Art of Woodworking Sharpening and Tool Care

8/8/2019 Art of Woodworking Sharpening and Tool Care

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WORKSHOPUIDE

Thestart-up attagef a powerool sgener-

ally30-40% igherhan he unning attage.Usinghe ormulavolts dmps watts),ou

canavoid verloadingnelectr icalircuit ydetermininghetherhemaximumoadtoolwilldraw xceedsheamperagef hecircuit. n a 11O-voltircuit,orexample,7%-inchircularaw ould raw 8amos(110

x znlps 2000).The aw ould ver-load 1S-ampircui t , utnota 20-ampne.

. Wear ppropriateafety quipment:safety lasses, faceor dustmask fyou

re anding,ndhear ingrotect ion

if youareoperatingoolsoranextend-edper iodf ime.

. Clamp l lworkpiecesecurelyhenev-er possibleo keep ot h andsree onnpra ip ihp inn l

. Beaware f the posit ion f the powercordat al l t imes.

. Make l l adjustmentso a toolwith hei nn l rnn l r roocd

POWER()()L AFETYIPS

o Main ta inndc leanoo ls egu la r l y .Keep l l b lades ndb i t s harp , l ean ,

and undamaged.heck egular lyorloose arts nd rayed ords.

r Never arry connectedoolwithyourf inger n he r igger.

. T ie back ongha i randavo idwear ingloose lo th ing . emoveings ndotherjewe l ryha tcanca tch cc iden ta l l ynmoving arts.

. Do notoverreach.eep roperoot ingandba lancet a l l imes .

. Make u re ha t i gh t ing ndvent i l a t ionin th eworkarea readequate.

o Donotuse ools f the loor s dampor wet

. Keep ourworkarea lean nd idy ;c lu t t e r an ead o acc iden ts . eep e ts

ch i ld ren , ndon lookersway rom heworkarea.

r Concent ra ten he ob.Donot ushor takeshortcuts. everwork f youaret i red , t ressedr have een r ink inga lcoho l r us ing nymed ica t ionhatinduces rows iness .

TYPICAL OWERO()IWATTAGEATING

T00r WATTS ISTART-UP

Ai rcompressor3-hp) 4000

Table aw %-hp) 4000

Saberaw I 500

Circularaw 7%") 2000

Circularaw 6%") 1800Belt ander I 500

Benchrinder%-hp) 1500

Orbitalander 900

Router I 500

Electricrill %" ) 800


Powerlane 600


Random-orbitander 500

HVLP pray ystem 400

PLUGGINGNSAFELY

Checking rounding nd load requiremenloEnsure rhala Vowerool is rated elecLricallyafe, heckinqito nameVlate. oamVle ameVlales shown bove. toolshould eapproved y he UL Underwntersaborator ieo)rCOA CanadianLandards ssocial ion).loomake ure hal

the Vowerool egroundedr double- ineulaLed.A groundedool hasa lhree-pronq luq ndmaybemarked

"qroundinqrequi red" ' ,double- insula ledool is marked

"doub leineulaNed"ndmaybearNhe ymbol h own. ora

?ower oolor exten; ion ordwith a Nhree-Vro nqluq,useonlya e imi lar uNlet : ever end r remove he h i rd,o rqroundinq,Vronq f a pluq.EneurehaNLheoutr leL,eual lyon a 15-or 20- ampcircuitr ,anVrovtdeufficient urrent,orNheVower ool. heckNhemperaqeatr ing f Lhepoweroolon ts nameplale;f iN e rated af,1Oor moream?ereo,urnoff anyhiqh urrentr-drawingppl ianceoperal inq nlhesameelecLricl circuitr .

BRAN/ BELTAISDIR

2.4A,rr ro 42653 426 HI/o

CAUTION: ["t*it:i?i5l6,u".

"*LyTDENT.ALE'LA.EMENTARrs.

@illAl{UfACURtR uo1",".,"o



THEARTOFWOODWORKING

SHARPENING

ANDTOOICARE



THEART OF WOODVVORKING

AI\IDTOOLCAR

TIME-LIFEOOKSALEXANDRIA,IRGINIA

SWENING

ST.REMYPRESSMONTREAL. EWYORK



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SeriesEditorSeries rt Director

SeniorEditorEditor

Art DirectorsDesigners

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KennethWinchesterPierre L6veill6

PierreHome-DouglasFrancineLemieuxMarc CassiniIim McRaeNormandBoudr..ault, uc GermainH€ldneDion, Michel GigubreChristopher acksonAndrewJones, avid SimonBryanQuinnGillesBeauchemin,Roland Bergerat,Michel Blais,Jean-Guy oiron,Ronald Durepos, Robert Paquet,

Maryo Proulx, JamesTh6rienNatalie WatanabeMichelleTurbide

fean-LucRoyRobert ChartierDominique Gagn6GaretMarkvoortChristineM. facobs

THE ARTOF WOODWORKING was produced by

ST.REMYPRESSTHECONSUITANTS

Mil<eDunbar builds ine umiture at his worlshopin PortsmNew Hampshire. The author of seven ooks and a contribuedrtorof AmericanWoodworker nd EarlyAmericanLife mazines,Dunbar alsooffersWindsor chairmakingseminars cNorthAmerica.

GilesMiller-Mead taught advanced abinetrnaking t Montechnical schools or more than ten years.A native of NeZeaLand,e hasworked asa restorerof antique urniture

Td Fuller isproductmanageratDelta nternational MacherylPorterCable Canada).He s currently working in newproductdevelopment nd marketing or woodworking ooand equipment.He s alsoan amateurwoodworker.

Sharpening tool care.p. cm.- (TheArt of woodworking)Includes ndex.ISBN0-8094-9933-91 Woodworking ools- Maintenance nd repair.2. Sharpening f tools. I. Time-LifeBooks.IL Title: Sharpening nd ool care.III. Series.TT186.545 994684'.08'028-dc20 94-26232

CIP

For nformation about anyTime-Lifebook,please all 1-800-621-7026, r write:Reader nformationTime-Life CustomerServiceP.O.Box C-32068Richmond,Virginia2326r-2068

@ 1994Time-Life Books nc.All rights reserved.No part ofthis book may be reproducedn any orm or any electronic r mechanicalmeans, ncluding nformatstorage nd retrievaldevices r systems, ithout prior wten permission rom the publisher,except hat briefpassmay bequoted or reviews.Printed n U.S.A.Published imultaneouslyn Canada.

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THE TIME INC. BOOK COMPANY

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TIME-LIFEBOOKS

President JohnD. HallVice-President, irector of Marketing Nancy K. Jones

ExecutiveEditor RobertaConlanExccutiveArt Director Ellen Robling

Consulting ditor fohn R. SullivanProiluction Manager Marlene Zack



CONTENTS

6 INTRODUCTION 86 MAINTAINING PORTABTE

POWERTOOLS12 SHARPENINGBASICS 88 Maintenanceips andschedules

14 The cutting edge 90 Anatomy of a router16 Sharpeningoolsandaccessories 92 Anatomyof a saber aw

18 Benchstones 94 Anatomyof aplate oiner

20 Benchgrinders 95 Anatomy of an electricdrill96 Anatomyof a sander

24 SHARPENINGAND MAIN- 97 Anatomyof a circularsawTAINING HAND TOOLS 98 Repairingportablepower ools

26 Handsaws30 Chiselsand gouges 104 MAINTAINING STAIIONARY39 Benchplanes POWERTOOLS46 Scrapeis 106 Basic tationaryool maintenance

51 Roughingand shaping ools 108 Thblesaws55 Braces nd bits 113 Radialarm saws

I20 Band saws58 SHARPENINGPOWERTOOL 126 |ointersandplaners

BLADESAND BITS 131 Drill Presses60 A galleryof bladesandbits I33 Lathesandshapers6I Toolsand accessories 136 Other ools

for sharpening62 Routerbits and shaper utters 140 GLOSSARY64 Molding knives65 Drill bits r42 INDEX70 Circularsawblades73 Band sawblades 144 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

79 Jointerandplanerknives



TNTRODUCTION

RichardStarron the

\ALUE OFSHARP OOLS

\/\/ hen wasa kid I thoughtworkingwoodwas eallydifficult. r was, oo,Y Y because ydad's ool benchwasdominatedy roughscrewdriversnd

assorted renches,ull saws, ndafewauger its. remembert with fondnessbecauset helped etmeon mylifet path,but t

suredidrt'tencouragee o mas-ter hepiecesf rough, plittypine hat occasionallyorked n.Sharp and oolswerearevelationo aguywho grewup thinking hatwood-

working equiredome ortof specialeniusndalotofpowerfrrlquipment.WhenI encounteredcraftsman hobuilt finecountryurniture,miles rom henearestpowerine, was nspiredo earnasmuchas couldabouthow o makeoolsworkwell.Asa result,woodbecame muchmorewelcomingmaterialome.Today,saseasonedeacherfwoodworkingtohildren, yjob s o helpmystudentsppreciatethepossibilitiesfwood. helastthingwanttodo s et hemworkwithbumtools.

It iseasyo fall n lovewith hand ools. have small ollection f time-mellowedimplementshat wouldnot hinkofputtingo work Theyepresenthistory f effortandproblern-sohinghat sacomfortomymodernmind"also ara therineold ools

thatare requentlyputntoservice.uttheools usewerydayin eachinghaveuchlasof anaura bouthernKids anghem roundnddrop han all oo requently.hatis mportant bouthem s hat heywork ight.

Thedifferenceetweendull tool anda sharp ne ssomethingverywood-workerneedso know.It sthe differenceetweenhe rustratedid I wasand hekids teachoday.When showa childhow o whittle,heor she s expectedo tryevery nifeon the ack,usuallyouror five ools.Onlyby makinghis comparisonwill it become learwhichare eally harp ndwhichareustokay.

Everywoodworkerashisor herownpreferred ay o sharpen nedgeool.Some se ilstones,low andstoneheels, rkansastonesr eathertrops. therspreferapaneseater tones,heuseofwhichs almost ritual. n myschool hop,I needo workquicklyand haveongsince ettled n agrindingbelt andbuffing

wheel. t home, haveallenn lovewiththenew echnologyf diamond tones.I firmlybelievehat,whilesharp oolsareessential,here s noone ightway o

sharpenools,only hebestway or you. t takesime o figure t out,but t is timeyou mustbewilling o spend.t is ike building he oundation f yourhome.Everythinglse ests n t.

RichardStan has aughtwoodworkingo middleschool tudentsnHanover,NewHampshire, ince1972.HisbookWoodworkingwith Kidsispublishedby huntonPress.tarrhaswrittennumerousrticlesorEtne

Woodworking,Today'sWoodworkerand otherpublications.His televi-sion seriesWoodworkingor Everyonewasbroadcast npublic television.





INTRODUCTION

Philip Lowediscusses

MAINTAININGPO\MERTOOLS

tepping p o apoorlymaintained achinean reate spectrumf emotionsfromapprehensiono frustration.Whenhehandwheelnyour able aw orces

you o oneknee,equiringwohands ndall ofyourstrengthoraiseheblade, ndwhen

hemachine

creamsndsmoke illows sstocks fed hrough,acet: Itttime o do a ittlemaintenance!Perhapshemoststraightforwardartof shopmaintenances heobviouseason

behindt safety ndefficiency.t isvery mportanto keep uttingmplementsharp.Moreaccidentsccurwith dull ools ecauseore orces equiredo operatehe ool.

You l need ew ools o getyoustarted,ncluding greaseun,anoil can,WD-40*, graphite,ilicon pray, ndpaste ax. t is also onveniento have setofwrenches,ockets,exwrenches,ndbrushesor cleaningears.inally, ickupsome brasivesuch ssteelwool,inesilicon arbideaper,nda mill file ordebur-ring shafts ndnicks n tabletops.

Cutters uch ssaw lades,nivesor ointers ndplaners,haper utters, its orrouters nddrill pressesnd urning oolsmustbekeptsharp nd reeofpitchand

resin n order o cut cleanly. itchand esinon cutters ndsaw lades, hichcancauseickback,anbe emoved ith spray ven leaner. omen-househarpeningcan edone o carbideoolswitha diamond tone. igh-speedteel uttersuch sturning ools ndshapernivesan esharpenednabench rinder rhoned ithabench ndslipstones.

Alignment f tables nd encessalsomportant. heposition f a tabletopsimportantespeciallyf it has lots ut n it for mitergauges.heslots eedobepar-allelo thecutters. hesames rue or ences.

Lubricate ears ndwayshat raise nd owerarbors nd ables. ubrication fexposedearsndwayshould edonewith graphite,pray ilicon,rpaste axThesedrylubricantsreventuild up ofsawdusthatwouldoccurf thepartswere reasedoroiled.Bearings ithgreaseittingsor oil caps hould eattendedoperiodically

with the appropriateubricant.Theables ndbeds f allmachineshould e nspeaednd,f necessary,iled lat.

Theseurfaceshould ekept reeofrustandpaintsplatteringsndshould ecleanedwithsteelwoolorfinesilicon-carbideaper. nce lean, napplicationfpaste axwill helppreventustandallowstock o slideacrosshesurface ith ess ffort.

PhilipC.Lowemakesine urniture n hisstudion Beverly, assachusetts.owehas een uildingurnitureorclientshroughoutorth mericaor the ast 5

years,ndhas pent 0 ears sheadnstructorf heurniture rogramt NorthBennet treet chooln Boston, assachusetts.e s filiatedwiththeErneWood-workingseriesfvideosndhiswrittenworles

requentlyppearn theirmagazine.







INTRODUCTION

Ian Waymark alks about

DIFFERENTWAYTO SHARPEN

'|

'h. old adage

Toolsdonotmake hecraftsmad'containsdegreef truth.

I Still,sharpools-although heywillnot make oua craftsperson-will reat-ly improve ndenhanceourskills. n fact, n my opinion,agreat ealof skill dis-

playedy oday's rafupeoplesbasedargely n heirability o create ndmaintainakeen dge n heir cutting ools.Mywood urning ravelshroughout orthAmerica,ustralia,ndNewZealand

have roughtme ncontact ith manyirst-classoodworkers,arvers,oodurners,andustplain hewers"of

wood.Theyhaveorkedn schools,omeworkshops,ndcraftfairs,withvarietyoftoolsromtheverybathigh+peedsteeltohe rudesthomemademplemens. till, heyallhadone hing ncommon: heyused harpools.

