna obeležja, a u isto vreme su i internacionalni, {to ih čini dostupnim i razumljivim svim ljudima sveta. Umetnost, kao i sport, ima snagu da okuplja i sjedinjuje ljude iz celog sveta, ona ih, kako kaže Tolstoj, „Š...¹ okuplja

www.sportkon.comProceedings 2011. (2012), Vol 3, ISSN 1986-8146

[iljak, V. i saradnici: UMJETNOST I SPORT Zbornik radova 2011, 146–154

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gathers them in one same feeling, which is, therefore, nec-essary for the life of humanity and for his progress on the path of happiness.”(Tolstoj, 1908, p.370)Art, like sport, is an integral and very important part of hu-man life. About its importance Dostoevsky says:

“We believe that art is autonomous, and target and organic life Š...¹ Art is such a need for man, same as food and drink. The need for creativity and splendor is inseparable from man, Š...¹ man has a thirst for beauty, accepts it unconditionally just because it is a beauty Š...¹ Beauty is already in eternity. “(Dosto-jevski, cited by Lazic, 2001, p.48)

Also according to Tolstoy, art is “Š...¹ one of the most impor-tant things, just as important as the speech itself, and there-fore must be equally distributed.” (Tolstoj, 1908b, p.385) It is the “Š...¹ remedy of union among people, that brings them together in one same feeling, that is, therefore, necessary for life of humanity and its progress on the path to happi-ness“. (Tolstoj, 1908, p.370)Interaction and relationship of art and sport, from its begin-nings to the present days, is the subject of this work. The goal is to critically analyse that interaction and relation, and to determine whether sport, and to what extent, inspired artists for their work.

Methods

During writing were used: historical, comparative-historical, comparative-logic and inductive methods. Theoretical and critical analysis of: songs, literature, movies, pictures, papers and other sources written about the relationship and mu-tual interdependence between art and sport was performed.

Results and Disccusion

Architecture

Game development, physical exercises and different sport branches in almost three millennia long history of human civilization was accompanied by a variety of architectural designs of sports facilities. Scope of work permits to highlight only some sports facilities that were specific for its era. Sports facilities of ancient Greece and Rome are certainly worthy representatives of their time. In order to obtain the status of city, every Greek polis had to have the gymnasium . As in ancient times sport events were associated with reli-gion, they have never been held as a separate event, but as a part of religious festivities organized in honor of some god or hero, in the sanctuary, which was, after the temple and altar, equipped with buildings such as gymnasium, palestra , stadium and hippodrome (Ili}, 1994b).Locality where they held festive games in Olympia, in addi-tion to all the aforementioned sports facilities that were used in competitive purposes, possessed also a swimming pool that athletes of that time used for relaxation (Figure 1).Ancient Olympia, with all the facilities that were in it (sports, religious and secular) can be considered as the first Olympic Complex.On the territory of the Roman Empire structures for gladia-tor games were built - amphitheatres. They consisted of the arena and stepped stands for auditorium. The most famous and largest amphitheatre is Coliseum in Rome (Figure 2). Coliseum was able to accommodate about 100.000 specta-

u jednom istom osećanju, i koje je, prema tome, neo-phodno za život čovečanstva i za njegov progres na putu sreće“. (Tolstoj, 1908a, str. 370)Umetnost je, kao i sport, sastavni i izuzetno važan deo čovekovog života. O toj važnosti Dostojevski kaže:

„Mi verujemo, da je umetnost samostalni, i ciljni i organski život Š...¹ Umetnost je za čoveka takva potreba, kao jelo i piće. Potreba za krasotom i stvarala{tvom neodvojiva je od čoveka, Š...¹ čovek ima žeđ za krasotom, prima je bezuslovno samo zato {to je ona krasota Š...¹ Krasota je već u večnosti“. (Dostojevski, citirano kod Lazić, 2001, str.48)

I prema Tolstoju umetnost je „Š...¹ jedna od najznačajnijih stvari, isto toliko značajna kao i sam govor, te mora da je isto toliko rasprostranjena“. (Tolstoj, 1908b, str.385) Ona je, „Š...¹ sredstvo sjedinjenja među ljudima, koje ih okuplja u jednom istom osećanju, i koje je, prema tome, neophodno za život čovečanstva i za njegov progres na putu ka sreći“. (Tolstoj, 1908a, str.370)Međusobni uticaj i povezanost umetnosti i sporta, od njiho-vog nastanka pa do danas, je predmet rada. Cilj je da se kritički proanaliziraju te veze i uticaji i da se utvrdi da li je sport i u kolikoj meri bio inspiracija umetnicima za njihovo stvarala{tvo.

