Artificial Intelligence in Education Building Learning Systems that Care: From Knowledge Representation to Affective Modelling Edited by Vania Dimitrova University ofLeeds, UK Riichiro Mizoguchi Osaka University, Japan Benedict du Boulay University of Sussex, UK and Art Graesser University ofMemphis, USA IOS Press Amsterdam • Berlin • Tokyo • Washington, DC
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Artificial Intelligence in Education
Building Learning Systems that Care: From KnowledgeRepresentation to Affective Modelling
Edited by
Vania Dimitrova
University ofLeeds, UK
Riichiro MizoguchiOsaka University, Japan
Benedict du BoulayUniversity ofSussex, UK
and
Art Graesser
University ofMemphis, USA
IOSPress
Amsterdam • Berlin • Tokyo • Washington, DC
xiii
Contents
Preface v
Vania Dimitrova, Riichiro Mizoguchi, Benedict du Boulay andArt Graesser
Executive Committee ofthe International AI-ED Society vii
AIED 2009 Committees viii
Sponsorship and Support xii
Keynote Speaker Abstracts
Can Computers Teach You to Think and Care? The Modeling Debates Revisited 3
Susanne P. Lajoie
Open-Domain Sketch Understanding for AI and Education 4
Kenneth D. Forbus
Exploiting User Generated Content to Improve Search 5
Wolfgang Nejdl
Affect, Metacognition and Motivation
Cohesion Relationships in Tutorial Dialogue as Predictors of Affective States 9
Sidney D 'Mello, Nia Dowell andArt Graesser
Emotion Sensors Go to School 17
Ivon Arroyo, David G. Cooper, Winslow Burleson, Beverly Park Woolf,Kasia Muldner and Robert Christopherson
Modeling Task-Based vs. Affect-Based Feedback Behavior in Pedagogical
Agents: An Inductive Approach 25
Jennifer L. Robison, Scott W. McQuiggan andJames C. Lester
Adapting to Student Uncertainty Improves Tutoring Dialogues 33
Kate Forbes-Riley andDiane hitman
Affective Gendered Learning Companions 41
Ivon Arroyo, Beverly Park Woolf James M. Royer and Minghui Tai
Predicting Learner Answers Correctness Through Brainwaves Assesment and
Emotional Dimensions 49
Alicia Heraz and Claude Frasson
Antecedent-Consequent Relationships and Cyclical Patterns Between Affective
States and Problem Solving Outcomes 57
Sidney D 'Mello, Natalie Person and Blair Lehman
The Impact of Privacy on Learners in the Context of a Web-Based Test 65
Hicham Hage andEsma A'imeur
xiv
What Students Expect May Have More Impact Than What They Know or Feel 73
G. Tanner Jackson, Arthur C. Graesser and Danielle McNamara
Affective Artificial Intelligence in Education: From Detection to Adaptation 81
Emmanuel G. Blanchard, Boris Volfson, Yuan-Jin Hong and
Susanne P. Lajoie
Intelligent Gaines and Exploratory Learning Environments
Development of Production System for Anywhere and Class Practice 91
Kazuhisa Miwa, Ryuichi Nakaike, Jyunya Morita and Hitoshi Terai
Off-Task Behavior in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments 99
Jonathan P. Rowe, Scott W. McQuiggan, Jennifer L. Robison and
James C. Lester
Using Task-Based Modeling to Generate Scaffolding in Narrative-Guided
Exploratory Learning Environments 107
James M. Thomas and R. Michael Young
A Reconfigurable Architecture for Building Intelligent Learning Environments 115
Joseph G. Linn, James Segedy, Hogyeong Jeong, Benjamin Podgursky and
Gautam Biswas
Natural Language Processing
Evidence of Misunderstandings in Tutorial Dialogue and Their Impact on
Learning 125
Pamela Jordan, Diane Litman, Michael Lipschultz and Joanna Drummond
Educational Question Answering Based on Social Media Content 133
Iryna Gurevych, Delphine Bemhard, Kateryna Ignatova and
Cigdem Toprak
Discovering Tutorial Dialogue Strategies with Hidden Markov Models 141
Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eun Young Ha, Michael D. Wallis, Robert Phillips,Mladen A. Vouk andJames C. Lester
Using Natural Language Processing to Analyze Tutorial Dialogue CorporaAcross Domains and Modalities 149
Diane Litman, Johanna Moore, Myroslava O. Dzikovska and
Elaine Farrow
An Overview of LSA-Based Systems for Supporting Learning and Teaching 157
Philippe Dessus
Assessing Student Paraphrases Using Lexical Semantics and Word Weighting 165Vasile Rus, Mihai Lintean, Art Graesser and Danielle McNamara
Analysing Semantic Flow in Academic Writing 173
Stephen T. O'Rourke and RafaelA. Calvo
Interactive Paraphrase Training: The Development and Testing of an iSTART
Module
Danielle S. McNamara, Chutima Boonthwn, ChristopherA. Kurby,Joe Magliano, Srinivasa Pillarisetti and Cedrick Bellissens
Automated Assessment ofOral Reading ProsodyJack Mostow and Minh Duong
To Elicit or to Tell: Does It Matter?