Asvariedas hecraftsandcraftspeoplere, oare heirmethods nd oolsusedfor sharpening.ach ne,used orrectly, ill create keen uttingedge. hebestare hosehatdonotoverheatuttingedges.his sprobablyhemostcommonproblem xperiencedy novices hen harpeningools. t isespeciallyeriousf thetool s made f carbonool steel atherhanhigh-speedteel.When arbonool

steels heatedntil t turnsblue hetemper"or hardness"is removed,nd he oolbecomesoftandwill not hold anedgeor more hanafewseconds. igh-speedsteel, n theotherhand,will sustain great ealofheatwithoutdamage.

Thesimple olutiono"tip burning"is o use haqpeningquipmenthatdoes otgenerateighheator to use quipmenthat sconstantlyoolinghecuttingedge sit is beingground.Wetgrindingwill assurehewoodworkercoolcuttingedgeortwo easons:irst hegrindingwheels looded ith a coolantusually ater) opre-ventheatbuildupandsecond,hewetgrindingwheels suallyurn at a veryslowratewhich educesheheatgeneratedy hegrindingprocess.ersonally,findthewetgrinding ystem oth oo slowand oo messy. y experienceithwetgrindinghasbeen neof constantlyleaningheslurryof sawdustndwater rom hestone.

Mypreferenceorsharpeningiswhitealuminum xide rindingwheelollowed

by aquickouch-up n anextra-fine eopreneoningwheel.choosehealuminumoxidewheel imply ecausetsporositymakest avery oolgrindingwheel omparedto oldgray tone r hesandardandingelts r disa. t isalsoeryastcutting,here-byreducinghe imeat thegrinderand educinghe ime allowedor theheatobuild up on hecuttingedge. ohonemy ools usea neopreneheel ecauset isfastand t maintainshehollowgrind ormedby hegrindingwheel.

IanWaymarkhasaughtndustrialducationn Canadafor 6 ears.He s heowner f Woodturner'sWorld,store nGabriolasland,BritishColumbia,hatspecializesn wood urning ools.WaymarkdesignedheOrca1 atheand heSabre harpeningenter.





SWENNGBASICS

I t on. time or another, irtual-. \ lv everv woodworker haslookedupon ool sharpening sarainy-daytask, an onerous dutyundertaken nly asa ast esort hat

seemsalculatedo delay rogressnthe moment's favorite project.Although t maybe mpossibleopersuadellwoodworkerso embracethe oysof tool sharpening-assomedo-sooner or later,mostadoptanattitude of enlightened elf nterest,an understandinghat regularatten-tion to tool conditionwill speed,rather than retard,progressandimprove ottr hequalityofwork andenjoyment f it.

In Japan,pprentice oodwork-ers pendearst hesharpeningench efore ttemptingocut A somewhatlder echnologylso rovidedhe oot-pow-wood. hepractices ootedn reality: ocutand inishwood, ered andstonerinding heel nd tsdescendant,hebenchonemustuse harpools. grinderpage?),whichaves uch abor n removing icks

Themost ealisticouteo sharpools or mostwoodworkers and ormingbevelseforeinalhoning.Iiesn regular ttention.When harpeningndmaintenancere Thischapters ntendedo removehemystery ndsome fadopJedtsartofregularorlshopoutine,he ime equired the abor rom hesharpeningrocess. ith a grinder, ewis reduced-andhebenefits f keen dgesrequicklyealized. benchstones,n understandingf theprocesspage 4),and

There remanyigsandaccessorieshatpromise uickand practice,oucanhavehaqperools-andderivemorepleasureasyesults,ndnoshortagef echniquesith hesameoal. fromyourwoodworking.

A Japaneseinishstones beingused opolish hebackof a bux chisel.Waterstonesike heoneshown t leftareagood hoicefor puxing the

polishon a blade.Thefine abrasivelurryon thesurface f thestonesformedbyparticles f abrasive nd metalmixingwith water.

Thenicked uttingedge f aplaneblade ssquared n a bench rinder.Clamping heblade

in a commercialrindingigkeepsheendoftheblade erpendicularo thegrinder's

abrasive heel.

But all sharpening ork comesdown o this:Tools resharpenebywearingway teeloforma ineedge, ndpolishinghatedge o tslices saccuratelyndeffortless

as ossible.mongmanytools,woareessential:sharpeningtoneandagrinder.

Once,al l sharpeningtonecamerom heground;andstonnovaculite.nd othermaterialhave een uarried ndcut ntobench tonespage 8) rom heearliestdaysof woodworkingMore ecently,echnologyas ro-duced ynthetictoneshatsubstitute or thedwindling upply fnatural brasives.



THECUTTINGEDGE

A cutting dge anbe defined sA two lat,polishedurfaceseet-ingat an angle. incemostblades redesignedo bepushedhroughwood,

a keen uttingedgesessential,artic-ularly or dense ardwoodshat canquickly lunt ools.Any law,ikea nickin aplaner nifeor a chisel lade,willbe ransferredo thewoodbeing ut.

Do notassumehat ustbecausechisels new hat ts edges as harp ras traight s t should e.Evenhebest

H(lWSHARPSSHARP?

Smoothingcufting dgeThequality f hecutting dge nd inish na oolblade ependson hesize f abrasivearticlessedo sharpent. Just syou

would and tabletop ithprogressivelyinergradesf paper,

sharpeningegins ith oarsebrasivesndmoves p hroughfiner rits. heonly ifferences hesize f abrasivearticlesinvolved.or xample,coarsendiarMtone asparticles ea-suring bout 73micronscross, hile hard rkansasilstonehas mallerarticles-about0 microns.ommericaloningcompoundsedorbuffing as xtremelyineparticles,ssmall

tools eedo besharpenedhen ew, In i ts simplestorm,sharpeand egularlyhereafter.n order o is like sanding: t consists fachievekeen utting dge,teels em- wearingawayof one materialbperedo a certain ardnesshen he hardermaterial, singsucces

tool s orged. inceemperingsdone finerabrasives. hen hebeveathightemperatures,thetoolmaywarphisels drawnacross sharpeslightly s t cools. oucanskirt his stone,he abrasivearticles crproblemychoosingoolsmade ith the surface f the chisel niforhigh-qualityteel. venhebest teels creating a flat surface.As shlikely o showmanufacturingmper- below,inerand inerstones akfections. ow-qualityools,however, scratchesiner and iner,until ammaynever chievendholdanedge. ror-like inish s achieved.

Thedifferenceetyveendull andsharp uttingedgebecomesbvious hena blade utsnto wood.On the eft-

handsideof thewood urfacehownatleft, awell-sharp-ened hisel everedhewoodiberscleanly,roducinghinshavings;dull chiselore hewoodfiberson the ight-hansideof theboard.Anotherway o determine hether blais sharpor dull is to examinehecuttingedgetself; dulledge eflectsmore ight thana sharpone.

as0.5 micron.By omparison,hediameterfa human aapproximately0 microns,)hephotosbove,f a chisel lamagnifiedpproximately00 imes,evealow harpeningmpra tool's dge. dullchiselabove,eft)has roovesndpitsoits back nda nicked dge. heselawswill eave rougheishonwoodhan hesmooth ack ndedgehat s achievafterhechiselssharpenedndpolishedna inishwaters(above,igh).fhewaterstoneasabrasivearticles easu1 micronndiameter.



SHARPENINGBASICS

THESHARPENINGR(ICESSTEP-BY-STEP

BEVELSNDMICROBEVELS

HoningmicrobevelWhen toolblades azor-sharp,or eforces necessaryo drivehebladentothewood, nd tsedges moreikelyobebrittle. yhoning secondaryevel,or microbevel,n opof he irst inset),

youcan ncreasehecutting ffective-

ness f he ool ndprolonghe i feofthecutting dge.Microbevelsre light-lysteeperhan heoriginalevel f hetool. Fo r listof commonevel nglesforvariouslades,ee heback ndpa-pe rof hisbook.)t can aryrom s it -tleas2" to asmuch s10"; hesteeperthemicrobevel,he ougherheedge. etthemicrobevelhould otbeovenvorkedA few ight trokesn a benchstonesusuallyufficientoproducesmall air-l ine trip t heedge f hemain evel(left).t themicrobevelswiderhan alfof hewidth f hebevel,hebevelhouldbe eestablishedysharpening.

STEP:GRINDINGRLAPPING

Forbadly cratchedrnicked utting dges,tart heprocessbysquaringhecutting dge, rindinghebevel,hen ap-ping r latteningheback f heblade. rindingsdone itha bench rindernd oarsetonesuch sWashita;apwithrough brasivesr appingompoundsna lappinglate.

STEP: SHARPENINGFor ools hatdo notneed rinding,harpeninganstarthere.ni t ia l harpeningemovesny oughnessn hebevel ndestablishesfinewireburr n heback f heblade. harpeningsdone yhand rwithbevel-sett ingjigson mediumtonesuch ssoftArkansas.

STEP: H0NING

Honingses rogressivelyiner tonesuch shard rkansasorJapaneseinishingtoneso smooth ut hescratchesnthebevel aused ysharpening.hen he ool s urnedover nd appedo removeheburron hecutting dge.Themicrobevelbelow)s alsohoned t hisstage.

STEP: P0LISHINGFor razor-sharpdge nda mirror- l ikenish,he oolcanbepol ishedithhard lack rkansas,eramicrJapaneseinish tones,swell sstropsmpregnatedit hfinebuffing ompounds.



SHARPENINGOOLSAND ACCESSORIES

HoningaompoundA ^ ^ l i a ) + a r l n + h' 'rr""-wheel f 4rrnder o

polieheharpenedbevel: ontainsa mixLure fchromium iox'rdeand otherfineabraaivea

Neoprenepoliahing wheelKubberwheel or qrindinqandeharpenin4; vailablen 4ritebetween 0 and 24O. Wheelmuatturn away from t.ooledge Lo pre-vent t from catchinq he ed7e

Aluminum oxide wheel)tandard wheel or 7rtndioharpening;vailablen 6-B-inchaizeoand a ranqeo

Benchatone (page 18)Any oilatoneorwateretoneuaedto hone raharpen

Benahgrinder (page 21)Medium-gritwheel left-handeide)equareeand 4rindeblade: loth wheel riqht-handetde)poliehee utLinqedqe

DreggerUaed o Lrueor reohape rinderwheele nd expooe freahcuL-Linqeurface.7tar-wheeldreeaer(above)hae up to four star-ehaped wh ela;diamond pointdreaaer below)eatureaa dia-mond eet in a bronze ip

Felt wheelAvailablen aofL,medium,and hard:dreaeedwithbuffin4compoundor finalpoliehing f cuttinq edqe

Multi-t'ool jig9 kew'4 rnding i7 /iqhL,Lop) holde akewaat 20'an4leand pivoteon cen-Lerpin to grindradiua-ed akew hiaela. lidingeharpentna iia (riaht.

mid)te) rZklpiooteundercrosabar.Dothare attached to an adiuat-able ool reeL riqht,bottom), whichmountato bench n frontof qrinder.

Wet/dry grinder(paqe 21)Lar4e,water-bathedwheel oneebevele:waLerprevenLe oolsfrom overheatinq ndcarrieeawaymeLaland 4rit.)maller,drywheel aed or 4rindtng



aompoundsof ailiconecarbide

ueed n con-with a lappin4

to flatten and pot-backa;4rita

90 to 600

quide or

microbevelof oharp-

an1e15'to 12O'

Sharpenin7 atone holderSecureaoilatones and wateratonea

up to B inchea onq or aharpening;rubberfeet hold atone n place

Honing guide and anqle igFor honinqplanebladee,Deviceholda blade at appro-priate an1le or honin7bevel: otatina the wheel

SHARPENINGBASICS

Auger bit fileUaed o eharpen uqer bite and other drill bita: oneend hae no teeth on edqeaand other end hae eethonlyon ed4ea o preventfilin4 adjacent eurfacea

Cant-aaw fileUaed n placeof a three-equarefile n openinge f lesa han 60'

5ingle-aut baatard mill fileUaed o aharpen spade bitaand true the rima of

ForetnerbitE

Three-aquare ileTrian7ular ile uaed or eharp-eninqForetnerand multi-apur biLe

Diamond- coated honing fileaUaed o aharpen carbiderouterbita; atored inaide heir pivotin7handlee. hown above rom top:cearae,medium,and fine filee

Diamond needle ileSmallhalf-round ile uaed

on top of the jiq eeteanqleebetween15'and 35'

9t'ropA leatheratrip 1luedo a handle; reaaedwithcommercialonin7ompoundr other

etonee uaed orouter bita: qiveaa finer

diamondhonin7 ileoofqrit. Handle eaturea maqni-

or checkinqaharpneae

uaed o immeraeupatoraae

aharpen nqa; featu reathat can be flipped

for aharpeninq and-aaw bladea 4

fineabraaiveao polieha

hold he wateratonehoning

glaea lappingplate



BENCHSTONES

1-h. benchstones the most com-I monly oundsharpeningccessoryin theshop.Once eferredo asnatur-al stones, enchstonesow encompass

many man-madematerials,angingfrom aluminum oxide o ceramics.Many

"stones"include ine diamond

bonded o steel.Sharpening tones regenerally ivid-

ed into two groupsaccording o thelubricantusedwith them:oil andwater.Lubrication erveso disperse roundparticles ndprevent hem from clog-ging he stone.Choosing etweenhetwo is mostlya matterof feel;some

woodworkers refer he edge glassyhardblackArkansasilstone ives ool;others ike the fine control a softer

fapaneseinishwaterstoneffers.Naturallyoccurringoilstones ave

longbeen egarded s he finestsharp-

A COTTECTI()N)FBENCHST()NES

OILSTONES

eningstones. uarried rom novaculiteandsoldasWashita nd ukansas tones,these harpening urfacesrebecomingscarce.f yourbudget ermits, atural

stones rea good nvestment;heywilllasta ifetime.

