Articulatory Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

ArticulatoryPhoneticsand the

InternationalPhonetic Alphabet

Readings andOther Materials

Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Articulatory Phoneticsand the International Phonetic Alphabet



Readings andOther MaterialsSupplementary Readings

Handouts

Online Tutorials

Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Supplementary Readings

The following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:

I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 2 (pp. 34-40)




Handouts

Online Tutorials

Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Handouts for This Lecture

For this lecture, you should have printed out the followinghandout, which was posted to the course website:

I Chart of IPA Symbols




Handouts

Online Tutorials

Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Online Tutorials

Some helpful online tutorials (and related stuff) havebeen posted to the course website, under the page“Readings and Tutorials”




Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Review:The Need for a Phonetic Alphabet

I For the next few weeks, we’ll be studying the soundsystems of human languages

I Therefore, we need a way of representing speechsounds (phones)

I Conventional spelling systems (like for English) areno good for this:

I They are ambiguous (‘read’ ≈ ‘reed’ or ‘red’)I They only represent some phones




Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Review:The International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

I A unambiguous notation that represents the phonesof all the worlds languages

I Every phone is represented by one symbolI Every symbol represents only one phone

I The symbols are defined by a description of thesound’s articulatory phonetics

I (How the sound is produced / articulated)




Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Review:Articulatory Phonetics of Consonants

In English, there are four (main) parameters for describing thearticulatory phonetics of consonants:

I Voicing: whether the sound is voiced or voicelessI Nasality: whether the sound is nasal or oralI Place of Articulation: where the vocal tract is manipulated

I BilabialI Labio-DentalI DentalI AlveolarI AlveopalatalI PalatalI VelarI Glottal

I Manner of articulation: how the vocal tract is manipulatedI StopI FricativeI AffricateI Approximant




Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Review:Articulatory Phonetics of Consonants

Some IPA Symbols and their Definitions:

[t] voiceless oral alveolar stop[m] voiced nasal bilabial stop[T] voiceless oral dental fricative[j] voiced oral palatal approximant




Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Today Class:

I We will now extend this discussion to vowels:I We’ll discuss their articulatory phoneticsI We’ll define the IPA symbols used for their

transcription

I We will practice IPA transcription of Englishsentences together.




Review

IPA: The VowelsThe Articulatory Phoneticsof Vowels

Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs

The Major Diphthongs

The Minor Diphthongs

Practice

The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels

I To define the IPA symbols for vowels, we will need todiscuss their articulatory phonetics

I In English, there are four main parameters fordescribing the articulatory phonetics of a vowel:

Tongue Height (how close to roof of the mouth)Tongue Backness (how far back in mouth)Lip Rounding (whether lips are ‘puckered’)Tenseness (how ‘tense’ the tongue is)




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Vowel Height

I One key difference between vowels: their ‘height’I The distance b/ the tongue and the roof of the mouth

I To feel this, alternate between saying “heat” and “hat”

I “Heat”: your tongue is near the roof of your mouth

I “Hat”: your tongue is lower to your jaw

I (and your jaw is also lowered some, too...)




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Vowel Height

I One key difference between vowels: their ‘height’I The distance b/ the tongue and the roof of the mouth

I To feel this, alternate between saying “heat” and “hat”I “Heat”: your tongue is near the roof of your mouth

I “Hat”: your tongue is lower to your jawI (and your jaw is also lowered some, too...)




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Vowel Height

When describing height, three values are used:

I High: very close to the roof of the mouth[i] “ee”-sound (heat)[u] “oo”-sound (hoot)

I Mid: mid-way between roof of mouth and jaw[e] “ay”-sound (hate)[o] “oh”-sound (hope)

I Low: lowered to the jaw[æ] “a”-sound (hat)[A] “ah”-sound (hot)




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Vowel Backness

I Another key difference between vowels: ‘backness’I How far back in the mouth the tongue is positioned

I To feel this, alternately say “heat” and “hoot”

I “Heat”: your tongue is ‘bunched up’ near the front

I “Hoot”: your tongue is ‘bunched up’ near the back




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Vowel Backness

I Another key difference between vowels: ‘backness’I How far back in the mouth the tongue is positioned

I To feel this, alternately say “heat” and “hoot”I “Heat”: your tongue is ‘bunched up’ near the front

I “Hoot”: your tongue is ‘bunched up’ near the back




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Vowel BacknessWhen describing backness, three values are used:

I Back: close to the back of the mouth

[u] “oo”-sound (hoot) high back[o] “oh”-sound (hope) mid back[A] “ah”-sound (hot) low back

I Central: midway between back and front

[2] “uh”-sound (cut) low central[@] “uh”-sound (sofas) mid central[1] “uh”-sound (roses) high central

I Front: at the front of the mouth

[i] “ee”-sound (heat) high front[e] “ay”-sound (hate) mid front[æ] “a”-sound (hat) low front




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Rounding

I So far, the parameters for describing vowels involvethe position of the tongue...

