Artificial blood

ARTIFICIAL BLOOD

BY-GAUTAM PARMARM.SC INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

PREFACEINTRODUCTION

SUBSTITUTE FORMS

FUTURE POTENTIAL

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

SUM UP

REFERENCES

GLIMPSE Artificial blood or blood surrogate is a substance used to mimic and

fulfil some functions of biological blood, usually in the oxygen carrying sense.

Main aim is to provide an alternative to blood transfusion, which is transferring blood or blood based products from one person to another.

Artificial blood can be produced in different ways using synthetic production, chemical isolation, or recombinant technology.

William Harvey described how blood is circulated throughout the body. (Year1616)

 The first successful human blood transfusions were done in 1667.

Medical practitioners tried numerous substances such as beer, urine, milk, plant resins, and

sheep blood as a substitute for blood.

 In 1854, patients were injected with milk to treat Asiatic cholera.

The approved oxygen-carrying blood substitute was a perfluorocarbon-based product called

fluosol DA-20, manufactured by green cross of Japan. (Year1989)

 Ringer's solution- blood-volume expander in1883 was used to control BP.

Haemoglobin-based oxygen therapeutic called Hemopure was approved for Phase III

trial (in elective orthopedic surgery) in the U.S., and more widely approved for human use

in South Africa.

WHY? Increasing demand with decreasing supply. Safety- 10-15 million units of blood are transfused each year without testing for

HIV or hepatitis. Rapid treatment-Eliminate time spent on testing and cross matching. Cheaper- Cost of blood substitutes will fall as manufacturing becomes refined. Armed forces- it is often impossible to administer rapid blood transfusions, and it

is difficult to maintain a safe and adequate blood supply.

FORMS USED

Substitutes

Perfluorocarbons (PFC) HBOCs Artificial blood

cells

Perfluorocarbons (PFC) PFCs are biologically inert materials that can dissolve about 50 times more oxygen than

blood plasma. They are about 1/40 size of the diameter of RBC, therefore it helps them to transverse

capillaries through which no RBCs are flowing. Composed of liquid perfluorocarbons emulsified in water and salt. Fluorocarbons are straight chain molecules that consist of carbon and fluorine. Size is about 0.2 micron diameter with PFC core and thin egg yolk phospholipids

surfactant as a coating . They contain compounds such as perfluorooctyl bromide (C8F17Br) &

perfluorodichorotane (C8F16C12).

They are relatively inexpensive to produce and can be made devoid of any biological material.

This liquid is then mixed with antibiotics, vitamins, nutrients and salts, producing a mixture that contains about 80 different components, and performs many of the vital functions of natural blood

Advantages

1. Perflourocarbons do not react with oxygen.

2. Perflourocarbons allow easy transportation of the oxygen to the body.

3. They allow increased solubility of oxygen in plasma.

4. Perflourocarbons minimize the effects of factors like pH and temperature in blood

Circulation.

Disadvantages-

1. This is often caused by phagocytises of the per fluorocarbon emulsion by the recipient

Organism’s immune system.

2. Often causes flu-like symptoms.

3. Unable to remain mixed as aqueous solutions –thus, they must be prepared as emulsions for use

in patients.

4. Because PFC absorbs oxygen passively, patients must breathe at a linear rate to ensure

oxygenation of tissue.

Products

HBOCs Haemoglobin-based products are called haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs). Raw hemoglobin cannot be used because it would break down into smaller, toxic compounds within

the body. Unlike PFC products where dissolving is the key mechanism, oxygen covalently bonds to

haemoglobin. Various other steps are needed to form haemoglobin into a useful and safe oxygen therapeutic. These

may include cross-linking, polymerization, and encapsulation.  Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin, nanoparticle and polymersome

encapsulated hemoglobin, stabilized hemoglobin solutions, polymerized hemoglobin solutions, conjugated hemoglobin solutions.

Hemopure Hemopure is made of chemically stabilized, cross-linked bovine (cow) hemoglobin situated in a salt

solution. It is also known as Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (bovine) or HBOC 201.  It stabilizes the hemoglobin by cross-linking it. This is done by cross-linking the two alpha, and the

two beta subunits. This then stabilizes the alpha-beta dimers, which in turn makes the hemoglobin molecule more

stable, and also reduces its affinity for oxygen, making it easier to deliver oxygen to the tissues. Hemopure is smaller in size (up to 1,000 times smaller than a typical red blood cell) and has less

viscosity than human red blood cells (which contain hemoglobin). They can pass through occluded arteries and maintain normal blood pressure thereby preventing the

chances of heart attack, ischemic attack, angina. Hemopure is currently approved in South Africa for the use of surgical patients who are anemic,

thereby reducing or eliminating the need of blood transfusions for these patients. It is currently in Phase III Clinical Trials in South Africa and Europe.

Sum Up

Artificial blood can be regarded as a blood substitute for providing increase in fluid volume

and oxygen carrying capacity of vessels.

Currently artificial blood technology is limited to short-term blood replacement

applications.

Blood substitutes are currently undergoing preliminary clinical trials to determine their

safety.

Two distinctly different classes of oxygen carriers are being developed, each capable of

transporting and delivering oxygen to peripheral tissues.

References

Masoud Mozafari, et, al, Blood Disorders & Transfusion-Artificial Blood - A Game Changer for Future Medicine: Where are we Today?, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, 2015, Volume 6,Issue 5, 1000312.

Manisha D. et, al, World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ARTIFICIAL BLOOD: A LIFE SAVING TOOL, Department of Pharmaceutics, volume 4, Issue 04, 518-532.

ARTIFICIAL CELL: what is it and what can it do, 2016 march

THANKS A LOT