Synthetic ubstitutes adeof alu-minumoxide IndiatMtones) r siliconcarbide Crystolonr')are ess xpensiveand ust aseffective snaturalstones,though hey end o wearmorequickly.An economicalomoromises heuseofan India" stone oi roughsharpeningandwhetting, nda hardArkansastonefor honingandpolishing.Whenusing

oilstones, ipe hemoftenwith arag opreventglazing. o not useaheavy il,as t inhibits heabrading rocess; ightmachine il cutwith kerosene orls best.

WaterstonesreJapanesen origin,and cut much faster han oilstones.

Becauseheyusewater, ather hanothe ubricant, here s no oily meson clothes ndworkpieces. aterscome n finer gradeshan oilstomaking hempopularwith woodwerswho ike o honeandoolish.Bectheyare ofterhanoilstones,ewasive s constantly xposed uringand he slurry ormedby the wateform afine polishingpaste.

Waterstonesave heir drawbhowever. ecauseheyaresofteroilstones,hey must be trued moften (page19).

Toolsshouldbe dried and wi

with oil thoroughlyaftersharpeto prevent rust. Waterstonesshouldbestoredn water. f yoursis prone o cold emperaturesyourwaterstonesrom freezing, swill shatter.

Hard Elack Arkaneae

An extra-fine, lOOO-4rit naural atone uaed or razor-

dental and other

5ofb ArkanaaaA medium,SOO-qritnatural stone ueedfor initial aharpenin4

of dull ed7ea

Hard ArkansaaA fine, BOO-4ritnatural atone uaedfor honinq oola toa aharp edqe

WaehitaA coarse,faat-cuttin415O-qrif,natural etoneuaed or flattenin7and lapping badlynicked oolo

Combination stoneAIao knownaa an lndiat' atone.A aynthetic atone made fromaluminumoxidewith 90 ariton one face and 600 onthe other: uaed or

4eneralaharpen-inqand honinq.





BENCHGRINDERS

f, romsquaringnd harpeninglaneI' ironsopolishinghiselsnd urningtools,hebench rindersaworthwhileadditiono awoodworkinghop'sharp-

ening tation.Bench rindersre lassifiedccord-

ing o heirwheel iameter.tandard-to 8-inch enchtop odels, ith %- o%-horsepowerotors, re hemostpop-ular sizes. argerwheels rebetter, ssmaller heelsanproducexaggerat-edhollow-groundevels. rindersanbemounted n a worksurfacer fas-tenedo a separatetand.

Rotating round 500 pm,a benchgrinder

emovesteelasterhana sharp-ening tone. nfortunately,t also eatsup he ool,andyoumay osehe ool'stemper.f thesteel eginso changeol-or during rinding,eepeningo a rueblue, he emper as eenost,and hetoolmustbe eground. otorized het-stones nd wet/drygrinderseature

IDENTIFYINGRINDERHEETS

water-bathedheelshat urn at slowerspeeds, uchas500 pm, allowingyouto grind tools without constantly ip-ping hem n water or cooling.

Most grinders anbe equippedwithoptional ubbersharpening heels, lothbuffing wheels, nd eatherstropwheelsin addition o standard brasive heels.which come n a variety of grits (see

below. Grindingwheelswill eventually

Thecuningedge fa skew hisel etsa sharpening n a wet/drygrinder.

Becausehe argewheelof this ypeofgrinder

otates elatively lowlyand scontinually athedn water, hebladebeing harpenedemains ool,whichreduceshe riskof destroyingts em-per.Standard ench rinderwheels

often otateat speedshat qre oo astfor honingmany ools; sa result,he

tool's teel aneasily verheat.

become ull andclogged ith metaticles,and their edgesmaygo osquare. wheeldresserpage 2) cused o true the faceof a glazedw

and squarets edges.

Courteey ofthe American National Standarda lnat

wheelogrind arbon-steelools, nd henhone itha bestone, uy wheelmarked 80 H 8V.ThismeanshewhaluminumxideA), ine-grained80), nd elat ivelyoftwitha mediumtructurerconcentrationf abrasives8).

particlesrebondedogetherya processf heat nd usknown svitrificationV).For igh-speedteelools, mehardnessf I orJ is better.f youplano use ourools igoff hegrinder,hoosewheel ithagrain iz e f 100or

ABRASIVEYPE

ABRASIVE(GRA[{) rZE

GRADESCATE

STRUCTURE

BOiID

TYPE

Choosinggrinder heelThewheelsuppliedngrindersreusuallyoocoarseorusewith iner ools. wide arietyf replacementtones re vail-able, utselectinghe ight ne s nosimplematter. ou eedto decipherhecodes arkedn hesides f hewheels,describingheir ompositionndabrasiveuality. he hartabove il lhelp ou nterprethese odes.Theyreusuallyfound andwichedetweenwonumerical anufacturer'sym-bols rinted n heside f hestone.)f youplano use

STAI{DARDARKINGYSTEMHART

C:Silicon arbide Z:Aluminumirconium

Medium:0,36 ,46, tine: 0,80,90 ,100, Veryine: 20,240,280,354,60 120, 50, 80 400,500,600

A:Aluminumxide

Coarse:, 10,12,14,16 ,20 ,24

Soft MediumA B C D E G J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 t 4 1 5 1 60penetc

B:ResinoidF:Resinoideinforced:Shellac: Oxychloride:Rubber

RF :Rubbereinforced:Sil icate :Vitrified

Had

Y Z

DenseI 2



SHARPENINGBASICS

STANDARDENCHRINDER

Grinding wheel

Spark defleatorDirecta aparko downward

and awayfrom the operatorMedium BO-7rit aluminumoxidewheelaquaree and

Eye ahieldeharpene uttin4 edqee

Buffinq wheelFelt or clothwheel olieheebevel f cut-tinq edqeo

WheelcoverKemovableorchan4ing rind'in7 or buffin4wheela

Tool reetadjuatment nut

Adjuetable to deairedanqle orqrindin4or buffin4; ypically poei'tioned within'/onchof wheel

On/off awitch

WET/IIRY RINDER

Wetwheel

Upper tool restAdjuatable o desiredanqle or qrindin4orhoninq; ypically poei-tioned within'/enchofwheel. eatureaalotfor olidinqanqle iq

lO-inch,22O-qritwheel a bathed nwater to keep oole cool durinqqrind-inq and honin4; une at 70 RPM

Eyeshield

Lower ool restAdjuetable todeairedanglefor

4rinding; ypically

Tool restadjuetment

handlespoeitionedwithin'/uinch of wheel

Five-inch, OO-qrit wheeluaed or preciaioned4eqrindin7; una at 3450 RfM



SHARPENINGBASICS

DRESSINGGRINDINGHEEL

TruinghewheelA gr indingheelhould e rued hen

ridgesr hollowsppearn hestone ri f i t becomesiscolored.ou anuseeither star-wheelrdiamond-pointress-er.Tousea star-wheelresserright),

movehegrinder'sool est wayromthewheel .With heguardn posi t ion,switch n hegr inderndbutt he ipof hedressergainsthewheel. hen,with ourndexingerestinggainsthetool est,movehedresserrom ide oside. ouse diamond-pointresser(below),oldhedevice etweenhe ndex

f inger nd he humb fone and, et ton he ool est, ndadvancet towardthewheel nti l ourndexinger ontactsthe ool est.Move ither resserackand or th crosshewhee l n t i l heedges re quarend ouhave xposedfresh brasive.

ltl It lltlll ll llJlll lll ll lulfl llJll1lltlll lt ll9HO7Tt?

eLandard rindinqwheelmounl-ed on he lefY-handideof abench rinder, eo?rener felt,

buffin7wheelemounledon heriqh|-hand equire chanqe fIool pooition or buffingoof,he ool does noN alchinNhewhee|AnolhereoluLions f,o evereehe riahL-handwheeluardtoex?oeeNheearof he wheelr ight) . ln his poei t ion,Ihebuffinqwheel pineaway romyou noleadof lowardeyou,ooyoucanbutrLheNool LLhesamean7le oyoudo when r indinqt.

Diamond-pointdreaeer



SHARPENINGBASICS

A MOBII.EHARPEI{INGOTLYA sharpeningtat ions morehanjusta dedicatedpaceorsharpen-ing. t isaway f keepingllofyour

benchstones,rindingigs, nd harp-ening ccessorieslean ndwell-organized.he harpeningtationshown elowsessentiallysturdylowbench itha storagehelf. heuni t s buil t rom%-inch lywood

and1-by-3 tock. yaddingocking

casters,t becomesmobile harpen-ingdollyhatyou anwheel bouttheshop o whereverouneedo

sharpen:t he athe,hecarvingbench,rnearhe ink.

Tobui ld hedol ly, ut hebasefrom%-inch lywood. aket largeenougho ncorporatellyour harp-ening ear o hat t is not oo lut-tered; p o 3-by-6 eet s a good

size.Screwourcorner lockso heundersidef he base, nd astenlockingaster neach lock.

Tostrengthenhedolly, ut he

piecesor heskirts nd egsrom1-by-3 tock. he egs hould elong noughor he op o sit at a

comfortableeight; etween2 and36 inchess right ormost eople.

Screwhe egpiecesogether,henattachheskirtso the egs' nsidefaces. astenheshelf nd he ooto heskirts.f desired,luea water-andoi l-prooflasticaminateorksurfaceo the op.

Onceouhave uilt hedolly,mounta standardench rinder rweVdrygr indero heendof hebench othatbothwheelsreaccessible.

Secure lappingable insef) t theoppositend or appingnd latten-ingstones.his ssimply piece f%-inchemperedlate lass ecuredwith leatso a piece f %-inchly -

wood,astenedo the op. Haveheglass ut hreeimesargerhan ou r

largest ench tone.Nowmount ou rmost ommonly

used enchstonesither yusing leatsorscrewingheirwoodentorageox-es o he abletop;ounters inkhefasteners.ther ccessoriesouldincludevise ra portableight osi-

tionedo shine n hegrinder.





SWENNGA]\TD

GHANDTOOTS

espiteheproliferationfpow-er oolsn recentears,andarestillan mporiant artof

woodworkinghop.hisels,ndplanes lay

vital role n many abinetmakingromcuttingointsandchop-

mortiseso smoothingtock.orsome rafts,ikecarving nd

hand-cuttingoolssuch sougesndskew hisels re irtu-

ally ndispensable.Onedistinct dvantagehathand

toolsofferover heirelectricallypoweredounterpartss that heyare elatively traightforwardo sharpen ndmaintain.With

hand ools,here re o hidden ircuit oards rsealedom-ponents, ocarbide-tippedladeshatmustbesharpenedprofessionally.ith mosthand ools, uch ssawsndchisels,what ouseeswhat ougetahandle, ftenmade f wood, nda steel uttingedge. rue,not allhand oolsarequitehissim-ple.Bench laneseature crewsnd eversor adjustingheangle ndposition f thecutting dge. till,all hepartsare

Thesimple hop-madeig shown bove,

consisting f a dowelwrappedn apieceof emery

cloth, s dealor cleaning ndremoving urrs

from theroundededge fgouges.

easily ccessible,llowing ou osharpenndmaintainhe ool ntheshop.n fact,with a ittle elbowgreasend he ightmaterials,oucanevenestore rustyold handplaneo better onditionhanwhenit was irstbought page 0).

Settingourselfp or hand oolsharpeningndmaintenancee-quiresogreatnvestment.llyouneed re olventsor cleaning, ewcommercialevicesor adjustingblades,tones nd iles or honingandsharpening-andhepropertechnique.he ollowing ages ill

show ouhow o care or andsharpenhemostcommonly

used and ools, rom handsawspage6)andchisels nd

gougespage 0) o bench lanespage9),scraperspage6),andbits or bracesndhanddrlls (page5).

Thework s relativelyasy,ut the ewards reconsiderable.Hand ools hatarewellsharpenedndproperlymain-tainedwill mprovehequality fyourprojectsndprolonghelifeofyour ools.

Thecuttingedge f a drawknifes honedby an axe-

stone. oldingonehandle f the oolasshownat

leftand butting heotherhandle gainsthecrook

of thearm exposesheentireedgeor sharpening.



HANDSAWS

t,

FilingipsaweethRipsawsave idelypacedeeth i th rom ve o seventeeth er nch TPl). hey lso ave more ronouncedetthan ther aws. otheaturesnablehem ocutquicklyalonghegrain. sshown bove,he eadingdgesf r ipteeth re lmost ertical.osharpenhe eeth, se trian-gularmil l i le, rawingt straightcrossachooth ta 90"angleo heblade x is.

Q harpening handsawsa threer.J operation. sshown n page 8processeginswith jointing,or fithe ipsofthe teeth o hat heyarea

same eight.This s followed y sethe eeth o thecorrect nele. hisenthat heblade utsstraigf,t nddoestick n thekerf.Settingnvolves enthe teethalternatelyo each ideofblade's enterline. he inal step nprocesss sharpeningtsel t , ypiwith a file.

Not all handsaws re denticalshape,pacing, ndsetofthe teethaccordingo the ypeof cutting hewill perform.The spacing etweenis usually xpressedn TPI,or teethinch.The ollowing agesescribeosharpenip saws,ombinationawsbothJapanesendWestern-stylerossaws. ecauseftheirvery ine eeth,tailand enon aws hould e sentoua professionalor sharpening.

Leading edqe

\t/- |I TI l a

: J\ ' 60 '

-!z

FilingombinationeethCombinat ionaws re ual-purposeawshat anbeusedforboth ipcuts nd rosscuts,lthoughhey ipmore lothan ripsaw nd utmoreoughlyhan crosscutaw. obinationeeth lopeorwardndbackwardt hesame ng(about0') andboth dges rebeveled.harpenoth dgusing r iangulari l l le above),i l t inghehandtef hef ledown l ight ly.

A commercialsawsetbends heteethof a combinationsaw o theproperanglewith the bladeclamped n a benchvise.Setting he teethof a sawblade s a keystepin the sharpening rocees,roducinga kerf thatpreventshe bladefrom binding.