Metode

Prilikom pisanja kori{ćene su: istorijska, komparativno-isto-rijska, komparativno-logička i induktivna metoda. Izvr{ena je teoretska i kritička analiza pesama, književnih dela, filmova, slika, skulptura, radova i drugih izvora u kojima je pisano o vezi i uzajamnoj uslovljenosti umetnosti i sporta.

Rezultati i diskusija

Arhitektura

Razvoj igara, telesnih vežbi i različitih sportskih grana je u skoro tri milenijuma dugoj istoriji ljudske civilizacije bio praćen različitim arhitektonskim re{enjima sportskih ob-jekata. Obim rada dozvoljava da se istaknu samo neki sportski objekti koji su bili specifični za svoju epohu. Sportski objekti antičke Grčke i Rima su svakako dostojni reprezenti svoga vremena. Da bi stekao status grada, svaki grčki polis je morao da ima gimnazion. Kako su u antičko doba sportska nadmetanja bila povezana sa religijom, ni-kada nisu održavana samostalno, već uvek u sklopu religioznih svetkovina organizovanih u čast nekog boga ili heroja, unutar svetili{ta, koje je pored hrama i žrtvenika bilo opremljeno i građevinama kao {to su gimnazija, palestra, stadion i hipo-drom (Ili}, 1994b). Lokalitet na kome su se održavale Svečane igre u Olimpiji je posedovao pored svih prethodno navedenih sportskih objekata koji su služili u takmičarske svrhe i bazen koji je sportistima toga vremena služio za relaksaciju (Slika 1). Stara Olimpija, sa svim objektima koji su se nalazili u njoj (sportski, sakralni i svetovni) može se smatrati prvim olimpi-jskim kompleksom.Na teritoriji Rimskog carstva gradili su se objekti za igre gladijatora - amfiteatri. Sastojale su se od borili{ta i od ste-penastog gledali{ta. Najpoznatiji i najveći amfiteatar je Ko-loseum u Rimu (Slika 2). Mogao je da primi oko 100.000 gledalaca. Smatra se da se pražnjenje amfiteatra, kroz 80

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tors. It is considered that evacuation of amphitheatre, through 80 entries - exits, could be done in just 8 minutes. It is in-teresting to note that, in case of rain or heat, a fabric cover was spread over the auditorium, so-called velum, as a protection. Ellipsoid circuses were built in ancient Rome for horse racing. The most famous was the Circus Maximus, which could accommodate up to 200.000 people (Petrovi}).

Although many historians associate “ancient” Mayan civiliza-tion with other ancient civilizations , we can say that their highly developed and rich sporting life differed from one in Europe at that time. The Mayans built specific sports fields or ballgrounds in each city, which had the shape of a Roman number one. With one main field, there were two lateral, auxiliary fields directly related to each other (Figure 3).The modern age, with the development of modern sport and restoring of Olympic Games, sets new, modern criteria for construction of sports facilities. Olympic sports com-plexes (Figure 4), football stadiums and tennis complexes, multifunctional sport halls, school gyms, centers for water sports, winter-recreation centers and other sport facilities are being built in order to function for a large number of users. Although in the long history of building structures they were determined by the interests of the community, cul-tural, technological and social changes have affected the

ulaza - izlaza, moglo obaviti za samo 8 minuta. Interesantno je istaći da je iznad gledali{ta, u slučaju ki{e ili žege, razap-injan platneni pokrivač, tzv. velum, kao za{tita. Za konjske utrke u starom Rimu su se gradili cirkusi elipsoidnog oblika. Najpoznatiji je bio Circus Maximus. Mogao je primiti oko 200.000 ljudi (Petrovi}, 1997).

