“Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Computing and Innovating in Practice”

Artificial Intelligence,CognitiveComputing&

Innovating inPractice

CristinaMeleUniversity ofNaples FedericoII

Agenda

• Recenttrends

• ArtificialIntelligence&HumanIntelligence:theneedformultidisciplinarity

• Apost-humanistapproach:fromtechnologytosocio-materialpractices

• Framinginnovationasinnovatinginpractice

• AfocusonHealth

• AI&CCasenablersofatextureofpractices

Opportunities&Challenges

AI&Acquisition

•AI=think orbehave … as humans

•Machines overhumans

•Artificial IntelligencevsHumanIntelligence

Fromlatinintelligentĭa,….verb intelligĕre,”tounderstand”orverb legĕre,”read",withintŭs,”inside";

…who had intelligentĭa was someone able to“read inside”or“gobeyond thesurface”

Intelligence

• AI&CC:Amultidisciplinary perspective

Technologiesas evolution … not as amagical artefact

Early technologies from existing primitive technologies ascomponents. These new Technologies in time become possiblecomponents – building blocks – for the construction of further newtechnologies. Some of these in turn go on to become possiblebuilding blocks for the creation of yet newer technologies. In thisway. Slowly over time, many technologies form from an initial few,an more complex ones from using simpler ones as components.The overall collection of technologies bootstraps itself upward fromthe few to the many and from the simple to the complex. (Arthur,2009, p. 21)

“We place our hopes in technology. Wehope in technology to make our lives better,to solve our problems, to get us out ofpredicaments, to provide the future wewant for ourselves and our children.

(Arthur,2009,p.11)

Thereisaneedtoconsidertheimpactthatnewtechnologies,AI&CChaveonthesocialdimensionandhow

practicesarechangingtoincreasewell-being.

Socio-materialpractices(aposthumanist perspective)

• Byadoptinganoverarchingconceptofserviceinnovationastheprovisionofnewbenefitsformarketactors(Meleetal.2010;VargoandLusch 2011)somescholarsquestionthelineartraditionalprocessofinnovation(Chesborugh,2003)andaskhowmarketactorspracticeinnovationintheageofuncertaintyandcomplexity(RussoSpenaandMele2016;MeleandRussoSpena2017).

Frominnovation(Artifact/outcome side)

Toinnovating(thepractice side)

Innovating inPractice

Innovating inpractice• Theactiveverbalformbetterreflectstheemergentcharacterofinnovationinserviceecosystems(Vargo andLusch,2011;Vargo etal.,2015).• Verbsexpress“apattern,asetofemergentphenomena,asetofchangesthatmayinducefurtherchanges”(Arthur,2013,p.19).• Innovatingtakesplaceinsocialinteractionandinactivities• Innovatinginpractice: “acollectivedoingthatconnectsknowledgeableactors”(MeleandRusso-Spena,2017).

ü Fromproviderstousers’contextüFromapassivepatienttoanengaged,equippeduser/actor

Engaging empowered users/actors

Theriverofhealthcareismoving.Peoplearetakinghealthintotheirownhands.Thecenterofgravityofhealthcarehasmovedfromhospitalstopatientsandfromclinicstothehome.Nowitismobile.Actorsusesdevicesandcollectdataontheirhealthandwellbeingandstoreinformationwherevertheyare(home,office,etc.)

Inthepast,todomedical examspeople had tobookavisit withtheirdoctor,then gointo aspecializedmedical centerorhospitaltodoexams.

Before

NOW

Before

NOW

Widening A2Ainteractionsü Fromdyadictonetworked/ecosystemicü Fromasymmetrictomorebalanced

Tohavedifferentspecializedconsultationpatientscouldmeetjustonephysicianatonce,thenbookanothervisitwithanotherdoctorandsoon

Ai&CCgivethepossibilitytoactorstogetremotehelpfromexperts.Theycantransmitreal-timevideoandsnapshotwithspecializeddoctors inordertohaveaconsultationaboutthepatientemergencysituationinrealtime.

AI&CCenabletocreateavirtualclinicalenvironmentprovidingpatientswithbasicinformationandspecialistsclinicalconsultationtoenablethemtooperatevirtuallyexceptforwhatitinvolvestouchingthepatient.Thepatients,andhis/herfamilymemberscangetintouchwithmorethanonespecializedphysiciansatthesametime

Buoy usesartificialintelligencetoresembleachatwithyourfavouritedoctor,whereyougetanaccurateanalysisofyoursymptomsandwhattodoWedesignedBuoy’sartificialintelligencetodeliverapersonalizedandmoreaccurateanalysisofyoursymptoms.

Ourvirtualassistantanswersmedicalandhealthquestionsforconsumersanddoctorsinstantly.Theideabehindcognitivecomputing,orartificialintelligence,isthatourcomputerlearnsbydoing,gettingatitstasksbetterovertimebycrunchingmoremedicalinformation

Involving newandknowledgeableactors

Devicesproviders

Hospitals

Users

Healthintermediari

es

EmergencyDepartme

nt

Doctors

OperationalCenter

Medical staff

Caregivers

AI&CCofferanumberofexcitingpotentialapplicationsforpatientcare,Ireallythinkthiscouldtransformbothwhatwedoandhowwedoit.Thesetechnologiescouldreallyhaveamajorimpactonhowwepracticemedicine(aquotefromadoctor)

Bay Labs is at the forefront of bringing deep learning advances to critical unsolved problems in healthcare. We have assembled an exceptional team of clinicians, engineers, and scientists who are developing breakthrough technologies in cardiovascular imaging and care to combat heart disease, the leading cause of death worldwide.