Min Chi, Pamela Jordan, Kurt Vanlehn and Diane Litman
Knowledge Representation and Ontological Modeling
Intelligent Authoring of'Graph ofMicroworlds' for Adaptive Learning with
Microworlds Based on Compositional ModelingTomoya Horiguchi and Tsukasa Hiroshima
Structuring Learning/Instructional Strategies Through a State-Based ModelingYusuke Hayashi, Jacqueline Bourdeau and Riichiro Mizoguchi
Using Data Mining Techniques to Support the Creation of CompetenceOntologies
Sabrina Ziebarth, Nils Malzahn and H. Ulrich Hoppe
Looking into Collaborative Learning: Design from Macro- and Micro-ScriptPerspectives
Eloy D. Villasclaras-Ferndndez, Seiji Isotani, Yusuke Hayashi and
Riichiro Mizoguchi
Learning Process and Modeling
Fostering Engaged and Directed Learning by Activity Foregrounding and
Backgrounding
Katy Howland, Benedict du Boulay and Judith Good
Will Google Destroy Western Democracy? Bias in Policy Problem SolvingMatthew W. Easterday, Vincent Aleven, Richard Schemes and
Sharon M. Carver
Discovering Causal Models of Self-Regulated LearningDavid Brokenshire and Vive Kumar
A Model of Learners Profiles Management Process
Carole Eyssautier-Bavay, Stephanie Jean-Daubias and
Jean-Philippe Pernin
Modeling Learners and Learning Processes
Highlighting Learning Across a Degree with an Independent Open Learner
Model
Susan Bull andPeter Gardner
xvi
Handling Uncertainty and Multiple Perspectives for Learner Modeling by
Cognitive Mapping 283
Alejandro Pena Ayala
Student Knowledge Diagnosis Using Item Response Theory and
Constraint-Based Modeling 291
Jaime Galvez, Eduardo Guzman, Ricardo Conejo and Eva Millan
BeliefExploration in a Multiple-Media Open Learner Model for Basic Harmony 299
Matthew Johnson and Susan Bull
Collaboration, Social Dimensions and Communities
A Recommender System for Collaborative Knowledge 309
Weiqin Chen andRicard Persen
Are Your Students Working Creatively Together? Automatically RecognizingCreative Turns in Student e-Discussions 317
Bruce M. McLaren, Rupert Wegerif, Jan Miksdtko, Oliver Scheuer,
Marian Chamrada and Nasser Mansour
Knowledge Co-Construction and Initiative in Peer Learning Interactions 325
Cynthia Kersey, Barbara Di Eugenia, Pamela Jordan and Sandra Katz
MOT 2.0: A Case Study on the Usefuleness ofSocial Modeling for
Personalized E-Learning Systems 333
Fawaz Ghali andAlexandra I. Cristea
Modeling Helping Behavior in an Intelligent Tutor for Peer Tutoring 341
Erin Walker, Nikol Rummel andKenneth R. Koedinger
Towards Automatic Assessment for Project Based Learning Groups 349
Gahgene Gweon, Rohit Kumar, Soojin Jun and Carolyn P. Rose
Use of Semantics to Build an Academic Writing Community Environment 357
Sirisha Bajanki, Kathrin Kaujhold, Alex Le Bek, Vania Dimitrova,Lydia Lau, Rebecca O 'Rourke andAisha Walker
Engaging Collaborative Learners with Helping Agents 365
Sourish Chaudhuri, Rohit Kumar, Iris Howley and Carolyn Penstein Rose
Ill-Defined Domains and Socio-Cultural Dimensions
Revisiting Ill-Definedness and the Consequences for ITSs 375
Antonija Mitrovic andAmali Weerasinghe