Iako mnogi istoričari „drevnu“ civilizaciju Maja povezuju sa ostalim drevnim civilizacijama , može se reći da se njihov vrlo bogat i razvijen sportski život razlikovao od onog u Evropi u to vreme. Maje su u svakom gradu izgradile specifične sportske terene, odnosno loptališta, koja su imala oblik rimskog broja jedan. Uz jedan glavni teren nalazila su se dva bočna, pomoćna terena međusobno neposredno povezana (Slika. 3).Savremeno doba razvojem modernog sporta i obnavljanjem Olimpijskih igara, postavlja nove, savremene kriterijume za izgradnju sportskih objekata. Olimpijski sportski kompleksi (Slika 4), fudbalski stadioni, teniski sportski kompleksi, mul-tifunkcionalne sportske dvorane, {kolske sportske dvorane, centri za sportove na vodi, zimsko – rekreativni centri i drugi sportski objekti grade se sa ciljem da su u funkciji velikog broja korisnika. Iako je u svojoj dugoj istoriji izgrad-nja objekata bila uslovljena interesima zajednice, kulturolo{ke,

Slika 1: Rekonstrukcija antičke OlimpijeFigore 1: Reconstruction of Ancient Olympia

Slika 2: Koloseum u RimuFigore 2: Coliseum in Rome


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constant change of the concept of construction and use of sports facilities.

Statuary

The contribution of the ancient Olympic Games was invalu-able in cultural and political terms. All prominent people of that time were present at the games: politicians, philosophers, poets and historians. There is no doubt that the artists were inspired by these games, which can best be seen in the works of the most famous ancient sculptor who perpetuated the ideal of body beauty, strength and spirit for all eternity (Fig. 5). Victory on the Games brought eternal glory, and statues were made in the honour of the winners.For this period the most famous sculptural work is Myron’s discus-thrower (Discobolus), made of bronze (Figure 6), which set the constant model of sport energy. Discobolus is, like all the other statues of Greek athletes, depicted naked.Today also many famous athletes were immortalized in works of art by sculptors: Jesse Owens, Paavo Nurmi, Muhammad Ali, Michael Jordan (Figure 7).

tehnolo{ke i dru{tvene promene su uticale na konstantnu promenu koncepta izgradnje i namene sportskih objekata.

Vajarstvo

Doprinos antičkih Olimpijskih igara bio je nemerljiv u kul-turnom i političkom smislu. Svi viđeniji ljudi tog doba su prisustvovali igrama: političari, filozofi, pesnici i istoričari. Nesumnjivo je da su umetnici bili inspirisani ovim igrama {to se najbolje može videti u delima najpoznatijih antičkih vajara koji su ovekovečili ideal lepote tela, snage i duha za sva vremena (Slika 5). Pobeda na igrama je donosila večnu slavu, a u čast pobednika podizane su statue. Iz ovog perioda najpoznatije vajarsko delo je Mironov bacač diska, rađeno u bronzi (Slika 6) kroz koje je postavljen stalan model sportske energije. Discobolus je kao i sve druge statue grčkih sportista prikazan nag. Danas su takođe mnogi poznati sportisti ovekovečeni u umetničkim delima vajara: Džesi Ovens, Pavao Nurmi, Muhamed Ali, Majkl Džordan (Slika 7).

Slika 3: Loptali{te u Monte AlbanuFigore 3: Ballground in Monte Albano

Slika 4: Olimpijski stadion u AtiniFigore 4: Olympic stadium in Athens


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Painting

Painters found inspiration for their work, among other things, contained in any sport. The first form of art is met in ancient history in form of cave drawings. In the absence of letters, people painted the cave walls depicting the way of life. Thanks to these drawings, historians have come to know that the Egyptians, besides swimming and rowing, practiced also wrestling. Inside the tombs in Beni Hassan (approxi-mately 2000 BC), was found about 400 drawings of wrestling, which demonstrates an existence of wrestling school. Research of scientists at the cave drawings in Hawaii, have led to the conclusion that the local population were surfing for ages (Figure 8).In ancient Greece already existed so-called Vase painting (black figural and red figural), where artists painted ampho-rae including scenes from sports (Figure 9). New century and the Renaissance brought the popularization of various sports and sports disciplines. Probably inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, an English lawyer, Robert Dover had the idea to organize Cotswold games in 1604. From this period comes the first poster (drawing) for an-nouncement of the Games (Ili}, 1994a).Today, at every major sporting event, there is an open com-petition to select the best piece of art or photo that will be presented on posters as part of a campaign of a given event.