Thedoctorsandresearchershadtomeetpatientsintheirofficetostudyandresearchparameterslinkedtoepisodesofillness.Takingintoconsiderationtheeventsrelatedtoillnessepisodes,physicianscouldobserveonlydatarecordedduringthevisit,andifsomethinghappenedwhenthepatientwasoutsideofthehealthcentreitwasimpossibletostudythesymptoms.

üFromKnowledgeasobjecttoknowledgeasactivityüContinuous,real-timedataacquisition indaily lifeü Advanceunderstanding ofhumanbehavior inreal lifesettings

ThroughAI&CC,knowledgeisco-createdthroughcontinuousandreal-timeobservationofhealthcareparameters,therebyadvancingunderstandingofhumanbehaviourinreal-lifesettings.Doctorscanfirstofalldetectseizureseverytimetheyhappen;inaddition,theycancorrelateseizurestosymptomsandhelpidentifywhethertherearecertainfactorsthatinfluencethem.Databecomericherastheyincludenewinformationaboutwearer,viz.healthparameters,enablingthedecisionmakers(e.g.,doctorsorphysicians)toobtainafullunderstandingofthemeaningbehindthedatacollected.

Before

NOW

Knowinginaction

….morecomprehensivesituationalawareness.……applyknowledgetodataenablesittomorequicklyandeffectivelyextractknowledgefromdata.….usereasoningandthoughtfuluserexperiencetoclearawaytheambiguityandpinpointthetruth.…..helpassistpeople'sactionsand

enablethemtomaketimelyandinformeddecisions.

WithAI&CCresearchersanddoctorshavecontinuousdataandamorecompleteunderstandingofthephenomenonthankstodatarecordedbypatients.Patientscanrecordandkeeptrackoftheirowndata.Thesedatacanserveasastartingpointtogivepatientsmorecontroloftheirhealth andprovidephysiciansinformationondailyhabits.Suchinformationcanbeanalyzed byAI&CCpotentiallycatchingproblemsbeforetheystart.

Resourcingininteractions

Doctorshadtosearchpatientinformationandmedicalhistoryinafolder,whichwasphysicallyand/orelectronicallystored,spendingagreatamountoftime.Inaddition,ifpatientsneededdifferentspecialisedconsultationheshouldmetjustonephysicianatonce,andthenshouldbookanothervisitwithanotherdoctor,andsoon.

Before

NOW

üKnowing emergesthroughhumanandnonhumaninteraction

Theactive braintrainerIntendu is afunctional brain-bodytrainingconsoleforpeople withbrainimpairments.It was designed byaninterdisciplinary teamofneuroscientists,rehabilitation clinicians,computerscientists andgamingexperts,creating anunparalleled trainingtool forhomeusethat adds totheuser’s rehabilitation process.Intendu’s life-simulating gamesfocuson8main cognitivefunctions

ü Fromspaceconstraintstoeverywhereü Fromtimeconstraintstorealtime

Overcoming time/space constrains

Peoplehavealwaysadoctorwherevertheyare.Theycanhaveaconsultationthroughaudio-videocommunicationdeviceswithoutmovingfromhome,alsoduringthenightorholidayswhenthepersonaldoctorisnotavailable.Astheparametersarecontinuouslymonitored,incaseofanomaliesuserscanhaveanhomevisitorinemergencycasesanambulance.Inaddition,theMedicalPassportisrecordedandalldatacanbeshared.

Tohaveaconsultationpeoplewereobligedtogotothedoctorduringwork-hours,ifsomethinghappenduringthenightorholidaysorwhenthedoctor’sofficewasclosedpeoplehadtogoathospitalandwaitfortheirturn,alsoforhoursifitwasnotanemergency.

Before

NOW

• Fromthearefacts toacollectivedoingthatconnectsknowledgeableactors(doctors,patients,health intermediaries,caregivers,ecc.).

• Innovating emerges as constantly co-constructed byconnections-in-actioninvolvingbothhumansandnon-humaninterwoveninatextureofinterconnectedpractices.

• Knowing +Networking=atexture;

AI,CC&Innovating inpractice

NETWORKING

K N O W I N G

Engaging empowered users/actorsWidening A2Ainteractions

Involving newandknowledgeable actors

Knowing inactionResourcing ininteractionOvercoming time/space constrains

Democratizinghealth• Thehealthcaremovesfromhospitalstohomes,frompassivepatientstoempoweredandproactivepatientstoknowledgeableactors• Healthecosystem.Thisincludesfamily,friends,andalternativehealthcareprovidersaswellasahostofwellnessservices.• Ahuman-centredsuiteofdevicesusingAI&CCtoempowereverydaypeopletomonitorandbetterunderstandtheirhealthanytime,anywhere.

Improvingwellbeing• AI&CCarenotonlytechnologyimprovementsbutareresourceswithinactors’activitiesandA2Arelationships• AI,CC,smartdevicesasresourcestobeintegrated… enablingnewpractices

Anewhealthcare?

• Understandthetechnology/socialroleofAI&CC• Designnewrolesforactorsbyincreasingtheirknowledgeability• Enablingnetworkingandknowing

Challenges• Emergent problem ofresponsibility (hospital,doctor,user,otherhealth serviceproviders,etc.)• Newproblems ofsecurity,privacy,etc.• Normativepractices• …….

Implications

Research Groupat Department ofEconomics,Management,InstitutionsUniversity ofNaples FedericoII

Chaired byCristinaMelecristina.mele@[email protected]