I But another difference involves the lips: ‘rounding’I Whether the lips are ‘rounded’ (puckered) when you

make the sound

I To feel this, alternately say “heat” and “hoot”

I “Hoot”: your lips are puckered and extended

I “Heat”: your lips are not puckered in this way




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Rounding

I So far, the parameters for describing vowels involvethe position of the tongue...

I But another difference involves the lips: ‘rounding’I Whether the lips are ‘rounded’ (puckered) when you

make the sound

I To feel this, alternately say “heat” and “hoot”I “Hoot”: your lips are puckered and extended

I “Heat”: your lips are not puckered in this way




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

RoundingWhen describing rounding, two values are used:

I Rounded: lips are rounded when vowel is made

[u] “oo”-sound (hoot) high back rounded[o] “oh”-sound (hope) mid back rounded[O] “aw”-sound (caught) mid back rounded

I Unrounded: lips are not rounded when vowel is made

[i] “ee”-sound (heat) high front unrounded[e] “ay”-sound (hate) mid front unrounded[æ] “a”-sound (hat) low front unrounded[A] “ah”-sound (hot) low back unrounded

I Note: In English, all rounded vowels are back vowels.I Note: In some parts of the US, people don’t have [O]

I For them, “cot” and “caught” both have [A]




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

RoundingWhen describing rounding, two values are used:

I Rounded: lips are rounded when vowel is made

[u] “oo”-sound (hoot) high back rounded[o] “oh”-sound (hope) mid back rounded[O] “aw”-sound (caught) mid back rounded

I Unrounded: lips are not rounded when vowel is made

[i] “ee”-sound (heat) high front unrounded[e] “ay”-sound (hate) mid front unrounded[æ] “a”-sound (hat) low front unrounded[A] “ah”-sound (hot) low back unrounded

I Note: In English, all rounded vowels are back vowels.I Note: In some parts of the US, people don’t have [O]

I For them, “cot” and “caught” both have [A]




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Tenseness

I The final parameter for vowels is ‘tenseness’I Before we define it, let’s get an intuitive feel for it.

I Alternate between saying “heat” and “hit”.A few things seem to happen:

I “Heat”: vowel lasts longer than with “hit”I “Heat”: tongue is closer to the roof of mouthI “Heat”: tongue ‘tensed’ more than with “hit”

I Alternate between saying “sale” and “sell”.A few things seem to happen:

I “Sale”: vowel lasts longer than with “sell”I “Sale”: tongue is closer to the roof of mouthI “Sale”: tongue ‘tensed’ more than with “sell”




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Tenseness









Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Tenseness









Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Tenseness

These differences between “heat/hit” and “sale/sell”illustrate tenseness.

In describing tenseness, two values are used:

I Tense Vowels (“heat”, “sale”)I Pronounced with greater “tensing” of the tongueI Tongue is closer to roof of the mouthI Pronounced with greater duration (length)

I Lax Vowels (“hit”, “sell”)I Pronounced with less “tensing” of the tongueI Tongue is further from roof of the mouthI Pronounced with less duration (length)




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Tenseness

These differences between “heat/hit” and “sale/sell”illustrate tenseness.

In describing tenseness, two values are used:

I Tense Vowels (“heat”, “sale”)I Pronounced with greater “tensing” of the tongueI Tongue is closer to roof of the mouthI Pronounced with greater duration (length)

I Lax Vowels (“hit”, “sell”)I Pronounced with less “tensing” of the tongueI Tongue is further from roof of the mouthI Pronounced with less duration (length)




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Tenseness

I Let’s now run through all the tense vowels and all thelax vowels of English.

I By doing this, we will also exhaustively list all the IPAsymbols for the (simple) vowels of English.




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Tenseness

The Tense Vowels:

[i] ‘ee’-sound (heat) high, front , unrounded, tense[e] ‘ay’-sound (hate) mid, front , unrounded, tense[u] ‘oo’-sound (hoot) high, back , rounded, tense[o] ‘oh’-sound (hope) mid, back, rounded, tense[A] ‘ah’-sound (hot) low, back, unrounded, tense

As we will see, there are many more lax vowels in Englishthan tense vowels...