Slikarstvo

Slikari su inspiraciju za svoja dela, pored ostalog, nalazili i u sportu. Prvi vid slikarstva sreće se jo{ u praistoriji kao pećinski crtež. U nedostatku pisma, ljudi su oslikavali pećinske zidove opisujući tada{nji način života. Zahvaljujući crtežima, istoričari su do{li do saznanja da su se Egipćani pored plivanja i veslanja bavili i rvanjem. U grobnicama u Beni Hasanu (oko 2000. g.p.n.e), nađeno je oko 400 crteža o rvanju, {to govori o postojanju rvačkih {kola. Istraživanja naučnika na osnovu pećinskih crteža na Havajima, dovela su do saznan-ja da se lokalno stanovni{tvo bavilo surfovanjem od davnina. (Slika 8).U antičkoj Grčkoj je bilo prisutno tzv. vazno slikarstvo (crno figuralno i crveno figuralno), gde su umetnici oslikavali am-fore između ostalog i motivima iz sporta (Slika 9). Novi vek i renesansa, doneli su popularizaciju sporta i raznih sportskih grana. Inspirisan najverovatnije antičkim Olimpi-jskim igrama, engleski advokat Robert Dover do{ao je na ideju da organizuje Kotsvoldske igre 1604. godine. Iz tog perioda potiče i prvi plakat (crtež) kao obave{tenje o održavanju igara (Ili}, 1994a).Danas se pred svaku veliku sportsku manifestaciju otvaraju konkursi za biranje najboljeg slikarskog dela ili fotografije koje će biti predstavljeno na plakatima kao deo kampanje koja predstavlja datu manifestaciju.

Slika 5: Pankratisti, nepoznati umetnik Figore 5: Pancrationers, unknown artist

Slika 6: Kopija Mironovog Diskobolosa Figore 6: Replica of Myron’s Discobolus

Slika 7: Jedno od mnogobrojnih vajarskih dela posvećenih Majklu DžordanFigore 7: One of many sculptures dedicated to Michael Jordan


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Famous painters such as Paja Jovanovic, Pablo Picasso, Vladimir Velickovic, Olja Ivanjicki, Antoine Bourdelle, Edgar Degas and others, used athletes for the topics of their paint-ings, as evidenced by their pieces: “Montenegrin teaches his son fencing” (Jovanovic) “Three dancers” and “Racing” (Picasso), “The Runner” (Ivanjicki), “The Archer” (Burdel), “The Spartan boys and girls practice” (Degas), and so on.

Poetry and Literature

Poets of ancient Hellas: Pindar, Aeschylus, Xenophon, Bakhilid, Omer, Simonides, and many others sang a numer-ous songs about the winners of the Olympic and other games of Hellas, as well as the games themselves. Pindar, in addi-tion to numerous poems to Olympic champions, wrote an Ode to Diagoro of Rhodes, winner of the games in Olympia, Isthmus, Nemea, Athens, Megara, Argos and Thebes. The Ode, among other things, says:

“Š...¹ Grace eyes one man, then another, bestow-ing favor frequently to the melodious lyre and the manifold music of flutes; and to both strains I keep company with Diagoras, singing the sea’s child, daughter of Aphrodite and bride of Helios,Rhodes, and give praise, spoil of his boxing, to the on-slaught of a man gigantic, wreathed in victory be-side Alpheus’ water and Kastalia; There, as sweet deliverance after the bitterness of misfortune, to Tlepolemos, Tirynthian arch-found-er, is given as to a god the smoking processional of sheep, the judgment of games, in whose flowers Diagoras was wreathed twice. At the glorious Isth-mos the luck four times was his. One win to crown another at Nemea, at rocky Athens. Š...¹But Zeus father, brooding over the peaks of Ataby-rios, honor the set of the song Olmpionician, the man who has found excellence with his fists. Grant him pleasure of veneration in the sight of citizens and strangers his friends. The bitter path of pride he walks straitly, sure of all that the upright minds of his fathersleft, his heritage.” (Pindar, cited at Kerkovic, 2004, pp.16-17)

Poets of ancient Rome: Publius Maron Virgil, Ovid Publius Nazon, Sextus Propertius, Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Titus Lucretius Carr and others, also wrote songs dedicated to sports competitions, their winners, the beauty of the body, various games and the like. Publius Virgil in his epic Aeneid, among others, described the event of driving aisles in a very nice way. Here are a few verses:

“And first the gifts in public view they place,Green laurel wreaths, and palm, the victors’ grace:Within the circle, arms and tripods lie,

Poznati slikari, kao {to su Paja Jovanović, Pablo Pikaso, Vladimir Veličković, Olja Ivanjicki, Antoan Burdel, Edgar Dega i drugi, za predmet svojih slika imali su sportiste, o čemu svedoče njihova dela: „Crnogorac uči sina mačevanju“ (Jovanović), „Tri plesačice“ i „Trke“ (Pikaso), „Trkač“ (Ivan-jicki), „Strelac“ (Burdel), „Spartanski mladići i devojke vežbaju“ (Dega), itd.

