Article 15 18

8/18/2019 Article 15 18

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EQUALITY - FACETS• Prohibition on the State –

• Non-conferment of Title - Prohibition on State -

Article 18

• Article 1

•

Non-!i"crimination for #$blic em#lo%ment –Art& 1• Prohibition on Individuals –

• Prohibition of Unto$chabilit% – Art& 1'

• Restriction on State and Individuals – • Article 1(

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A)TICLE 18- "tate create* ine+$alit%• 1& The State "hall not confer title other than militar% an*

aca*emic one"

• ,& No title" from forein "tate "hall be acce#te* b%

citi.en"

• /& A non-citi.en 0hile hol*in office of #rofit or tr$"t

$n*er the State "hall acce#t title" from forein "tate0itho$t the con"ent of the Pre"i*ent&

• & No #er"on hol*in office of #rofit2 or tr$"t $n*er the

State "hall 0itho$t the con"ent of the Pre"i*ent acce#t #re"ent2 emol$ment or office $n*er a forein State&

• No #$ni"hment for 3iolation – onl% #rohibition4#re"cri#tion

• Balaji Raghavan 3& UI 51667 harat )atna etc& not title –

b$t *irecte* la%in *o0n of crtiria

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A)TICLE 1' – "ocial ine+$alit%• 1& Unto$chabilit% i" aboli"he* an* it" #ractice in an%

form #rohibite*& An% *i"abilit% on $nto$chabilit% i"

an offence

• Parliament #a""e* the Unto$chabilit% 9:ffence";

Act2 16(( rename* a" the Protection of Ci3il )iht"

Act in 16'&

• Ci3il )iht" – an% riht accr$e" to a #er"on b% the abolition

of $nto$chabilit%

• SC4ST 9Pre3ention of Atrocitie"; Act2 1686

• )elate* to Art& 1(9,; –riht to enter #$blic #lace"

• Art& /82 – obliate State to ren*er "ocio-

economic <$"tice – to be rea* into

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A)TICLE 1(• 1& The State "hall not *i"criminate citi.en" onl% on

the ro$n*" of religion, race, caste, sex, place of

birth or an% of them• , No re"traint on the abo3e ro$n*" for

• Acce"" to "ho#"2 #$blic re"ta$rant"2 hotel"4 #lace" of

#$blic entertainment• U"e of 0ell2 tan="2 bathin hat"2 roa*"2 #lace" of

#$blic re"ort2 maintaine* o$t of "tate f$n*"4

*e*icate* to the eneral #$blic• /& No #rohibition aain"t ma=in "#ecial #ro3i"ion

for 0omen an* chil*ren

• & No #re3ention from ma=in "#ecial #ro3i"ion fora*3ancement of SEC2SC4ST"&

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A)TICLE 1(• (& No #re3ention for ma=in la0" for a*3ancement of

SEC2SC4ST" in e*$cational in"tit$tion" incl$*in the #ri3ate

e*l& In"tit$tion" other than minorit% one"& 5 6/r*

Am*mt& ,>>(7 – "e+$el to TMA Pai 5,>>,7 ? PA Inamdar 5,>>(7

• !i"crimination on ro$n*" other than tho"e mentione* in1(91; not ba* – D.P. Joshi 3& M.B& 16((2 ca#atation fee -

*i"crimination on the ba"i" of #lace of residence hel* not hit b% the #ro3i"ion&

• Cl& / – discrimination only on sex bad )e"er3ation of"eat" for 0omen in m$nici#alitie"2 ""tabli"hment ofe*$cational in"tit$tion" for 0omen etc& not ba* $n*er Art& 1(

– Dattatraya 3& Bom&2 16(/& P$ni"hin man an* not #$ni"hin0omen $n*er " 6' IPC i" not 3iolati3e of 1( e3en if "he i"e+$all% $ilt% of a*$lter% – !"s"# Abd"l A$i$ 3& Bombay2 16(

• In AP 3& P.B. %ijaya&"mar 5166(7 +$ota for 0omen in "er3ice-hel* 3ali*&

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A)TICLE 1(• Cl –S#ecial #rotection for SEC