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Tenseness

The Lax Vowels:

[I] ‘i’-sound (hit) high, front, unrounded, lax[E] ‘e’-sound (sell) mid, front, unrounded, lax[æ] ‘a’-sound (hat) low, front, unrounded, lax

[1] “uh”-sound (roses) high, central, unrounded, lax[@] “uh”-sound (sofas) mid, central, unrounded lax[2] “uh”-sound (cut) low, central, unrounded, lax

[U] “u”-sound (put) high, back, rounded, lax[O] “aw”-sound (caught) mid, back, rounded, lax




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Diphthongs

We’ve just learned:

I The four parameters for describing the articulatoryphonetics of (English) vowels

I The IPA symbols for all of the (simple) vowel soundsof English...

But, we’re not done yet......because we haven’t yet talked about diphthongs




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

Diphthongs

We’ve just learned:

I The four parameters for describing the articulatoryphonetics of (English) vowels

I The IPA symbols for all of the (simple) vowel soundsof English...

But, we’re not done yet......because we haven’t yet talked about diphthongs




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice

What is a ‘Diphthong’?

I Pure Vowel: One that does not show a noticeablechange in quality during its production

I That is, the vowel ends in the same place it startsI Basically, it’s just one single, simple soundI Examples: “bah”, “bee”, “boo”

I Diphthong: One that does show a noticeablechange in quality during its production

I That is, the vowel ends differently from how it startsI Basically, it’s a combination of vowel soundsI Examples: “buy”, “boy”, “bow” (of a ship)




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice


[aj] “eye”-sound eye, lie, buy, rye, etc.[aw] “ow”-sound now, how, bow, loud etc.[Oj] “oy”-sound boy, toy, joy, Freud etc.

Note:As with affricates, the IPA representation of a diphthong isa pair of symbols:

I The first is the sound the diphthong starts withI The second is the sound the diphthong ends with




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice


I These are not the only diphthongs of English...

I But before I introduce you to the others, I need tomake a confession...

I I lied to you earlier when I said the following:

I English contains the following vowels: [e], [o]I [e] is the sound in “hate”, [o] is the sound in “hope”

I The Truth:

I Modern American English does not have the purevowels [e] and [o]

I In Modern American English, the sounds in “hate”and “hope” are diphthongs




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice




I I lied to you earlier when I said the following:

I English contains the following vowels: [e], [o]I [e] is the sound in “hate”, [o] is the sound in “hope”

I The Truth:






Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice




I I lied to you earlier when I said the following:I English contains the following vowels: [e], [o]I [e] is the sound in “hate”, [o] is the sound in “hope”

I The Truth:






Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice




I I lied to you earlier when I said the following:I English contains the following vowels: [e], [o]I [e] is the sound in “hate”, [o] is the sound in “hope”

I The Truth:I Modern American English does not have the pure

vowels [e] and [o]I In Modern American English, the sounds in “hate”

and “hope” are diphthongs




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice


I Pronounce the word “lay” very slowly

I It starts off as an [e]...I But, it ends somewhere different (near [i])I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ej]

I Pronounce the word “low” very slowly

I It starts off as an [o]...I But, it ends somewhere different (near [u])I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ow]

I We call [ej] and [ow] the ‘minor diphthongs’ ofEnglish.




Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice


I Pronounce the word “lay” very slowlyI It starts off as an [e]...I But, it ends somewhere different (near [i])I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ej]







Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice









Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice



I Pronounce the word “low” very slowlyI It starts off as an [o]...I But, it ends somewhere different (near [u])I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ow]





Review


Vowel Height

Vowel Backness

Lip Rounding

Tenseness

Diphthongs



Practice



I Pronounce the word “low” very slowlyI It starts off as an [o]...I But, it ends somewhere different (near [u])I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ow]





Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Practice Time!

I You now know all the IPA symbols necessary forphonetic transcription of English.

I Let’s put this knowledge to practice!

I Feel free to consult the chart of IPA symbols you(were supposed to have) brought to class!




Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Practice Time!

Let’s read the following together:

[f@nAl@Ã1sts m2st kip Dejô iôz spEktækjul1ôli klin]

(Phonologists must keep their ears spectacularly clean.)




Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Practice Time!


[f@nAl@Ã1sts m2st kip Dejô iôz spEktækjul1ôli klin]

(Phonologists must keep their ears spectacularly clean.)




Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Practice Time!


[ju majt fajnd D@ An lajn tutOôi@lz An D@ klæs wEbsajt hElpf2l]

(You might find the on-line tutorials on the class websitehelpful.)




Review

IPA: The Vowels

Practice

Practice Time!


[ju majt fajnd D@ An lajn tutOôi@lz An D@ klæs wEbsajt hElpf2l]

(You might find the on-line tutorials on the class websitehelpful.)

Articulatory Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

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