ANATOMYFSAWBIADES NDFILINGNGLES



SHARPENINGAND MAINTAINING HAND TOOLS

SharpeningrosscuteethThe eethof a crosscutawarecloselypaced-eightto 2

TPI s ypical-andheyhave eryittle et.Crosscuteeth

featurelopedeadingdges ithbevels,hich nablehem

to cutcleanly crosshegrain. swith ipsaws,he eeth re

sharpenedit ha riangularil l i le,Holdhe il eat hesame

angle s hebevel, hich s ypically 5" (above).

SharpeningapaneselosscuteethJapaneseaws, hich uton hepullstroke, aveall,narrow

teethwithvery ittleset.Also,he eeth rebeveledn ead-

ingand rai l ingdges,ndon he ips.Al ledgeshould e

sharpenedit ha featherile held t about 60'angle o he

blade above),

gHO?TI?A eaw holderStorinq handaawsproperlywillbotheliminate lutt'erand keaohe toolsacceeeiblend oafe rom damaqe. heeimpledevice hownherecan be ueedLo hanqa oawonNhe hoVwall n plainview.Cut a woodecrapa liffile hickerthan lhe eawhandle o the oame?ro-file ae the openingn he handleiuoeNhe Veninq'aetemplaie,Fastenthe piecetothewall at a convenientheiqht,then crewa emallblockwithrounded ndstothepieceao at 'urn-buckle.Make he turnbuckleohoraerNhanthewidth f the handle peninq,but lon7er han lhe heiqht. eaveheecreweliqhtly oooeeo thatyou canpiv I th e tu r nbuckle ve ti c ally oeecurehe eaw o the wal|




A BENCHISE AW OTDERSecuredna vise,hesimpleig

shown t leftwil l holda saw t aconvenienteightorsharpening.Makehe awsrom wopieces f %-inchplywoodbout 0 nchesong nd7 inches ide. hen aw wo%-inch-thick tr ips ndglue hem longheinsideaces f he aws, lushwiththe opend;hestrips illgrip hesawblade. astenhe wo aws ogether

nearhebottom nd, crewingstripof %- inchlywoodetweenhem.Final ly , o re ho le ora car r i agebolt hroughhemiddle f he aws

and nstallheboltwitha washerndwing ut.

Touse he ig,securehebottom ndinyour ise. oosenhewing ut,slipasaw lade etweenhe aws, nd ight-en henut o hold hesaw ecurelv.

SHARPENINGHANDSAW

1 Jointinghe eethI Mounthe aw eeth-uona v ise i tha wood ad neach ide f hebladeorprotect ion.nstal l f latmil lbastardi leina commercialawoint ingig.Holdhej ig atagainstheside f heblade nd

passhe ile back nd orthacrosshefull ength f he eeth righ\.fhiswill

f at ten l lof he eeth o hesameheight. fewpasseshould esufficient.




r) Settinghe eethL Witn hesaw ti l l n hevise, djusta saw et o hesame PIas heblade.Startingt either ndof heblade, osi-

tion he irst oothhat s bent wayromyoubetweenheanv i l nd hepunch

block. queezehehandleo se t hetooth right).Work ourwaydown helength f heblade, etting l l eeth hatarebent wayrom ou.Then urn hesawaroundn hevise nd epeatheprocess

on he emainingeeth.

Filinghe eeth.Refero heappropriatellustration

onpage 6or27 or heproperileandfiling ngleor hesaw ouare harpen-ing.For hecrosscutaw hown t eft,hold riangularileat about 65"angleto heblade ith tshandleilted ownslightly. s ou il e he eeth, orkromone nd f hebladeo heother ,i l ingall he eethhatare et none irectionThenurn hesaw roundo sharoenheremainingeeth.



CHISELSANDGOUGES

f hiselsnd ougesust aveazor-U sharpedgeso work properly.Sharpeningstandard oodworkingchiselssimple; llyouneedsacombi-nation harpeningtone.ormost his-elsandgouges,ouwill haveo hone ndpolishhecutting dge swellaspro-ducehe orrectevel ngleor heblade.

Well-sharpenedlades reessefor turning chisels nd gouges.cuttingedges ot onlyproduceresults;heyarealsomoredifficucontroland dangerouso use.Thistion of the chapter xplains owsharpen nd efurbish wide rangchisels ndgouges.

Even he most rustedand pitted blade can

berenewedwith steelwool, mineral spirits,

clean ags,and a bit of elbowgrease.

INVENTORY)FCHISELSNDGOUGES




EPLACINGCHISEL)RGOUGEANDLE

1 Turninghenew andleI T u r n new and l eo ra c h i s e l r

n he a the . u ta b lankromtrong ardwoodike sh rhicko-

y.The rain houldun he ength f heblank. oiecehat s 1%o2 inches

nd ew nchesongerhan heengthou eed i l ly ield sui t-

andle. ounthepiece etweenn he athe nd urn t to ayl indersing roughingouge.

Buy brasserruleor hehandle,henuse part ingool o urna tenon none

b lanko accommodatehe

he ns ide iameterfhe errule i thdialcal ipersr ight)and

izehe enono t ight ly .

r) Mountinghe enule ndheblade

I Removehehandlerom he athe,set t end-downna work ur face,ndtap he errulen place it ha mallel far

/ef f) .Next,emounthehandle n helathe nd hapet with skew hisel ndspindleouge. nce ou re atisfiedit hthehandle'shapend eel , ore holein he enon nd oaccommodatehe angof heblade. orehehole n he athewith Jacobshuck t tachedo he ail -stock; ake ureheholescenteredntheblank. he ole'siameternd eoth

dependn he ype f ang. or round-sect ion,ntaperedang,hehole houldbe2 to 3 incheseep ndequalo hetang iameter .or square-sect iontaperedang, ri l l woholes syouwouldcounterboreora screw ndplug:Makethe ophalfhe ame iameters he ang1% nchesrom he io and hebottomhal f hesame idt h s he ang% nchfromts ip. nserthebladento hehan-d leand ao hebut t nd f hehand lewitha mallet ear efi l.




)/-

\ \ \ t') ----/--r-

; l

SHARPENINGSTANDARDHISEL

r) Polishingnd latteningZ ne back ide f hebladeSatura tehe ine i de f hes tone nd ,holdinghe hisel lade aton hestone,bevel-s idep,movet na c i rcularattern(right) nti l he lat sideof the cuttingpdqp is qmnnth

1 Honinghe uttingdgeI The wo-steprocedurehown n

page anbeusedo sharpenny tachisel ,uch sa rmer,ar ing,rmchisel . tar t yhoningsecondaron he orwarddge f heexistingncalled microbevelinsef)-then olis

flattenheback ide f heblade. othemicrobevel ,ay combinat iontcoarse-side0ona work urfaceettwocleats ecured ithscrews. atthestone i th heappropr iateubr ii f necessary,nt i l t poolsn hesurHoldingheblade ith heexist ing

flaton hestone,aiset about 'andthecutt ing dge longhestonen ell iptical assesleft).ApplymodeDressurent i l microbevelorms.thestone ver ndmake fewoassthe ne ide.




ROUGHING.OUTOUGE

1 Grindinghe uttingdgeI Sharpenroughing-outougena bench rinderquipped

witha mediumrindingheel nda feltwheel. osit ionheguard nd urn n hemachine.oldingheblade etweenhef ingersnd humb fone and,et hecutt ing dge n he oolrest nd dvancet unt i l hebevelightlyontactshegrinding

wheel.f youwantochangehebevel ngle f hecutting dge,adjusthe ool est o hedesiredngle.With our ndexingeragainsthe ool est, oll heblade n hewheel/eff) nti l heentire dgesground. eephebevella tagainsthewheel tal l imes. ontinue,heckinghebladeegularly,nti l hecut-tingedgessharp nd hebevel nglescorrect.opreventhebladerom verheating,ccasional lyip t inwaterf i t iscar-bon teel, r removet from hewheelf it is high-speedteel

to et t cool own.

^

GOUGE-SHARPEl{I1{GGThe igshown t r ightwi l lhold gougeo hattheblade ontactshegrinding heel t hecorrect ngle. hedimensionsn he llustration

wil laccommodateost urning ouges.utthebase ndguiderom%-inchlywood.crewtheguideogethernd astent to hebase it hcountersunkcrewsromunderneath.akeheguide peningarge noughor hearm o sl idethroughreely.

Cut hearm rom1-by-2 tock nd he oolsupportrom%-inchlywood.crewhe woparts

of the oolsupportogether,hen astenhe bot-tom o hearm lushwithone nd.For heV-block,cuta small lockosize nd aw 90'wedge utof one ide.Gluehepieceo he ool upport.

Touse he ig ,securet to a work urfaceothearm ines pdirectlynderhegrindingheel.Seathegougeandlen heV-blocknd l idethearmso hebeveleddge f hegouge itsf l a ton hegr ind ingheel . lamphearm nplace. hen, i th hegougelear f hewheel,switch n hegrindernd epositionhe oolonthe ig. Roll hebeveleddge crosshewheel(right,bottom).

Guide(top)%" 1'1"x 9"

(eidea)%" 1%"x 9"

Armt / o " x 1 % " x 1 3 % "

Tool auppott( b a c k ) % " x 2 " x 2 % "(bo t tom)%"x1%"x2 '1 "abe

% " x 3 " x 1 3 % "



SHARPENING ND MAINTAINING HAND TOOLS

llii llt ll fiI1lli ll ill li lt ifitj lll llJllt llrilt lll lll1HO?TI?Shop-made honin guidesand rugl removergThe nside dgeoof qou4ee anbeditr iculN ohoneand etrop if youdonoN ave eliVoLoneor eLropwiNh he or-

r) Polishinghe uttingdgeL Snttttoheerinder'seltwhee

movehe ool est utof heway.Ha st ick fpol ishingompoundgathe eltwheelo mpregnatet withasive. r iphehandlef hegougenr ight and ndholdheblade etwthe ingersnd humbsfyoureftThen, i th hegouge lmos terse t hebeve lla taga ins thewhLight lyol l hebladerom ide o sagainsthewheelopol ishhebevsl ight urr i l l orm n he nsideof he ool. o eel or heburr, un

f inger ent ly crosshe nsidedgtheblade. o emovet, rol l he nface f heblade gainsthewheetheburr ubs ff.Avoid verbuffib l a d e ;h i sw i l l u l l t he u t t i ngTesthe ool orsharpnessycuttscrap crosshegrain. he ladeproduceclean having.

rect, haVe.Youanmake \:a gouqe-hon inq4u ideby rap- \ tpiiq i dowel iti ooolsrit sand- \

VaVer near iqht).Fo retroppinq,eimplyold a eLripof leaLhero fitthe ineide dqeof the 4ou4e far riqht).You analeoueeNheeeiqs o c lean uslor oi lNinaroman oldblade.




A SPINDLEOUGE

r) Honinghecutting dgeL Oncehebevel as een harpenedn hegrinder,

use f latbenchstoneo pol ishhe ool o a razor-sharpedge. aturatehestone i thoi l , hen ol l heouts idebevel crossheabrasiveurfacebove)o honehebevel n hecutt ing dge.

1 Sharpeningna benchrinder

I Posit ionheguard roper lynd urn

on hegrinder.oldingheblade etweenthe ingersnd humb fone and, etthebladela ton he ool est nd dvanceit unt i lhebladeightlyoucheshe tone(/eff). djusthe ool est o createhedesiredevel ngle. ol lhe utt ingdgeon hewheel ndpivothehandleromleft o r ight hi le eepinghebevel aton hegrinding heel t all imes inset)

Cont inueol l ingheblade ndmovingthe ool andlerom ideoside nt i lheedgessharpened,toppingrequent ly

tocheckhegrind nd oolhe ip,Honethecutting dge nd emoveheburr yhand, sshownelow,rus ehegrinder's

felt wheel page 4).

Q Removingheburrr.J Use convexlipstoneatchinghecurvaturef hegouge

toremoveheburr hat orms n he nside f hecutting dgeLubr icatehe l ipstonef needednd onehe nsidedge nt ithebur rse l im inated.




SHARPENINGCARVINGOUGE

1 WhettingheoutsideevelI Setanoilstonena plywoodase, crew leatso hebasearoundhestoneo keept frommoving,nd lamphebaseo

a work urface.Theeathertrops usedo polishheoutsidebeveln step ). Saturatehestone,hense t heoutside ev-el of hegougelaton t. Startingtone nd,movehebladeback nd orth longhestone i th rhythmic ot ion,imul-taneouslyoll inghe ool o heentire evel ontactshesharp-

ening urfaceabove).voidockinghebladeoo ar,as hwil l end o round vertscornersndblunthecutt ingd

Cont inuent i l hebevelssmooth nda burr orms n hinside dge f heblade. ou analso arry ut hisstep gr inder,sshownnpage 3, but f you se hemachinsure o adjustheangle f he ool est o matchhebevangle f hegouge.

r) Honingn nsideevelZ On "you haveharpenedhegouge's

outs ideevel ,se conicall ipstoneohone slightnsideeveln heblade ndto removeheburr ormedn step1. Putafewdrops f oilon hecutting dge f hegouge.hen, oldinghestone naworksurface, oveheblade ack nd orthalonghestonemakingurehatyoukeepthecutting dge el lawayrom ourin-gers. ontinuentil heburrs emovedndan nside evel f approximately'forms.




Q Polishinghe nside evelr.J Use folded iece f eathero stropthe nside evel f hegouge.preadomepol ishingompoundn he eathernd

fold t so tsedgematcheshe nsideurveof hegouge. rawheblade longheleatherepeatedlyo polishhe nside ev-

el (left). his analso edone singhefel twheel fa benchrinder.

PolishingheoutsideevelSpreadome olishingompoundn hestrop nduse he

sameoll ingechniquehownnstep o pol ishheoutside

bevelabove).heckhe nside evel;f a burrhas ormed,

repeattep . You analso se bench rindernda felt

wheelmpregnatedit hpolishingompoundpage4)for his ask.