Exploiting Partial Problem Spaces Learned from Users' Interactions to
Provide Key Tutoring Services in Procedural and Ill-Defined Domains 383
Philippe Fournier-Viger, Roger Nkambou andEngelbert Mephu Nguifo
Feedback Specificity and the Learning of Intercultural Communication Skills 391
Matthew Hays, H. ChadLane, Daniel Auerbach, Mark G. Core,Dave Gomboc and Milton Rosenberg
xvii
An Evaluation of Sociocultural Data for Predicting Attitudinal Tendencies 399
Emmanuel G. Blanchard, Marguerite Roy, Susanne Lajoie andClaude Frasson
Intelligent Scaffolding
Error-Based Simulation to Promote Awareness ofErrors in ElementaryMechanics and Its Evaluation 409
Tsukasa Hiroshima, Isao Imai, Tomoya Horiguchi and Takahito Toumoto
Intelligent Support for Inquiry Learning from Images: A Learning Scenario
and Tool 417
Paul Mulholland, Zdenek Zdrahal, Jan Abrahamcik andAnnika Wolff
Scaffolding Effective Help-Seeking Behaviour in Mastery and Performance
Oriented Learners 425
Amanda Harris, Victoria Bonnett, RosemaryLuckin, Nicola Yuill and
Katerina Avramides
Developing Navigation Planning Skill with Learner-Adaptable Scaffolding 433
Akihiro Kashihara and Kazuaki Taira
Intelligent Tutoring Systems with Multiple Representations and
Self-Explanation Prompts Support Learning ofFractions 441
Martina A. Rau, Vincent Aleven andNikol Rummel
Self-Regulated Fading in On-line Learning 449
RaymondKemp, Elizabeth Kemp andElisabeth Todd
To Tutor or Not to Tutor: That Is the Question 457
Leena Razzaq andNeil Heffernan
Generating Instruction Automatically for the Reading Strategy of
Self-Questioning 465
Jack Mostow and Wei Chen
Data Mining and Machine Learning
Educational Software Features that Encourage and Discourage
"Gaming the System" 475
Ryan S.J.d. Baker, Adriana M.J.B. De Carvalho, JayRaspat,Vincent Aleven, Albert T. Corbett andKenneth R. Koedinger
Detecting Significant Events in Lecture Video Using Supervised Machine
Learning 483
Christopher Brooks, Kristofor Amundson andJim Greer
I Learn from You, You Learn from Me: How to Make iList Learn from Students 491
Davide Fossati, Barbara Di Eugenio, Stellan Ohlsson, Christopher Brown,Lin Chen andDavid Cosejo
Detecting the Learning Value ofItems in a Randomized Problem Set 499
ZacharyA. Pardos and Neil T. Heffernan
xviii
The Impact of Off-Task and Gaming Behaviors on Learning: Immediate or
Aggregate? 507
Mihaela Cocea, Anion Hershkovitz and Ryan S.J.d. Baker
Intelligent Learning Object Guide (iLOG): A Framework for Automatic
Empirically-Based Metadata Generation 515
S.A. Riley, L.D. Miller, L.-K. Soh, A. Samaland G, Nugent
Using Learning Decomposition to Analyze Instructional Effectiveness in
the ASSISTment System 523
Mingyu Feng, Neil Heffernan and Joseph E. Beck
Performance Factors Analysis - A New Alternative to Knowledge Tracing 531
Philip L PavlikJr., Hao Cen and Kenneth R. Koedinger
Domain-Specific AIED Applications
Personal Access Tutor. Helping Students to Learn MS Access 541
Silviu Risco and Jim Reye
An Intelligent Partner for Organizing a Paragraph 549