• aftermath of Madras 3& 'ham(a&am Dorairajan2 16(1& 51"t

amen*ment7

• !i"crimination im#lie" – $nfa3o$rable bia"

• @:nl% on the ro$n*" – im#ortant

• !i"crimination on ro$n*" not mentione* in 1( –

rea"onable

• In Balaji 3& Mysore2 16/ - the co$rt hel* that

cla""ification of cla""e" a" bac=0ar* an* more bac=0ar*a" ba*& Criterion for bac=0ar*ne"" –not #o3ert% an* ca"te

– b$t cla""& $t ca"te 0a" a rele3ant factor in *eterminin

the bac=0ar*ne""& I*entif%in 6>B of the #o#$lation a"

bac=0ar* i" 0ron& 1(9; ece#tion to 1(91;

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A)TICLE 1(• In A& Peria&ar"((an 3& T) 2 16'1 USD Balram

516',7 the co$rt hel* that ca"te can be the criterion

for *eterminin bac=0ar*ne"" #ro3i*e* the

member" belon to SEC&

• T0o i""$e"

• Criteria for *eterminin bac=0ar*ne""

• Q$ant$m of re"er3ation

•

S#ecial #ro3i"ion "hall be in line 0ith the intere"t"of the comm$nit%

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A)TICLE 1(• Article 1( *eal" 0ith an a"#ect of e+$alit% – non-

*i"crimination of citi.en" incl$*in acce"" to #$blic

#lace*

• It b$t2 enable" "#ecial la0 in fa3o$r of 0omen an*

chil*ren an*

• For bac=0ar* cla""e"

• Article 1 #ro3i*e" for non-*i"crimination in

matter" of em#lo%ment on ro$n*" incl$*in

*e"cent an* #lace of birth&

• $t no bar in #re"cribin +$alification an*

re"er3ation for bac=0ar* cla""e" 0ho are not

a*e+$atel% re#re"ente*- Art& //(

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A)TICLE 1(• All "er3ice con*ition" be "$b<ect to Art& 1

• )$le" $4Art& />6 – ha3e to be in accor*ance 0ith Art& 1 ?

1

• *arnata&a 3& Umadevi 5,>>7 – no re$lari.ation

• 1 9/; P$blic Em#lo%ment 9)e+$irement a" to

)e"i*ence; Act2 16('• 19(; Inc$mbent of an office in relation to a

reliion4*enomination to belon to it

• 19; )e"er3ation for bac=0ar* cla""e"

• Three thin" to be con"i*ere*

• ac=0ar*ne""

• A*e+$ac% of re#re"entation

• Efficienc% of A*mini"tration

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A)TICLE 1(• Rangachari2 516,7 no re"er3ation in matter" of #romotion

• Etent of re"er3ation

• Balaji 3& Mysore 516/7-ca"te not the "ole criterion- 8Bre"er3ation in e*& In"tit$tion" –bac=0ar*- more bac=0ar*

cla""ification ba*

• Devadasan 3& UI 5167 – carr% for0ar* r$le hel* 3iolati3e of

Art& 191; an* re"er3ation not to ecee* (>B

• )M Thomas 3& *erala 516'7 – eem#tion to #a"" *e#artmental

te"t for SC4ST

•

No re"er3ation in "inle #o"t – 'ha&radhar Pas+an 3& UI 516887• Indra+ ,ahney – bac=0ar*ne"" – criteria – bac=0ar* –more

bac=0ar* – not ba* – IAS officer" not bac=0ar* –conce#t of

cream% la%er – total re"er3ation cannot be more than (>B- no

re"er3ation in #romotion

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A)TICLE 1(• No re"er3ation in *efence – technical #o"t" – teachin"