Pesni{tvo i književnost

Pesnici antičke Helade: Pindar, Eshil, Ksenofan, Bakhilid, Omer, Simonid i drugi ispevali su brojne pesme o pobed-nicima sa Olimpijskih i drugih igara Helade, kao i o samim igrama. Pindar, pored brojnih pesama posvećenih olimpijs-kim pobednicima, napisao je i Odu o Dijagoru sa Rodosa, pobedniku na igrama u: Olimpiji, Istmu, Nemeji, Atini, Megari, Argu i Tebi. U Odi, pored ostalog, stoji:

„Š...¹ I sad s frulama i s formingompjevajući Dijagori u duhu stigoh u Rod,k nimfi morskoj, kćeri Afrodite i Sunca.Njega ću hvaliti, dičnoga junaka i smelog, kogakod Alfeja i kod vrela Kastanijekad pobjedi na {akačkom natjecanju,vjencem ovjenča{e. Na igrama takvim Dijagoradvaput vjenac steče,a četiri puta u slavnu Istmui u dvije za redom igre u Nemeji,pa zatim u kamenitoj Ateni. Š...¹Proslavi junaka, {to jaka prodiči ga {aka!O podaj mu čast i odanostu rođenom gradu i u tuđem svetu!On stazom obesti ne kroči,ti dobro to zna{,njega srce otaca mu plemenitih dobro uči.“ (Pindar, citirano kod Kerković, 2004, str.16-17)

Pesnici drevnog Rima: Publije Vergilije Maron, Publije Ovidije Nazon, Sekst Propercije, Kvint Horacije Flak, Tit Lukrecije Kar i drugi, takođe su pisali pesme posvećene sportskim takmičenjima, pobednicima na njima, lepoti tela, raznim igrama i slično. Publije Vergilije u epu Eneidi, između ostalih, opisao je na lep način takmičenje u vožnji lađa. Navodimo samo neke stihove:

„Najpre iznesu usred popri{ta dare: Trono{ce svete, zelene vence, palme,Oružje i talenat srebra i zlataI haljine koje grimizom boji{e.S uzvi{enja truba objavljuje igre.

Slika 8: Pećinski crtež surfovanja sa Havaj Figore 8: Cave drawings of surfing in Hawaii

Slika 9: Prikaz trkača oslikanih na grčkoj vazij Figore 9: Runners painted on Greek vase


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Ingots of gold and silver, heap’d on high,And vests embroider’d, of the Tyrian dye.The trumpet’s clangor then the feast proclaims,And all prepare for their appointed games.Š...¹At once the brushing oars and brazen prowDash up the sandy waves, and ope the depths below.Not fiery coursers, in a chariot race,Invade the field with half so swift a pace;Š...¹The partial crowd their hopes and fears divide,And aid with eager shouts the favor’d side.Cries, murmurs, clamors, with a mixing sound,From woods to woods, from hills to hills rebound.Š...¹The herald summons all, and then proclaimsCloanthus conqu’ror of the naval games.The prince with laurel crowns the victor’s head,And three fat steers are to his vessel led,The ship’s reward; with gen’rous wine beside,And sums of silver, which the crew divide.” (Ver-gilije, 1964, pp.165-166)

Written sources from the Middle Ages tell us that sport is used for the purpose of winning awards or going out to a duel. The most famous story motivated by events in the Middle Ages is Robin Hood and his legendary use of arrows and arch, and duels of King Arthur’s knights. English poet John Taylor in 1600 described his experience of deer hunt-ing, William Shakespeare wrote of equestrian sport in his poem The perfect horse.Numerous writers, among them Nobel laureates Ivo Andric, Thomas Mann, Bertrand Russell, Henik Sjenkevic, Herman Hesse, Ernest Hemingway, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, Jean-Paul Sartre, Mikhail Aleksejevic Sholokhov, Pablo Neruda, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Czeslaw Milosz, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Heinrich Boll, Gunter Grass and others, in their work, among other things, have written about: athletes, particular sports, competitions and other sporting events, and sometimes themselves were involved in sports, as active athletes or as observers.Sjenkevic described a duel of wrestlers in a nice way:

“Š...¹ Two athletes show up to present a combat scene. And immediately they began to wrestle. Strong bod-ies, shining from oil, became one mass. Bones were cracking in their iron hands, clenched jaws made ominous grinding. Š...¹ Tumultuous applause greeted the end of the battle, and Croton, laying his foot on the opponent’s shoulders, crossed huge hands on his chest and gave a winning overlook across the hall.” (Sjenkevic, cited at Stanisic, 2002, pp.15-16)

Andric, in his Signs beside the road, among other things, writes about basketball:

“Looking at two teams of basketball. The first team. The young men who play the game, trying to score as much as possible, and making everything in their power to make their opponent achieve less. During that the whole team and each individual in it all the time remain what they are: people and personalities. And no matter how dedicated they are to this game, at every moment they exist as people, apart from success and failure. The second team. All is lost in a well-constructed and branched specialization. Each individual tends to transform himself not only in game, in basketball, but in the basket, in every shot, in ruthless, bare success that ultimately loses its meaning as it swallows the man along with everything that is human in him and around him.This applies to every sport and every human action in general.” (Andric, 2008, p.292)

Š...¹Pene se talasi, koje vesla praveA trokraki kljunovi brazdaju moreNe jure tako poljem kola s dva konjaKoja naglo izlete{e iz ograde,Š...¹Cela {uma ječi od glasova ljudiKoje prenose zatvorene obale.Od vike se ore susedni brežuljci.Š...¹Sin Anhizov sve po običaju sazva,Kloanta proglasi pobednikom tadaI zelenim lovorom čelo mu kiti.Darove daje po tri bika za lađu,Veliki talenat srebra, uz to vina.“ (Vergilije, 1964, str.165-166)

Pisani izvori iz srednjeg veka nam govore da je sport kori{ćen u svrhu osvajanja nagrade ili izlaska da dvoboj. Najpoznati-je priče motivisane de{avanjima u srednjem veku su Robin Hud i njegovo legendarno kori{ćenje strele i luka i dvobo-jima vitezova kralja Artura. Engleski pesnik Džon Tejlor je 1600. godine opisao svoje iskustvo iz lova na jelene, Vilijam [ekspir je pisao o konjičkom sportu u svojoj pesmi Savr{en konj. Brojni književnici, a među njima i nobelovci: Ivo Andrić, Tomas Man, Bertrand Rasel, Henik Sjenkevič, Herman Hese, Ernest Hemingvej, Ivan Aleksejevič Bunjin, Žan Pol Sartr, Mihail Aleksejevič [olohov, Pablo Neruda, Isak Ba{evis Singer, Česlav Milo{, Gabriel Garsia Markes, Hajnrih Bel, Ginter Gras i drugi u svojim delima su, pored ostalog, pisali i o: sportistima, pojedinim sportovima, takmičenju i ostalim sportskim de{avanjima, a ponekada su i sami učestvovali u tome, kao aktivni sportisti ili kao posmatrači. Sjenkevič je na lep način opisao borbu dvojice rvača:

„Š...¹ Pojavi{e se dva atleta da dadu gostima prizor borbe. I odmah se stado{e rvati. Snažna tela, sjajna od ulja, načini{e jednu masu. Kosti su im pucale u gvozdenim rukama, iz stisnutih vilica izlazio je zlo-koban {krgut. Š...¹ Burni pljesak pozdravi kraj borbe, a Kroton, metnuv{i nogu na protivnikova pleća, skrstio ogromne ruke na prsima, pa gleda pobedničkim pogledom po dvorani“. (Sjenkevič, citirano kod Stani{ić, 2002, str.15-16)

Andrić u Znakovima pored puta, između ostalog, pi{e i o ko{arci:

„Posmatrajući dve ekipe ko{arke. Prva ekipa. Mladići koji igraju igru, nastojeći da postignu {to vi{e i čineći sve da njihov protivnik postigne {to manje. Pri tom cela ekipa i svaki pojedinac u njoj ostaju za celo vreme igre ono {to su: ljudi i ličnost. I ma koliko da su predani igri, oni u svakom trenutku postoje kao ljudi, odvojeno od uspeha i neuspeha. Druga ekipa. Sve se gubi u razgranatoj i dobro izgrađenoj speci-jalizaciji. Svaki pojedinac teži da se pretvori ne samo u igru, ne u ko{arku, nego u ko{, u pogodak, u bezobziran, go uspeh koji na kraju krajeva gubi svaki smisao, jer proguta čoveka i sve {to je ljudsko u njemu i oko njega.Ovo važi za svaki sport, pa i za svako ljudsko delanje, uop{te.“ (Andrić, 2008, str.292)


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Music and dancingFor the ancient Greeks, music was present in all segments of the former culture. It was an important part of religious ceremonies, opening and closing ceremonies of Olympic and other Games, and entourage during the execution of some disciplines, such as the long jump.In the Middle Ages, music was one of the subjects that all future knights had to learn. Sources from this period indicate that the music was listened at palaces, and that they practiced dances. On chivalrous competitions troubadours announced beginning of duels.In the new century, philosophers and philanthropists Jean Jacques Rousseau, Guts Muths said that music develops senses with children and creates a sense of rhythm. Given that music and sports are forms of entertainment, it is natu-ral that they are mutually interdependent. In this period comes a popularization of sports such as soccer, cricket, tennis, horse racing and hunting, so the musical bands were standard setting at sport fields.Today the anthems are played at every major international competition. For each ceremony of medal awards, the na-tional anthem of the country that won the gold medal is played. Anthems are played before the start of match in many sport leagues. If two teams from different countries are playing against each other, the anthem of the host will be played last.Many famous composers have composed music themes for the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. Ode to Olympionic of a famous Serbian composer and violinist Milutin Popovic Zahar, opened the Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980.Music in sport is an important element and is used to em-phasize the beauty and harmony of movement. Sports with present and dominant artistic moment, which means that artistic impression of movement and activity is evaluated, are: figure skating, synchronized swimming, dancing, rhyth-mic gymnastics and others.In addition to competitive sport dances, dance inspired by sport must be mentioned: “Crickets polkas and gallops”, as also the sport inspired by dance. In 1906 rugby team of New Zealand, the All Blacks began to use the “Haka dance” (Maori tribal warrior dance). Haka dance has its own sig-nificance in the daily life of the tribe, but is best known in its aggressive form, “Ka Mate” - warrior dance. The dance is characterized by movements such as punching of fists on the chest, knocking of feet standing on the surface and ag-gressive facial grimaces. One hundred years later, the dance well-reputed by the All Blacks, is used by teams of other sports (basketball, soccer, etc.) to emphasize the importance of the event, particularly international ones.

Film – acting

Making of movies about the sport began in the time of silent movies. Movies can be fiction or documentary, with the topic of individual or team wins, sports figures, club history and so on. Television made sport closer to viewers with their documentaries about sport. This paper lists only some of the great works with the theme of sports.The first silent movie with a sports theme “The Champion” was recorded in 1915 and is one of the classics of cinema, featuring famous comedian Charlie Chaplin (Figure 10) who, in his own way, manages boxing match scenes.