SHARPENINGV.T()OL

1 WhettingheoutsidedgesI Sharpenach ide f a V-toolepa-

rately. etupand aturatenoilstonesyouwouldo sharpencarvingouge

@age6).Hone neoutsideevel f heV-tool syouwould chiselpage 2),movingheblade ack nd or th longthe ength f hestone nd eepinghebevellaton hestone. epeatn heother ideof heV (right). Iopworkingwhen ouhaveemovedhe ough arksfromhegrounddge nd smal l urrforms n he nsidef heedee.

r) RemovinghehookI Wnen ou harpenheoutside evelsf a V-tool, hook fexcess etal i l l ormat heapex f heV (inset).hishookmust egroundway eforeouhonehe nside eveln step3. Holdinghe ool n hestone,ol l he ornercrosshe ur-face above). ovehe ool romend o endalonghestoneunt i l ouwear wayhehook ndanoutside evelorms ttheapex f heV, ormingne ont inuouseveleddge. hisprocessi l lcreate burr n hecenter f he nside dge,whichs emovednsteo .

Q Honinghe nsideevelr-,1To emoveheburr ormednsteps and , anononeinsideevel ,se r iangularl ipstonehatmatchesheanof heV-tool lade scloselyspossible.lamphestosecurelyna benchise nd aturatet with il.Toavoid ruing hestone, onotovertightenhevise.Drawheendof blade'snside dge ack nd or th longhestoneabo

apply ingight ownwardressurent i l heburr s remoand sl ightnsideevelorms.o inish, ol ishheedgea leather trop page 7) or he eltwheel fagrinderpage



BENCHPLANES

I good-quality ench lane anbecostly, ut theres no reason hy t

not lasta ifetime-or two.This

howshow to care or a plane,

ncludes nformation on sharpen-adjustinghe ool.Youcansavesomemoney-without sacri-

a whit of quahly-by refurbish-plane page 0).Evena tool

hasbeenabused nddiscarded yanbe brousht back o life.

lFABENCHLANE

Tighteninghe rogsetscrewss a un-damental tep nthe eassembly

of thebench lane(page 5).

Lateral adjuot-ment leverLevelablade nmouth of plane,allowin7 he uaerto aet it parallelto the oole

Cap iron screw)ecurea blade

Cap ockHolda evercap in placeand appliee enaion tot.he blade aeoembly

Levercap aarewSecurea evercap, cap iron,and blade o fro4

Depth-of-cutadjuatment knob)eta the cuttin7depth of the blade;a %z-inch epth iaideal for mdstoperationa

Frog9upportablade:pooitionof fro7 deter-

minea width ofmouth opening

Frog adjuatment 6crewTurned o alide fro4 back andforth, widenin7or narrowtnqmouth openinq; houldbepoai'tioned ao that openin4 ebetween%z nd'/,anch

att

9ole

Frog6etoarewLocke rogin place

LevercapMuet be oos-ened and lifbedoff to removeca? iron andblade

Cap ronExerts preggureon blade,pre-ventinqchatterby makinq heaaaemblymoreriqid

BladeA[aoknown aplane ron; natalled'bevel

down on fro4,For beet reauha, tehouldbarelypro'trude from mouth




REFURBISHINGBENCH LANE

1 Dissassemblingnd leaningheplane

I Refero heanatomyl lustrat ionnpage 9 to help ou

take heplane part. tart y ooseninghe everap crew ndreleasinghecap ock,hen ake ff he ever ap, ap ron, ndblade nd et hem side. ext,oosennd emovehe rogsetscrewsnd eparatehe rog rom hesole f heplane. oucanalso nscrewhe ront ndback andlesrom hebody.Clean ach artndiv idual lys ing brass-br ist ledrushdippedn mineralpii ls(abovd.

r) kpping he ole f heplane

L tapea length f emery apero a smooth nd latsurface,such sa glass late rsawable. eattachhehandlesnd hefrogo hebody f heplane,hen lidehesole longheemerypaper, pplyingven ressureo keephesole lat (right). on-t inueappingtheole nt il the etalontsbottomurfacesuni-formly r ight nd lean,ndicat inghat he oles evel . heckthesole orsquarestep ) periodically.




Checkinghe ol eorsquare

Thebottom ndsides f heplane'sole hould eexactly

at 90' to each ther . oldingheplanen onehand, ut ta

combinationquaregainsthebottom ndone ide f he

sole bove). epeator heother ide. he urfaceshould e

square othways.f not, ouwil l needo cont inueapping

thesole nd hesides.

SHARPENINGPLANELADE

1 Checkinghecutting dgeorsquareI Use combinationouareo deter

minewhetherhecutting dge f heplane

bladessquareo hesides/eff,).f it is

not, quarehecutting dge na benchgrinder, akingureoadjusthegrinder

tool est t 90" o hewheel.




r) Creatinghollow-groundevelZ Sharpen ingp lane ladenvo lvesthree teps: reat ing bevel n he

blade'sutt ingdge, oningmicrobev-el on he rstbevel ,nd emovingheburr hat esultsromhehoningrocess.Tocreatehe irstbevel,lamphebladebevel-downna commercialr indingig

andadjusthe ool est o create 30'bevel . oldinghe igon he ool est,advancet owardhewhee l n t i l hecutt ing dgemakes ontactabove).

Sl ideheblade ide- to-s idecrosshewheel , ressingight ly. heckhecut-t ing dge er iodical lynd top r inding

whenhebevelorms.

tlll illl11lllllt Il illllt ll]llllil lillil llJllllt jlj5HO7Tt?Grindingwitha eanderlf youdo not owna bench rinder,youcangr inda Vlane lade ., ,on abel isander. ' lnstal l , r /lOO-7ritbelt,,mountLhe ,.,'Nool poide own nas|,and, nd securethe olandLo a worksurtace.TurnonNhe anderand hold hebeveled ideofIhe blade nNhebellatlhe aVVro-pr ialeangle.




HoninghemicrobevelOnce ou harpenheplane lade's

dge nagrinder,s n step , he

ill bea hollow-groundevelinsef,

you id he obbyhand natone,ouwil lobtain flat

insef,ight).ln ither ase,ou

o hone microbeveln he irstlace combinat ionharpening

inesideupona work urface.

leatso he able gainstheo keept frommoving. or hol-

ow-groundevel ,lamphebladen angle-sett ingoninguide

bevelouchinghestone.hestone ith heappropriate

lubr icantnd hen, o ld inghehoning

l ideheblade ack nd or tho end longhesharpening

right).Applymoderateressure

untila microbevelorms.f youare tart-ingwi th latbevel ,lamphebladena

ommercialngle-sett ingoninguide

ith hebevelouchinghestone. hen

raiseheangle f heblade fewdegrees

and ompleteheoperations o ra hol-

low-groundevel.

LappinghebunThe oningrocessi l lcreate hin

ridge f metal, r burr, n he lat ace f

theblade. o emoveheburr, aturate

the ine ide f hestone gain. olding

theblade erfectlylaton hestone,

bevel ide p(left),movet in a circularpatternnti l he latside f hecutt ingedges smooth.



SHARPENING AND MAINTAINING HAND TOOLS

f, Testinghebladeorsharynessr, f Clamp softwoodoardo a worksurfacend, oldingheblade evel-sideup nyour ands,utacrosshegrain f

thesurfaceright). sharp ladewillc leanlyl ice sl iver f woodrom heboardwithoutearinghewood bers,

Honingheend f hecap ron

Secure benchstoneo vourwosurface;n he llustrationt eft.a dmond tone, hich hould e ubricwithwater,sshownn itsownbox.Sthe ront ortionf hecap ron hatctactshebladela ton hestone nd it ina circular atternn hesurface/

Cont inuent i l he ip of hecap ronperfectlylat.Thiswillguaranteehatwchipswill notbecomerapped etwthe ron nd heblade nce he wopieare eassembled.




ASSEMBLINGND DJUSTINGBENCHLANE

1 Positioningheblade ssemblyI Posi t ionhecap ron n he op ace f hebladeextendingbout%onchbeyondheendof hecap ron.Tightenhecap ron crewabove,eft).Then laceheblade ssembly- includin gheblade, ap ron, nd evercap-in posit ionn he rog. he apbetweenhe ront dgeof heblade nd he ront f hemouth hould ebetween

%z nd%anch. f thegap s oowide rnarrow,emoveheblade ssemblynd oosenoth rog etscrewsbout% urn.Then djusthe rog djustmentcrewo set heproper ap(above,ight).Tighlen hesetscrewsnd epositionheblade ssemblyn he rog, ecuringt in place ith hecaplock.

Centeringheblade nd djustingthedepth fcut

Holdingheplane psideown, ovehelateraldjustmentever nti l hecuttingedgesparallelo hesole nd enteredin hemouth. oset hecutting epth,turn hedepth-of-cutdjustmentnob othe blade rotrudesrom he mouth left)

About%znch sdesirable;essorhighlyfigured oods. on frm hesetting ithatest utona scrap oard. he haiingsshould epaper- thin.

f )an+h-nF-r t f t

adjuatment knob

Lateral adjuatment



SCRAPERS

p roper ly oned, handor caI scrapersunsurpassedor sming and lattening woodsurfacefinishing. or either ypeof scr

sharpenings a four-step rocess,hbeginning n page 7.First, he eof the scraper re i ledsquarehoned,and inallv urned over nburr anda hook(page 0. Youcanduce heburr and he hook n twowith a standard urnisher,ike theshown elow, r createhehook noperationwith a variable urn(photo,left).Theesultsa cuttingthatshould ecapable f slicing a

thin curlsof wood romaworkoi

Honinga handscraperssimplewowith thehelpof thevariable urnisshown t left.Thedeviceeatures cbide od mountedwithinthewoodbAknob on the opadjustsheanglethe od,providing reciseontrol f burnishing ngle,while heig isrunback nd orth over hecuttingedg

INVENTORYlFSCRAPERSNDACCESSORIES

trol than a handscraper

BurniaherForma he fineburr and hookon the cutting edgeof aecraperafter honin4.Koundmodele re ueuallyuaed orcurvedecraperoand trianqularmodda for rectan4ulargcrapers; ri-burntaherehown ombinea ound,




SHARPENINGHAND CRAPER

1 FilingheedgesquareI Securehescraperna v ise, dge p,with wood lockonone ide o keept r igid. lamp mil lbastardi le nacommercialawointerndpresshe ointer rmly gainstone ide f hescraper.xertmoderateressuresyoumakeseveralassesack nd orth longheedge f he ool(above)nti l heexistingook isappearsnd heedgesf lat .Turn hescrapervern hevise nd epeatheprocess

for heother dge.

r) HoningheedgesZ- Securecombinationharpeningtone ne-sroeponawork urface ith leats nd ubricatet. Pressinghescraperflaton hestone,ubeachacewitha circular otionabove

unt i l ny oughnessroducedy i l ing isappears.ext, oldthescraperprightnd lide heedges ack nd orth iago-nal ly crosshe tone nt i l theyre mooth i th harp or-ners. o inish, gainl idehe ace ight lyverhestoneo

removenyDurrs.

Q Burnishingheedges

r-,1Wioe tinvamount f oilonto heeage i hesciapero reducerictionbetweenheburnishernd hescraper.Starto orm hook neach utting dgeof hescrapery ayinghescraperla tona work urface ithanedge xtendinoff he able,hen un heburnisherackand orthalonghe edge left), xertingstrong ownwardressure.urn hescraperver ndburnishheedge n heotherace. ow urnishheother ut t insedgehesame ay.




TurninghehookSecurehesc raperdge p n he

v ise ndwipe l i t t lemore i lon to tsedge. o ld ingheburn i shereve l , ake

a fewpasseslongheedgen onedirec-t i onunt i l heedge we l l sl i gh t l y .Applymoderateressureo urn heedge utward n oneside nght). henhold heburnishero hat hehandles10" o 15"abovehehor izontalnd on-t inue o burnishnt i l heedgeurns verinioa hook. o orma hook n heotherside f heedge below),epeatheprocessith hescraperurned roundin hevise. he reaterhepressureou

apply,hebiggerhehook. urnhescrapervern hevise nd urn hehooks n heoppositedge.

SHARPENINGCABINETCRAPER

1 FilingheedgeI A l thoughtsedges beve led ,cab ine tc raperssharpenedn muchthesame ay sa hand craper.tar tby i l inghebevel ,henpol ishhebevel(step ) and urnover hook steps

and4. Removehebladerom he abi-net crapery ooseninghe humb-screwsoldingt in place. lamphe

blade eveled-edgep na vise etweentwowood ads. hen una bastard i l lf i lea longhebeve l , sing combina-t ion quareer iodical lyocheckhat heangleemains|45" (right).



SHARPENING AND MAINTAINING HAND TOOLS

r') PolishinghebevelZ. Secure sharpeningtoneo a worksurface;n he llustrationt eft,a dia-mond tonesshownn a sharpeningox.

Lubricatehestone,henhold hescraperbladelat-sideown nd lidehebladein a circular atterno removenyburrformed y i l ing.Next,urn heblade verso hebevels lushon hestone ndrepeato polishhebevel. fewpasses

should esuff ic ient, se hecombina-tionsquareo help oumaintainhebev-el angle t45' (step ).

Burnishinghecutting dgeHold hescraoerlade evel own n

a work urface ith hecutting dge ver-hanginghe able.Wipe ome ilon heedge nd, oldingburnisherta slightangleo he blade, asshe odbackand orthacrossts lat edge below).

Apply trong ownwardressureorminga hook n hecutting dge.




Forminghehook

Secureheb lade eve l p n amachinist 'sise nd pply i t t lemoreoi lon t . Holdingheburnishern bothhandslush gainsthe45" bevel ,ul l

the ool owardour ody;maintainon-stant ownwardressureabove).