#o"t" – Profe""or"- "$#er-"#ecialitie" – #ilot" – #erio*ic

re3i"ion of bac=0ar* cla""e"• Art& 19; – tran"itor% #ro3i"ion

• 19A; – re"er3ation in #romotion

•

19> – re"er3ation to be be%on* (>B

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A)TICLE 1(• In Jayasree 3& *erala2 16'2 the co$rt hel* that non-

re"er3ation for tho"e 0ho"e ann$al income 0a"

abo3e 1>>>>-4#a 0a" hel* oo*&

• Po3ert% i" i*entifie* a" the criterion for SEne""&

• In MP 3& )ivedita Jain2 168' the co$rt $#hel*

relaation of mar=" for SC4ST in the #re-me*ical

eamination

• In *erala 3& R. Jacob2 16 er& GC "tr$c= *o0n

the or*er of the o3t& rantin re"er3ation to the

chil*ren of the me*ical #ractitioner" in HS

co$r"e a" 3iolati3e of Art& 12 1(&

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A)TICLE 1(• In Dr. Priti ,rivastava 3& MP &2 the co$rt hel* that in

"$#er "#ecialt% co$r"e"2 onl% merit "hall be the

criterion&

• In Asho& *"mar Tha&"r 3& UI 2 ,>>82 0hile

$#hol*in the con"tit$tionalit% of cla$"e (2 the co$rt

hel* that re"er3ation of bac=0ar* citi.en" in hihere*$cational in"tit$tion" li=e IIT&

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A)TICLE 16• 1& E+$alit% of o##ort$nit% for all citi.en" in matter"

relatin to em#lo%ment to office" $n*er the State

• ,& No citi.en" be *i"criminate* onl% on religion, race,

caste, sex2 *e"cent2 place of birth2 re"i*ence or an% of

them

• /& Nothin of the abo3e #re3ent" Parliament fromma=in an% la0 #re"cribin for an%

em#lo%ment4a##ointment to an% office an% re+$irement

a" to re"i*ence 0ithin the State4 Union Territor%

• & Nothin of the abo3e #re3ent" the State from ma=in

#ro3i"ion for re"er3ation of a##ointment"4#o"t" in

fa3o$r of C of citi.en"2 0hich in the o#inion of the

State i" not a*e+$atel% re#re"ente* in the State "er3ice"&

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A)TICLE 1• A& Nothin of the abo3e #re3ent" the State from ma=in

#ro3i"ion for re"er3ation for #romotion 0ith con"e+$ential

"eniorit% to an% cla""4e" of #o"t" for SC4SC 0hich i" nota*e+$atel% re#re"ente* 5''th Ame*& 166(7

• 9 A; Not0ith"tan*in an%thin containe* el"e0here in theCon"tit$tion2 the

•

Sche*$le* Ca"te" an* the Sche*$le* Tribe" notifie* $n*erarticle /1 an* article /,2re"#ecti3el%2 "hall be *eeme* to be bac=0ar* an* nothin in thi" article or in article //( "hall #re3ent the State from ma=in an% #ro3i"ion for re"er3ation inmatter" of #romotion"2 0ith con"e+$ential "eniorit%2 to an%cla"" or cla""e" of #o"t" in the "er3ice" $n*er the State infa3o$r of the Sche*$le* Ca"te" an* the Sche*$le* Tribe" tothe etent of the #ercentae of re"er3ation #ro3i*e* to theSche*$le* Ca"te" an* the Sche*$le* Tribe" in the "er3ice" of

the State&&

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Article 1• & Nothin of the abo3e #re3ent" the State from

con"i*erin the $nfille* re"er3e* 3acancie" in a %ear

in accor*& 0ith 2 A a" a "e#arate cla"" to be fille*

$# in the "$ccee*in %ear"& S$ch 3acancie" "hall not

be treate* toether 0ith the 3acancie" for the

#$r#o"e of (>B• (&Nothin of the abo3e #re3ent" the o#eration of

an% la0 #ro3i*in that inc$mbent of an% office

connecte* 0ith reliion4*enomination4 o3ernin bo*% "hall belon to that reliion&

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• There can be rea"onable cla""ification $n*er Art& 1

