Air University, Multan Campus A Faderally Charted Public Sector University Tutor: Dr. Muhammad Sanaullah [email protected] Introduction Course: Artifical Intelligence
Air University, Multan CampusA Faderally Charted Public Sector University
Tutor: Dr. Muhammad Sanaullah
Introduction
Course: Artifical Intelligence
What is Intelligence?
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What is Intelligence?
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Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason
plan solve problems
think abstractly
comprehend ideas
use language
learn.
Intelligence may be judged by creativity
personality
character
knowledge
wisdom
skills
Features of Intelligence
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Intelligence is the ability to learn about, learn from,
understand, and interact with the environment.
It may encompassed of the following specific
features:
Adaptability to a new environment or to changes in the
current environment
Capacity for knowledge and the ability to acquire it
Capacity for reason and abstract thought
Ability to comprehend relationships
Ability to evaluate and judge
Capacity for original and productive thought
Intelligence of Computer
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According to the British computer scientist Alan
Turing's test in (1950):
“a computer would deserves to be called intelligent if it
could deceive a human into believing that it was human.”
The users remain unaware of computer existence
and the system can automatically performed the
activities according to the prescribed specifications.
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
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“A branch of a computer science which studies the
development of software and hardware which
simulates human intelligence” (Dr. Ghassan Issa)
“AI is the study of how to make computer do things at which, at the moment, people are better” (Rich and Knight)
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
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“AI is study of idea that enable computers to be
intelligent” (Patrick H. Winston)
Thus, AI is the study of programmed systems that can
simulate, to some extent, human activities such as
perceiving, thinking, learning and acting.
Academic Disciplines relevant to AI
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Disciplines Methods
PhilosophyLogic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system,
foundations of learning, language, rationality.
MathematicsFormal representation and proof, algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
Probability/Statistics modeling uncertainty, learning from data
Economics utility, decision theory, rational economic agents
Neuroscience neurons as information processing units.
Psychology/ Cognitive
Science
how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive
information, represent knowledge.
Computer Engineering building fast computers
Control theorydesign systems that maximize an objective function
over time
Linguistics knowledge representation, grammars
Human Intelligence VS
Artificial Intelligence
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Human Intelligence VS
Artificial Intelligence
Human Intelligence
Intuition, Common
sense, Judgement,
Creativity, Beliefs etc
The ability to
demonstrate their
intelligence by
communicating
effectively
Plausible Reasoning
and Critical thinking
Artificial Intelligence
Ability to simulate
human behavior and
cognitive processes
Capture and preserve
human expertise
Fast Response. The ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly.
Pros
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• Humans are fallible
• They have limited knowledge bases
• Information processing of serial nature proceed very slowly in the brain as compared to computers
Humans are unable to retain large amounts of data in memory.
No “common sense”
Cannot readily deal with
“mixed” knowledge
May have high
development costs
Raise legal and ethical
concerns
Human Intelligence VS
Artificial Intelligence
Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence
Cons
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Human Intelligence VS
Conventional Computing
We achieve more than we know. We know more than we
understand. We understand more than we can explain
(Claude Bernard, 19th C French scientific philosopher)
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Artificial Intelligence
AI software uses the
techniques of search
and pattern matching
Programmers design AI
software to give the
computer only the
problem, not the steps
necessary to solve it
Conventional Computing
Conventional computer software follow a logical series of steps to reach a conclusion
Computer programmers originally designed software that accomplished tasks by completing algorithms
Human Intelligence VS
Conventional Computing
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Design Time Methodology for the Formal Modeling and Verification of Smart Environments14