Gradual lyi l t hehandlef heburnish-erunt i l he od sat angle f about 5'to hebeve l .h is i l l ompletehehook n hecutt ing dge.

lmllrlfilllll lllullll ltl iltlt lll lll xlll]llr]l5HO?Tt?Mainlaining lhe ao ectburniohing nglel lolding burnieherNNhe roperanqleeNhe eyNoburniohinqhebevel f a cabinelecraper. o avieual uide, eea proNractoranda equare omarka l ine t ,

a 45' anqle n he wal lfacinqyouwhenyou Ado Nhe urniehinq.LocaNebheark teye evel irecblynl inewibh ourviee.Ao,youVaeeN,hebur- , €n i sher lonqNhebeve l ,lry to keep he od Var-al lelwi th he l ine nNhe al l ,






SHARPENINGPOKESHAVES

SharpeningwoodenpokeshaveladeRemovehebladerom hehandle ypinchinghe angshatprotrudehroughhehandlendpushinghem ownward.orsharpening,heblades held psideownrom tsusual ut-t ingposi t ion- thats,with he angsacing ownatherhanup.Topreventhe angsrom atchingnyourwork ur facedur ing harpening,et our harpeningtone top wood

blocko providehenecessarylearance.oldingheblade

by he angs, et tsbevella ton hestone. ecausehebis ongerhan hewidth f hestone, old hecutt ing dgdiagonal lysyou l idehebevel ack nd or th n hestRepeati th heblade ngledheother ay.Repeatgaitheblade eld traightbove).0ncehesharpeningscoplete,urn heblade ver ndhonehe ats ide o remo

burr ormed y hesharpeningrocess.

Honingmetal pokeshaveladeTo emovehebladerom hehandle,oosenhescrewn hemiddlef hehandle.et pa benchstonena work ur face;a water-lubricatediamondtonen a sharpeningox sshownabove.nstallhebladen a commercialoning uideabove,

left)and onehecutting dge syouwould plane lad(page3I To lattenhesole f a lat-soledpokeshave,asshsole ack nd orth long medium-gritenchstoneabove

Cont inuent i lhemetal as ni formheen.




DRAWKNIFE

N NSHAVE

oningn nshavehe nshaveo a work urfaceo he utt ing dges ac-

ingup,asshownbove. se slipstoneo honeheedge. tart

a rough-grittone ndprogresso a finer ne.Work it ha

nt i l uni formhine evelopsn h eblade.

ivehe latside f heblade few trokeso removenyburr.

ncehebladessharp,ol ishhebevel i th eathertrop

ndpolishingompoundpage7), nishing it ha fewpasses

n he lat ide f hebladeo emoveheburr .f he nshave

has knife-edse-bevelednboth ides-honeheother ide.

HoningdrawknifeSecurene andlef hedrawknifena

machinist 'sise i th hebladeevel ndthebevelacing p.Thenubricate inebenchstone- inhis ase, combinat iostone-andub hestone longhe ength

of hebevel, sing circular otionleft),

Tohone microbeveln heprimaryev-el,adjustheangle f hestone l ight ly.Final ly, ake ewpassesn he lat ideof hebladeo removenvburr ormed

bysharpening.

SHARPENINGNADZE

Honing nadze

Secureheadze n a bench ise, sshown bove.Wrap

sheet f emery aper round dowelwhose ia meter losely

matcheshecurve f headze lade. one hecutt ing dge

using back-and-forthot ion longhe ength f he bevel .

Hone he lats ide f he bladewitha sl ipstoneo remove ny

burr . f theadze asa kni fe-edgeone heother ide.




POLISHINGHEBLADE

Using benchrinder

Once ouhave harpenedheblade f aroughingrshapingool, olishhebeveland emovenyburr ormed y hepro-

cess n he eltwheel fa benchrinder.For metal pokeshavelade,mpreg-natehewheel it hpolishingompoundandolacehebevel f heblade n hetrail ing dge f hewheelabove).ovetheblade ideoside oexooseheentirebevelo hewheel. uff heblade nlyenougho removeheburr, sing l ighttoucho avoidoundingheedge. un

thewholeength f hebevel ack ndfor th crosshewheelo ool isht uni-formly. epeatn he ats ide f heblade. esthecutting dgeorsharp-ness n a piece f softwoodpage 4).

'lll"'trIl'flI'1x1"'illllf'.flI-1lfllflll*fil-lll'llllfill'lll filII?HO?TI?Choooinq durableaxhand leDeepite he availabil ity fa vdrietyof oynlheXic om-pounde, ooden-handledaxee emainVoVular,heyare iqhL nd etrronq, nd

featurea well-balancedeel,Theolren7thof the handledepends n he orienNalionof the qrain o lhe axhead.Choose n axwi lh a handlethat has he qrain unninqparallelo Ihe cuLNin4 dqe(bottom); handleswiNhhegrain unning erp ndicular(top) to Lhe acd tend Lobreakmoreeaeily.



BRACESAND ITS

lectric rillshaveargely upersededorboring olesn the

woodshoo.evertheless.osttillkeep racesndhand

handy, ecauseheseoolshaveot readily upli-

ated ypowerools, uch sworkingn tightquartersr boringahole o a

epth.Maintaininghese and oolssmain-question fkeepingheirmoving

arts lean nd harpeningheirbits.Tolean brace, nscrewhe chuck hellnd emoveheaws, s hown t ight.sehesame leaningrocedures ou

thepartsof a bench lane

@age0).The emainingagesf thischapter escribeow o sharpenugerand poon its.

Cleaningthehuckis n essentialelement f maintaining brace.

Theexploded iewof a brace huckin thephotoat right showsheparts hat require leaning he

shelland he wo-pieceaw.

ANATOMYFAUGERND POOI{ITS

Cuttinq edqe,or lip

Auger bit

Thecuttinq edqe-or lip-bitee, pulle,and quideo hebit into the workpiece;he apure acore the outline ofthe hole so t'hat' the lip doee not t'ear the wood ibere




SHARPENINGNAUGERIT

1 Filinghecutting dgeI Securehebit na bench ise.thenuse needleil e o sharpenhecutting dge.You analsouse spe-cializeduger it i le or he ob.)Holdthe i leon he eadingdge ndmakea fewstrokes longhe surface.Repeat ith heother utting dge.

Filinghe purPositionhebit uprightn hevise.

Holdinghe i le lush gainsthe nsideedge f onespur,make everaltrokesacrosshe surfaceright)unlilyoupro-

duce neven hine n hespur.Repeatwith heother pur.




Removingurrsromhe purs

Holding very nediamond one n

a work ur face,l ideheoutsidedge f

one f hebitspurs n hestoneoremove

anyburr ormed ysharpeningright).(You analso se piece f very ne

emeryloth.)Work itha light ouch nd

use nly noughtrokesoremoveheburr,

o ryou isk educ ingheb i td iameter .

Reoeatith heother pur.

SHARPENINGNSPOONIT

SharpeningspoonitSpoon i ts anbesharpenedasi lyna benchstone.n he

i l lustrationbove,t ef t , diamondtonen tsown harpen-

ingbox sshown. oldingheoutsidef hebi t 's ose n he

stone,ockhebitacrosshesurfaceith semicircularotion.

Holdhebitat hesame nglehroughouto ensurehat he

noseshoned n i formly .nce hesharpeningscomplet

ool ish oth ides f henose n he el twhee l f a benchgr inder .mpregnatehewheel i th o l ish ingompoundn

holdinghebitvert ical ly,ightlyouchhe ront f henoseo

the wheel above,ight).Repea| ith he back ide.





SWENNGPO\AIER

TOOLBIADESATDITS

ikeanycutting r shapingool,apoweroolwith a dull blade

or bit cannotperformwell.A dulldrill bit will tendo skate ffawork-piece,atherhanbitingdeanlyntothewood.A sawblader router itwith bluntedcutting edgesmayburn stock.And wood hat s sur-faced y a ointeror planerwithunsharpenednivesmaybediffi-cult oglueup or finish.

Inadditiono cuttingandshap-ingproperly, ell-sharpenedladesandbis offerotherbenefits,nclud-ing educedear nd ear nmotors,less peratoratigue, nd ongerife

for theblades ndbits hemselves.Manufacturersfpoweroolbladesandbis generallyecommendend-ing heirproductso aprofessionalsharpeningervice.owever,heobcanoftenbedonen theworlahop.Thischapter ill showyou ow o sharpenwidevariety fpoweroolbladesndbits, romrouter itsandshaper utters(page 2) o jointerandplaner nives page 9).n apinch,even brokenand awbladean esolderedogetherpage6).

A wist bit is sharpenedna bench rinderwith thehelpofa commercialrind-

ing ig thatholds hebit at theproperangle.Originallydestgnedor themetal-

wo*ing industry, wistbits ook heirplacen woodworking s heuseofpower

tools rew.Theyneed eriodic harpeningo boreholes leanly nd accurately.

Designedo replacehe metalguide bloclcsup-pliedwith mostbandsaw6heat-resistanttide

blocl<snhelpprolongbladelife.Madefromagraphite-impregnatedesin hat s tsown ubri-

cant, hese onmetallic loclcsast ongerhan

metalblocl<sndcanbe et losero heblade,

allowingmoreaccurate ndcontrolled uts.

cuttingedgesfyourbladesndbis razor-sharp.ut emember hata keen dge lwaystartswith thequalityof thesteeitself;or ong ife andease fsharpening,lwayshoose itsandblades aderom hebest teel.

Still, hereare imeswhenyoushouldurn o aprofessional,ar-ticularly f blades nd bits havechipped dgesr haveost heirtemper saresult f overgrindingSomeouter itsalsomustbepre-cisely alanced,omethinghat sdifficult o achieven theshop.u aruleof thumb,t is agood dea osend utyourbitsandbladeso asharpeningerviceeriodically,reverysecondime heyneedmajorsharpening.nce ouhave harpenedan edge roperly,t shouldlastora ong ime-the occasionalhoningsall hat t takesomain-

tain t.Thepageshat ollowcover hebasicechniquesor sharpeninpower ool blades ndbits n theshop.With a ittlepractice nd herightaccessories,oucan eephe



A GALLERYOFBLADESAND BITS

Drill bits(pa7e 65)

Molding headand knivea(paqe 64) ffifi$

Commercialreainaolvent (page 71)Cleanapitch,

and planer while hey are atill in cutter-head;diamond-ahapeduttinq etoneaharpenawhileaauaregtone removeothe burr from thi face of the knife

qum,qaw-duat, andreain fromcircularaawbladeeandrouter bits

aaw blades(paae70)

Jointer knivea(paqeB5)

Planer knivea

Knife honing guide

a



TOOLSAND ACCESSORIESORSHARPENING

Drill bit grinding attachment (page 58)Holdo%- o %-tnch-diameterwiat bita foroharpeninq;mounted o workaurfaceandueedwrtha bencharinder

Router bit eharpenerA boron-carb ide Loneuaed o aharpen arbonateel,htqh-epeed teeLand carbide-tippedrouter bita;

4iveea finer iniah han

dtamond tleaof eaualarit. Handlefeatureamaqnifyinqenofor checkin4 harpneee

Drill bit-aharpening ig (page 66)Toweredby an electric drill, Lhiejiq eharpena i7h-apeed teeltwiet bita and carbidemaaonrybite up to'l inch rndrameLer;holdereecureabit.aL properdepth andangleaqainet eharp-eningotone noideiq J f f i

t *ircular saw blade-settinq jig (page 72)Clampedn benchviee o joint and eet the f,eethof circu'Iar sawe up Lo 12 nchee n diameter. Dlade a ocked nji7 and rotated aqainet file to jointteeth; Leethare eetby apprng hem wttha hammeraqainaLmandrel

Knife-aetting jigs (page 79)Magnetic iq ueed o hold ointeror planerknivea t Lhecorrectheiqht or tnetallaLionn themachine, iqe for planer below)are ueed npairefor knivee p

to 20 tnchea ong;i7 for otnter(ri7hL)aete knivee p to B incheain lenqLh, nd can beextendedwith a thirdbar for kniveeup to14 nchee onq

Jointerlplaner-knifeaharpenlingig (page 79)Uaed o aharpenointer and planerknivea: nife e clamped n tq andrear ecrewadjueLeLo hold knifeat properanile aaainaL

^l

Circular saw blade-eharpening ig (page 72)MounLed n workbenchoeharpenctrcularsaw bladeaafter qrindinqand oettinq:blade e held n iq while aperfile tadrawnacroos he Leethat LheproperptLchand anqle



ROUTER ITSAND SHAPER UTTERS

Securedn abench ise, neofthe cting edges f a shaper utter eceive

final sharpening ith a ine diamohone.Theprocesss a two-step pera

beginning ith a mediumhone farBecauseheyoperate t highspeedsrouterbitsand shaper utters yerhequickly.Cutters hat areproperly haenedmake moother, oreaccurate

SHARPENINGNON-PILOTEDOUTERIT

Sharpeninghe nsideacesClean nypitch, um, rsawdustff he

bitwitha commercialesin olventpage71), henuse ceramic rdiamondharp-eningile o honehe nsideaces f hebit's utting dges. coarse-gritile s bestif a lotof materialeedso be emoved;use f ner-gri tle ora l ight ouch-up.Holdinghe nsideace f one uttingdgeflatagainstheabrasiveurface,ub t backand orth right).Repeat ith heother ut-tingedge. one oth nsideaces quallyto maintainhebalancef hebit.Take arenot o ile hebevel ehindhecutting dge.





MOLDINGKNIVES

SHARPENING(ITDINGNIVES

SharpeningoldingnivesThecutting dges f able aw r radialarmsawmolding nives reeasyo touchuporsharpen hile heyaremountednthemoldingead. lampheheadnabench isewithone f hekniveslear fthe bench,henuse slipstoneabove)to

honets nsideace syouwould routerbi t (page 2l. Repositionhe head n hevise o honehe emainingnives. sethesame umber f strokeso hone achknife o hatyou emovenequal mountof metalrom hem ll.andmaintainheiridenticalhapesndweights.nalterna-tivemethodnvolvesemovinghekniveswitha hexwrenchright) nd harpeningthem na flatoilstone,



DRILLBITS

SHARPENINGWISTBITS

Using benchrinder

Holdinghebitbetweenhe ndexinger nd humb fone and, et t on hegrinder 'sool est nd dvancet owardhewheel nt i l ourndexinger on-tacts he ool est. i l t heshaft f hebitdown nd o he eftso hatone fthecutting dges,r ips, ssquareo hewheelabove).otatehebit clock-wiseogrindhe ipevenly.er iodical lyheckheangle f hecutt ing dge, sshownn hephoto t ight, nd ry o maintainheangle tabout 0".Repeatfor hesecondutt ing dge. okeep its harp,se hem t hespeedecom-mendedy hemanufacturer.ipehem ccasional lyi th i l opreventust.