Muzika i plesKod starih Grka, muzika je bila prisutna u svim segmentima tada{nje kulture. Bila je važan deo svih religijskih obreda, ceremonija otvaranja i zatvaranja Olimpijskih i drugih Igara i pratnja tokom izvođenja nekih sportskih disciplina kao {to je skok u dalj. U srednjem veku muzika je bila jedan od predmeta koje su budući vitezovi morali da uče. Izvori iz tog doba ukazuju na to da se muzika slu{ala na dvorovima i da su se upražnjavali plesovi. Na vite{kim takmičenjima trubaduri su objavljivali početak dvoboja. U novom veku, mislioci i filantropisti Žan Žak Ruso, Guts Muts govorili su da se muzikom razvijaju čula kod dece i stvara osećaj za ritam. S obzirom da su muzika i sport vi-dovi zabave, prirodno je da su međusobno upućeni jedni na druge. U ovom periodu dolazi do popularizacije spor-tova kao {to su fudbal, kriket, tenis, trke konja i lov, tako da su muzički orkestri bili standardna postava na sportskim igrali{tima. Danas se himne sviraju na velikim međunarodnim takmičenjima. Na svakoj dodeli medalja svira se himna zemlje koja je os-vojila zlatnu medalju. Himne se sviraju i pred početak utakmica mnogih sportskih liga. Ako dva tima iz različitih zemalja igraju jedan protiv drugog, himna domaćina sviraće se poslednja. Mnogi poznati kompozitori su komponovali muzičke teme za ceremonije otvaranja Olimpijskih igara. Oda Olimpiku, poznatog srpskog kompozitora i violiniste Milutina Popovića Zahara, otvorila je OI u Moskvi 1980.godine. Muzika u sportu je bitan element i koristi se da naglasi lepotu i harmoniju pokreta. Sportovi gde je prisutan i dominantan umetnički momenat, {to podrazumeva da se ocenjuje umetnički utisak izvedene kretne aktivnosti su: umetničko klizanje, sinhrono plivanje, ples, ritmička gim-nastika i dr. Pored sportskih plesova koji su takmičarskog karaktera, neophodno je pomenuti ples koji je inspirisan sportom: “Crickets polkas and galops”, ali i sport koji je inspirisan plesom. Godine 1906. ragbi tim sa Novog Zelanda, All Blacks počeo je da koristi “Haka ples” (plemenski ples Maori rat-nika). Haka ples ima svoj značaj u svakodnevnom životu plemena, ali najpoznatiji je u svojoj agresivnoj formi: “Ka Mate” – ratnički ples. Ples karakteri{u pokreti kao {to su udaranje {akama o grudi, lupanje nogama o stajaću povr{inu i agresivne grimase lica. Sto godina kasnije, ples koji su proslavili All Blacks, koriste i timovi drugih sportova ( ko{arka, fudbal i dr.) da bi naglasili važnost događaja, naročito međunarodnih.

Film – gluma

Snimanje filmova o sportu počelo je jo{ u vreme nemog filma. Filmovi mogu biti igrani i dokumentarni, a za temu su imali individualne ili timske pobede, sportske ličnosti, isto-rije klubova itd. Televizija je gledaocima približila sport svojim dokumentarnim emisijama na temu sporta. U radu su navedeni samo neki iz velikog opusa sa tematikom sporta.Prvi nemi film sa sportskom tematikom „[ampion“snimljen je 1915. godine i spada u klasike filmske umetnosti. U glavnoj ulozi je poznati komičar Čarli Čaplin (Slika 10), koji na sebi sopstven način vlada scenama bokserskog meča.


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The movie “Asterix and Obelix at the Olympic Games” in a humorous way presents the famous Games of ancient Greece. Movies “Quo Vadis” and “The Gladiator” are de-scribing the period of ancient Rome, which is rich with scenes of gladiatorial combat and chariot racing. Chivalrous medi-eval duels are best shown in movies about Robin Hood.“Chariots of Fire” are a work inspired by a true event that took place at the Olympic Games in Paris in 1924. Olympic spirit and the inner struggle of Jews and Catholics, two ath-letes in chaotic socio political situation of post-war Europe, are the main motives of this title.“The Story of Babe Ruth” is a biographical portrait of one of the greatest players in baseball history, a documentary about Radivoj Korac is not only a fascinating story about a sports career, but also the story of an intellectual, humanistic and very interesting man.

Film „Asteriks i Obeliks na Olimpijskim igrama“ na jedan duhovit način predstavlja slavne Igre Antičke Grčke. Filmo-vi „Quo Vadis“ i „Gladijator“, opisuju period Starog Rima, koji obiluje scenama gladijatorskih borbi i trke kočija. Vite{ki dvoboji srednjeg veka najbolje su prikazani u filmovima o Robin Hudu. „Vatrene kočije“ su delo inspirisano istinitim događajem koji se odigrao na Olimpijskim igrama u Parizu 1924.godine. Olimpijski duh i unutra{nja borba jevreja i katolika, dvojice atletičara u nesređenoj dru{tveno političkoj situaciji posler-atne Evrope osnovni su motivi ovog naslova. „Priča o Bejb Rutu“je biografski portret jednog od najvećih igrača u istoriji bejzbola, a dokumentarni film o Radivoju Koraću nije samo priča o fascinantnoj sportskoj karijeri, već i priča o jednom intelektualcu, humanisti i nadasve intere-santnom čoveku.

Slika 10: Plakat za fim [ampionFigore 10: Poster for movie The Champion

Reference

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