• In ).M . Thomas 3& *erala2 516'7 SC hel* that

• Article" 12 1( ? 1 form #art of a "trin an* that

• Art& 191; allo0" eem#tin L!C" belonin to

SC4ST from #a""in te"t" to be #romote* a" U!C"• Hinorit% "ai* that re"er3ation "ho$l* not be at the

co"t of efficienc%&

•

Later2 in AB,* ,angh2 Indra+ ,ahney the co$rtreiterate* it&

• There cannot be here*itar% o3t& <ob" – Dasaratha

Rama Rao 3& AP &2 51617

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)e"er3ation –in em#lo%ment• Devadasan 3& UI 5167 the @carr% for0ar* r$le 0a"

hel* 3ali* in "o far a" it *i* not 3iolate the riht" of

other cla""e"&

• Thi" 0a" o3err$le* in Mandal 'ommission 'ase

0hich hel* that re"er3ation "ho$l* not be more than

(>B& So came Art& -

• No re"er3ation in one #o"t - P- Instit"te o# Med.

d"cation / Reserarch 3& 0ac"lty Asssn. 516687

• Mandal 'ommission ca"e bro$ht the conce#t of

cream% la%erJ

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)e"er3ation –in em#lo%ment• E+$alit% mean"

• Ab"ence of !i"crimination on certain ro$n*" -

• )eliion2 race2 ca"te2 #lace of birth&

• $t2 there can be "#ecial treatment to• Komen an* chil*ren ?

• ac=0ar* Cla""e" –"ociall% an* e*$cationall%

• Th$"2 there are t0o =in*" of bac=0ar* cla""e" i*entifie* b% the

con"tit$tion –

•

:C" ? SC4ST• Ca"te i" an in*e to *etermine bac=0ar*ne"" – Ca"te i" al"o a cla"" –

AP 3& U,% Balram 516',7

• In "o far a" ca"te" are "ociall% an* e*$cationall% bac=0ar* –

Peria&ar"((an 3& T) & 516'17

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)e"er3ation –in em#lo%ment• Q$ant$m of re"er3ation• 8B 0a" hel* to be ba* – MR. Balaji 3& Mysore2 516/7

• No "inle #o"t re"er3ation a" it amo$nt" 1>>B re"er3ation –'ha&radhar Pas+an 3& ,tate o# Bihar

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)e"er3ation –in em#lo%ment• Protecti3e !i"crimination – 3ali* ro$n* of cla""ification –not

3iolati3e of e+$alit%

•

Pro3i"ion for "#ecial treatment i" an enablin cla$"e – ,'1,T 2el#are Association 3& Union o# India 516887

• ro$n*" of "$ch *i"crimination – "ocial an* e*$cational

bac=0ar*ne"" –ca"te to be in*e – AP 3& U,% Balram 516',7

•

:C" ? SC4ST• :C" to be *etermine* b% the State"

• SC4ST to be notifie* $n*er Article" /1 ? /, b% the Pre"i*ent

• Scope and Extent of Discrimination

• )e"er3ation in oriinal a##ointment

• Can be more than (>B - !e3a*a"an 32& Union of In*ia 5167

• :3err$le* in Mandal 'ommission 'ase

• Gence came Art& 1 9;

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)e"er3ation –in em#lo%ment• In matter" of #romotion 0ith con"e+$ential "eniorit% 51 9A;7 A"

Mandal 'ommission 'ase hel* other0i"e

•

Eem#tion from the re+$irement" to the eneral cateorie" – ).M.Thomas 3& ,tate o# *erala 516'7 – re+$irement of #a""in te"t

• )e"er3ation not to affect efficienc% of a*mini"tration Art& //(

• )e"er3ation in oriinal a##ointment

•Can be more than (>B - 5Art& 1-;7 after Mandal 'ommission 'ase hel* other0i"e

• Promotion 0ith con"e+$ential "eniorit% 51 9A;7 A" Mandal

'ommission 'ase hel* other0i"e

•Eem#tion from the re+$irement" to the eneral cateorie" – ).M.Thomas 3& ,tate o# *erala 516'7 – re+$irement of #a""in te"t

• S#ecial treatment not to affect efficienc% of a*mini"tration Art& //(

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