To boreclean holes, he cutting edges f

twist bitsshouldbe angledat about60".

As you sharpen bit, periodically heck

the anglewith a protractor.Butt oneof the cuttirtg edges gainst he baseof

theprotractorand swivel he arntflushagainst hesideof the bit.



SHARPENINGPOWERTOOL BLADESAND BITS

Using commercialig

Setup he ig ollowinghemanufacturer'sinstructions.or hemodel hown,ecureanelectricri l l o he ig; hedril lwil l otatethesharpeningtonensidehedevice.Adjustheangle locko heappropriateangleor hebit o besharpenednd nsertthebit n hedepth auge.he auge ill

enableou o securehebit at hecorrectheightn heholder. it hebitholderverIhebiI hbovdand henuse t to removethebit rom hegauge. ow ecurehebitandholdero heangle lock. urn n hedr i l land, oldingt steady,lowlyotatethebitholder ull360' againsthestoneinsidehe ie ieht).Applyightpressure;

toomuch orcewilloverheathebit.




ORSTNERITS

1 Grindinghe nside evelI To ouch pa Forstnerit, rue he op

f hebi t 's imwitha f le, emovingnynicks.f thebeveleddges f hecut-

nsidehe imare neven,r ind

sing nelectr icr i l l t tedwitharindingttachment.ecurehebit

na benchise s hownnd rindheedgesntil heyareall uniformright).

r) Sharpeninghe hipiftersI t lse sinsle-cuti l lbastardi le ol ight ly le he nsideaces f hecuttersHoldhe le atagainstne f hecut-ters-also nownschip ifters-andmakeafewstrokeslonghesurfaceleft).Repeawi th heother ut ter . in ishhe obbyhoninghebeveleddgesnsidehe imwith sl ipstone.




HONINGUTTI.SPURITS

1 Filinghe uttingpursI Securehebitupr ightna benchise nduse r iangulari le o honeheleadingdge, r ace, f each pur above).il ewitheach ush troke,owardsthebi t 's rad oint,i l t inghehandlef he i ledown l ight ly.heni le he rai l -ingedge, r back, f each pur hesame ay. i le l l hespurs y hesameamounto hat hey emaint hesame eight. ake ure ou onotover- f i le

thecutting purs;hey redesignedo be%znch ongerhan hechip ifters.

SHARPENINGRAD.POINTITS

1 Filinghe hip iftersI Clamphebi tupr ightna benchiseand i le he nsideaces f he wo hiplifters syouwouldhose f a Forstnerit(page 7).Fora brad-pointit, however,use triangulareedleile right),oningunt i l ach utt ingdgessharp nd ach

chip i f ters lat .

Fil inghebrad oint

File hechip ifters syouwouldhoa ForstneriI (page 7).Then,ile heb

point nti l t issharpabove).




Filinghe uttingpursheneedlei le ohonehe nside

f hebit's wocutting purs. old

e oolwithboth ands nd le owards

ebrad-pointntrl ach pur ssharprghf),

H(INING PADEITS

Filing spadeitSecurehebi t na benchise nduse

smoothingle-cuti llbastardile o ouchup he wo utting dges.ile n hepush

slroke\efl, ilting hehandle own lightly

to matchheangle f hecuttrng dges;between" and10" s ypical.henouchup hecutting dges neither ide f hepointhesame ay inset),Iakingare ot

to alterts aoer. onot emoveoomuchmetal t hebase f hepoint, s hiswil lweakenhebi t .



CIRCULARSAWBLADES

CHANGINGABLEAWBLADES

Thecommercial ladecarriershown

above s a handy storagedevice hat

will protect our circularsaw blades

from damageand make t easier o

transport hem. Thismodelaccom-

modates D o ten L]-inch blades.

1 RemovingbladeI Workingt he ront f he able

removehe nsertndwedge pieceofscrap ood nder bladeoothopreventhebladerom urning. sethewrenchuppl iedi th hesaw oloosenhearbor ut /eff).Mostablesaw rbors aveeversehreads;henut s oosenedna clockwiseirec-tion.) inishooseninghenutbyhandmakingurehat t does ot al l ntothemachine.areful lyi f t hebladeandwasherff hearbor. arbide{ipblades rebest harpenedrofessio

al ly ; uthigh-speedteelmodelsanbesharpenedn heshop page 2).A worn rdamagedladehould ediscardednd eplaced.

r) Install ingbladeZ- St iOeheblade ntohearbor i th ts eeth oint ingn hedirect ionf bladrotationtowardhe ront f he able).nserthe lange ndnutand tartightenbyhand. o inishightening,r iphe aw lade i th rag ndusehewrenchupliedwith hesaw above).onotuse piece fwood sa wedge,s hiscouldresul tnovert ighteninghenut.




CHANGINGORTABLEIRCUTARAWBLADES

Removingportableircularaw ladeSet hesaw n tsside na work urface

with heblade ousingacing p.Retractthe ower lade uard nd, r ippingheblade itha rag,oosenhearbor utwith

thewrenchupplied ith hesaw right).

Removehenutandheouter asher,hens l ideheb laderom hearbor . swi th

tab le aw lades,arb ide- t ippedlades

shouldesent ut or harpening,u thigh-speedteelypes anbesharpenedin he hop. o nstal l blade,lacet onthearbor i th ts ee th o in t i ngn hed i r ec t i onf b l adeo ta t i on .ns ta l l t he

washernd henut,and ightenhem yhand. oldingheblade ith he ag, se

thewrenchogivehenutanaddi t ionalquarterurn.Donotovertighten.

CLEANINGIRCUTARAWBTADES

SoakinghebladeCleanheblade sing commercialesin

so lven t .Commerc ia lven leaner ,u r -

pent ine, r a solut ion f hotwaterwith

ammonia analso e used.) or tubborn

p i t ch ndgumdepos i t s ,oak heb lade

in hec lean inggen tn a sha l low an

andusea brass-br ist ledrush o c lean

the teeth (/eff).



SHARPENING OWERTOOL BLADESAND BITS

SHARPENINGIRCULARAW LADES

1 Jointinghe eethI Tosharpenhe ee th f a c i rcu laraw lade,ns ta l lhebladen a commercialaw-sett ingig ol lowinghemanufac-turer'snstructions.orhemodelhown,hebladeeeth houldbepoint ingounterc lockwise.nstal lhe oint ingead n hej ig,butt ingts i leupagainsthesaw eeth. henightenhethumbscrewnti l he eeth rag gainsthe i le.To oint heteeth o hey re l l he ameength,lamphe ig na bench

vise nd otatehe blade gainsthe ileclockwiseabove).ftereach otat ion,ightenhe humbscrewl ight lynd epeatnt i lthe ipofeachooth as eeniled lat.

Sharpeninghe eethOncehesaw eeth ave eenointed

and et, i le hem sing commercialaw-sharpeningig .Mounthe ig oa workbenchand nstal lhebladeooselyn he igsothebladeurns. ol lowinghemanufactur-

er 's nstruct ions,otatehe r iangulari lein he i leholdernd djustheguide rmto matchhe equireditch nd ngle f hesaweeth. tartingith oothhat spoint-

ing o he ight,il e he uttingdge y l id-ing he i leholderlonghe opof he ig(right). oIaIeheblade ounterclockwise,skippingne ooth, nd epeat.harpenl lthe ight-pointingeethhe ame ay. djustthe riangularil eand heguide rm oworkon he eft-pointingeeth nd epeat,harp-ening l l he eeth ou kipped.

r) Settinghe eethZ. Removehe oint ingeadromhe igand nstal lhe t inghead. lso emovehe ig romhe ise nd et t on hbenchtop.djustheheador heappropr iatemountfseorbend. s ingpinpunchnd al l -peenammer,ight lytrevery econdooth gainsthesetting ead above).emtheblade nd eversehepositionf hesetting ead. ein

theb lade i th he ee th o in t i ngn heoppos i tei rec tand epeator he eeth ou kipped,gain tr ik ingvesecondooth.



BAND SAWBLADES

Securedbetween wo wood blocks n

a benchvise, he teethof a band saw

bladearesharpened ith a triangular

file. Band saw blades an alsobehoned

while heyare nstalledon the machine.

The eethshouldbesharpenederiodi-

cally and set after every hree ofivesharpenings.n fact, a propefly honed

and setbandsaw bladewill perform

bener han a brandnew one.

SHARPENINGBAND AW LADE

1 GleaninghebladeI Beforeharpeningband aw lade,emoveawdustnd

wood hrpsrom t. Make ure ou eleasehebladeension

f rst eforel ippingheblade f f hewheels.hen, oldinghe

blade etweenwocleanagsabove),ull t awayn hedirec-

tionoppositetsnormalotationo avoid nagginghecutting

edgesn hematerial .




O Install inghebladeorsharpeningL You an harpenband aw ladeeither n a bench ise photo,age 3)oron hemachine.o nstallheblade n he

band aw orsharpening,ountt wi ththe eeth oint ingn hedirect ionppo-site heir utting osition-thats, acingup nsteadfdown. urnhebladensideoutand u idet th roughhe ab le lo t(right), oldingt with he eeth acing ouandpoint ingp.Sl ip heblade etweentheguide locksnd n he hroat olumnslot,hen entert on hewheels. akesureheblade uide ssemblys aisedshigh bovehe able s twi l lgo.

Q Seftingheblader-J lf the eeth eedo beset, djust commercialaw et othesame umberf ee th er nch s heband aw lade.Securehebladen a handscrewnd lamphehandscrewothesaw able. tartingt hehandscrew-endf heblade, osi-t ion he i rst oothhat s bento he ight etweenheanvi landpunch lock f hesaw etand queezehehandleo setthe ooth above).ork ourway p o heguide ssembly,et-tingall he eethhatarebento he ight. henurn hesa wsetover nd epeator he eftward-benteeth. ontinueettingallthebladeeeth ectionysection.oensureou onotomitany eeth,mark ach ectionouwork nwith halk.

SharpeninghebladeSharpenhe eethhe ame ay ou et hem, orkin

one ladeect ionta ime.Hold r iangulari leata 90"anto heblade nd harpenachoothhat sset o he iggu id inghe i l e n hesame i rec t i onhat he oo thsse(above).hen harpenhe eftward-benteeth hesame Use hesame umberfstrokesneachooth. nce l lteeth ave een harpened,emoveheblade,urn t insoutand einstal lt forcutt ing, i th he eeth oint ingowTensionnd rackhebladepage 23.)

frladequideaeeembly-




iltilJ lttllJlli lulrJlIjll1lli jljllllltll lll llJllJlil9HO7Tt?Rounding bandoaw bladeTohelozrevenN newbandsawbladerom bindinqnLhekerfof curvedculs, usea s i l icon- ]carbide bone i thout l i l loi lLo round tE back i i l l l

Install ingeat-resistantuide locksReplacrngour and aw'standarduide

blocks ithheat-resistantlocks i l llengthenladei feandpromote ore

accuratend ontrolleduts.Removeheoriginallocks yusing hexwrencholoosenhesetscrewsecuringhem o he

upperuide ssemblyabove).l ip ut

theoldblocks nd nser the eplace

ments. inchheblocksogetheri thyourhumb nd ndexinger nt i lheyalmostouchheblade.You an lsouse slipof papero set hespace e-

tweenheguide locksnd heblade)Tightenhesetscrews.he ront dgesof heguide lockshoulde ust ehin

thebladeullets.o epositionheblocksloosenheirhumbscrewnd urn heiradjustmentnobo advancer etracttheblocks.ightenhe humbscrewndrepeatheprocessor heguide ssem

bly ocatedelowhe able.

oil o roundtEback il l l , ' f

edqe,eehownhere. l\

ANNachhestoneo r1ll l la ehoV-madeandle. l l \ l l i : i r;Teneionnd rackthe l l l t l l;blade pa1e123),f,henturn on Nhe aw,Wearinqea fet y qoqqleo,oldNhe toneaqainot lhe backof the bladeandolowly ivot he eLone. urnoff the eawafNer f ewminutee.lnaddi tr iono oundinghe back f Lheblade,he otonewil lsmoolh any bumpewhere rheblade ndeare welded'oqeNher.



SHARPENINGOWER OOLBLADES ND BITS

REPAIRINGBROKENANDAW TADE

! Settingp hebladen he olderingig

4- Securecommercialolder ingig na machinist 'sise.Next, se brushospreadluxon hebevelednds f heblade nd% nchn rom ach nd.Positionthebladen he igso he wobeveledends re ncontact right).Make ure heblades ightand traightn he ig .

1 Grindinghebrokennds f heblaI A broken and awblade anbe

repairedn heshop. tart ycreatin20' bevel neach ndof heblade sa bench rinderleft). sshownn hinset,hebevels il l ncreaseheconarea etweenhe woblade ndswhyou oin hem, trengtheninghe oi

Then se piece femerylotho rouenboth lade nds; andhesurfaunt i l hei r lu ish olor isappearswil lhelphe older ingl loy dhereoblade urfaceroperly.



SHARPENING OWER OOL BLADES ND BITS

Soldedngheblade ndsHeathe ointwitha propaneorch,thenunrol l length f hesolder ndtouch he ip o he oint-not o heflame. ontinueeatinghe oint above

unt i l hesolder overshe ointcom-pletely. urnoff he orchand et hejoint ool.

Filinghe oint

Oncehe ointhas ooled,emovethebladerom he igandwash ff hefluxwithwarmwater.f theresanexcessof solder n heblade,ile t offcarefullywitha single-cut astardmill ile (left)

unti l he oint s no hickerhan he estof he blade,f the ointseparates,eheati t to mel t hesolder ,ul l t apar t , ndrepeat teps through .





IOINTERAND PLANERKNIVES

A pair of magneticigsholdsaplaner

knifeat thecorrect eightn thecutter-head,allowing he knife o beixed

in placeaccurately. uch igs ake heguessworkut of the rickiest hase fsharp ning lanerknives-installing

themproperly. eriodic harpen-ing ofplanerknivess essential.tockthat s surfaced y dull knivess dffi-

cult to glueand does ot acceptfin-ishes ell.A similar ig s available

for settingointerknives.

HONING(lINTERNIVES

1 Cleaninghe nivesI Jointernivesanbehoned hi lehey re n hecutter-head. tar t ycleaninghem.Shi f t he ence wayrom heables ndmoveheguard utof heway.Makingurehe oint-

r sunplugged,otatehecutterheaditha stick ntilone f

theknivessat hehighestointn ts otat ion.hen, oldingthecutterheadteady ithonehand rotectedya rag,usesmall rass-bristledrush oakedn solvento cleanheknife(above).epeator heother nives.




r) Aligninghe nfeedabte

L withtheknives

Cu ta prece f Yrinchplywoodo thew

of he o in ter 'sn feedable ndsecu

to the ab lewi thdouble- facedape.plywood il l protecthe able romscr

eswhen ouhone heknives. ext , d

the nfeedableso hat he beveled d

of the kn ivess a t the same evel s

top of the p lywood. eta s t ra ight o

on he plywoodndacrosshe cutterh

and ,h o l d i n gh ecu t te rheadt e a d y

the beveled dge f onekni feparal l

the able,owerhe nfeedable nt i l

bottom f the board ontactshe be(left).

Usea wood him o wedsehecterheadn olace.

Honinghe nivesS l i d e c o m b i n a t i o ntone v e n l V

acrosshebeveleddge f theknife right).

Movehestone i th side- to-s ideot ionunt i l hebevels latand harp,voidingcontact i th hecutterhead.eoeatheprocesso honehe emainingnives.




()INTERNIVES

.|i tii dr ill lj ,Ij jjiJL J |t i]l ll l[ lll li lill il 'ii

1HO?TI?thifting knivesfor longer ifeToVrolonqhe l i feof a se t ol ointer

1 Removinghe nivest -

I Togive ointer nives fu l l - fedged

sharpening,emovehem rom hecut-

te rhead . np lughemach ine ,h i f t he

fence wayrom he ables, ndmove

t heguard u to f theway .Usea sma l l

woodscrap o rotate he cutterhead

un t i l he ock c rews ecur ing neo f

theknives reaccessibleetweenhe

tables. overheedge f hekni fewith

a ragloprotect our ands.henusea

wrench o loosen achscrew above).L i f t hekn i fe nd he e ta in ingedge

outof the cutterhead.

knives haN avebeen

nicked,oosen hetocK crew6Oecur-ingonekni fe ndsl ide he knifeaboul ' /a nch n eiNher i rectr ion.I iqhtenhelock screweand carefully rotaLe trhecuLler-




r- ) Cleaninghe etainingedgeL Cleanny i tch rgum rom he etainingedgesingbrass-bristledrush ippedn solventabove,eft). f the aceof he etainingedgehatbutts gainsthekni fespi t ted rrough,oumay averoubleett inghekni fe eight henein-

s ta l l inghekn i fe . l a t tenhe ace f hewedgesyouwthesole f a planepage 0)unt i l t issmooth. lso sebrushocleanhe lot n hecutterheadhathouseshe eingwedge ndknife above,ight).

? Instal l inghe ni fena sharpeningig

r -J Use commerc ia ln i fe -sharpen ingj ig o sharpenhe o in te r n i fe . en te rthe n i fen he igbeve lpand lamptinplace y ighteninghewing uts; sea rag o protect ourhand right).Makesurehat hebladesparal leli th he ipof he ig. f thekni fe oes otextendutfa renoughromhe ig , nsert wood himbetweenhekni fe nd he ipclamns



SHARPENING OWER OOLBLADES ND BITS

Sharpeninghe nifeSe ta sharpeningtone na flat,smooth ork urface;nl lustrat ionsn hispage, diamond-gri taterstones

adjusthe igso hebeveleddge f he ointer

kni fe s laton hestone,urn he igover, est hebevel nhestone, nd urn hewingnuts t heother ndof he ig

hbovd. Lubricatehestone-in hiscasewithwater-and

sl ideheknife ack nd orth. oldingheknob-endf he ig

flaton hework urfacendpressinghekni fe n hestone,movehe ig n a f gure-eightatternbelow).ont inuenti lthebevels latand harp. arefullyemoveheknife rom heji gandhonehe latside f heknifeo removeny urr ormed

in hesharpeningrocess.




R Reinstal l ingheknife n he ointe

: , f Inser the e ta in ing edgen he

te rhead en te r inct i n the s lo tw i t

grooveddge acing p.With he bev

edge f hekn i fe ac ingheout feeda

s l ip t betweenhe retaining edge

the rontedge f the slot, eavinghe

el protrudingrom hecut terhead.

fi Settinghe nife eightL,f Adjustheheightf hekni fe s ingcommercialig page5),ordo he obbyhand, sshown t right. overheedge fthekn i fe i th rag ndpar t i a l l yi gh teneachock c rew n he e ta in ingedge.Use smal lwooden edgeo rotatehecut te rheadnt i l heedge f hekn i fesat tsh ighes to in t -a l sonown sTopDead enterrTDC. hen, oldinghe ut-

terheadtat ionaryi tha wedge,lacestraight ardwoodoard n heoutfeedtable o hat t extendsverhecutterhead.The nifehouldust rushgainstheboarda longhekn i fe 'sn t i r eength .f no t , sea hexwrencho adlustheknifeack crews.Oncehekn i fe sa t hecor rec te igh t ,t i gh tenhe ock c rewsn he eta in ingwedgeu l l y , eg inn ingi thhe nen hecenterndworkingut owardheedges.Sharpennd nstal lhe emainingnivesthesame ay.




()INTERNIVES

knife-settingig

WITHAJIG

he igshown t r ight eatures agnet ic

hatw i l lho ld ointer n i fe t heeight hile ou ightenhe etain-

ngwedgeock crews.nser thekni fen

hecutterheadndposit iont at tshigh-

stpoint syouwouldo nstal lhekni fe

yhand page 4).Thenmark l ineon

bovehecutt ing dge.hekni fe-sett ingigon heout-

able, l ig ninghe eferenceine n

he igarmwi th hemarkedine n heshown. ark notherine n he

bovehesecondeference

igarm.Removehe igandhis ine crossheoutfeedable.

inewi l lhe lp ou u ick lyos i t ion

he ig henex time ou nsta l l kn i fe . )eposit ionhe igon he able, l igningts

ines r thhemarkedines n

he ence. hen se wrencho ishtenhe

lock crewsrEhf).

HARPENINGLANERNIVES

Removingndnstal l ingplanerni feRemoveolanerni feromhemachine

and harpent as ouwould ointernife(page i).To einstal lhekni fe se he

kni fe-set t inguide uppl ied i th hemachinera commercial lyvai lableod-el ike heone hownnpage 9. Placethekni fe n heplaneru t te rheadndpartial lyightenhesetscrews.old hekni fe-sett inguide esidene f heset-screwso hat ts wo eetare esting nthecutterheadneach ide f heopen-ing, hen djusthesetscrewith hexwrenchntil heedge f heknife ontactthebottom f heguide/eff). epeatorthe emainigsetscrews.

< r lointer knife-eettinq jig



-e*t\



ING

PORIABLE O\ATERTOOL

hateverheirprice ange rlistoffeatures,llportable

power oolswill workbetterand astIongerfthey arecaredor proper-

ly. At its most basic,preventive

maintenances easyo do and akesno more han a ewminutes. t theendof your work day,or example,get n thehabitof cleaning ustanddirt from your tools.Refero theschedulesn page88 or addition-al maintenancedeas.When you

buya new ool, registerhewarrantyand file the owner'smanual n aconvenient laceand ollow all theoperating ndmaintenancenstruc-tions suggestedy the manufac-turer. Owner'smanualsypicallyinclude roubleshootinguidesohelp users ecognize nd handlemalfunctions. eep our ool'sorig-inalpackaginghouldyou need oreturnan tem or servicing.

Becauseortableoolsareelec-tricallypowered,aring or them s cal epair, ouarebetterofftakingasmuch a matterof safety sof performance.oday's ower the ool to an authorized ervice enter.f youdo elect o opentoolsaredesignedo insulatehi user romelectricalhock, up a tool to repairor replace n nternalcomponent,abe

but any ool that develops n electrical roblemcanbehaz- thewiringand hepartsyou disconnecto helpyou reassem

ardous. hischapter rovidesllustrations f theportable ow- ble he oolproperly. heageandvalueof a tool salsoa con-er ools ommonly sedn woodworking ith cutawayviews sideration. he mostworthwhile emedy or a 2O-year-o

of theirprincipalelectrical nd mechanicalomponents.he drill with a burned-outmotor maybe anewdrill rather handrawings redesignedo helpshowyouwhere hese artsare a new motor.

A combination quare onfirms hat theblade fa circular aw sper-pendicularo the ool's ase late.All powersawselyonthisalignment

for accurate uts.Tocorrectheadjustment,oosenhebevel djustmentknobshown n thephotoat left and ilt thebase lateuntil thesquares

flushagainst oth heplateand blade, hen ighten heknob.

A beltsandern a commercialtand spaired

with ap\nuood ruing ig to correct router'sout-of-round ub-base, hichcanproduce

impreciseuts.Tocorrectheproblem,nstalla centeringin in the outer, rill a hole n the

jig to hold hepin, and urn onthesander.Thenslowly otate hesub-basegainst hebelt

until it isperfectlyound.

typically located and recognizewhereatool mayhaveaproblem.

Fortunately,hepartsof apow-

er tool that endure hemostabuseand most often sufferdamage re

those hat are also he easiestoaccess:he plugs, power cords,motorbrushes,ndon/offswitches.Asshownbeginning npage 8,these omponentsanbe replaceeasilyand inexpensively. eforeundertaking a repair, howevercheckwhether he tool is still cov-ered y themanufacturer'sarran-ty. Openingup a tool that is stillunderwarrantywill usually oidtheguarantee.

The decision o repairotherpartsof aportable owei ool, suchas he motor and motor bearingfor example, epends n a numberof factors,ncluding our own abil-ities.Unless ou feelcomfortablmakingan electrical r mechani



MAINTENANCETIPSAND SCHEDULES

f here reno ndustry-widetandardsI for servicing ortable ower ools

designedor the homeshop.Manufac-turersof ndustrial-useower ools ssue

maintenancechedulesor theirproducts,but theseools ypically ndergo eavieruse hanthe average omeworkshoptool.For ndustrialools, ervicingsusu-ally scheduled very100hoursofuseand ncludes comolete verhaul. rush-esare eplaced,earings recleaned ndlubricatedor replaced),nd hewiring,motor,andotherelectrical omponentsarechecked nd, fnecessary,epaired.

For the typical power tool in thehome shop, however,maintenanceschedules nd requirements re essclearcut. uchdepends n how a toolis used. circular aw sed y heweek-endwoodworkero cut the occasionalplankwill obviously equire essatten-tion thanoneused y abusy arpenteror cabinetmaker ho regularly elies n

CheckingortableoweroolsThe hart t r ight is tshecheckshatshould emade nportableowerools

ona regularasis. evelopt imetablethat ui ts ourwork abi ts. oolshatareusedrequentlyr hatgetheavy seshould echeckedften.

his tool to crosscut /4 stockandsawsheets fplywoodo manageableengths.

Thechartbelow ists he checkshatshouldbemade n manyportable ow-

er ools.The asksistedarestraightfor-ward and canbe done n a matterofminutes.How oftenyou perform hesecheckswill depend n your own needsand circumstances.sa rule of thumb,any ool that doesnot perform hewayit isdesignedo shouldbe nvestigated.Youcando the work yoursellbut beaware hat troubleshooting lectricalproblemsn apower ool requires pe-cialized, quipmentaswell asa soundknowledge f how to use t. If you areuncomfortableworking with electrici-ty, ake he ool to an authorized ervicecenter or reoair.

While toolsmadea fewdecadesgocanbe completely isassembled,anyrecentmodels eaturenternalcompo-nents hatare actory-sealedndvirtu-

ally naccessible.n some oolsexample,hebearingsremechaly pressednto he motorspinAttemptingo separatehebearing

themotorn suchoolswithouthe instrument il l destroyhebeaManufacturerslaimhatsuch eopmentsn tool echnologyaveducedmoredurable,onger-lproducts. hile his s no doubtone onsequenceor hepoweroolof oolswithno

"user-serviceabpais hat epairsan nlybecarrieduproperly quippederviceenters

Toget hemost romyour oolskeepepairso a minimum, eferotips isted n heoppositeage.yourowner's anualefore sing tomakeertainoucan peratetprerly. ndneverrytouse ool oraforwhich t isnotdesigned.toolfailwhen ubjectedo stresst isnotbto handle.

T00t

Router

Saber aw

Plateoiner

Electric rill

Belt ander

Gircularaw

MAINTENANCE

Checkhecolletorplaynd unout

page1)Cleanhe ol let nd oindle

Ensurehat hesub-basessmoothnd ree f damag

Checkheguideollersndblade upportsorwearCheckheblade lamoCheckhatbasessquareo blade

Checkheplunge echanismorplayCheckheblade nd pindleorwearInspecthepins nd l idesInsoecthedrive elt

Checkhechuck earingorplayInspecthechuckorwear

Checkhesteel laten nd ork ad orwearCheckhedrive eltCheckheend ollerordamagerexcessivelayInspectheconditionf he ubber n hedrive oller

LubricatehegearsCheckhearbor earingsCheckheguardeturnpringsChecklade l ignment

Checkhepad orwear rsplittingCheckheeccentricearingon andom-orbitander)Checkhepad upport

Orbitalander



MAINTAINING PORTABLEPOWERTOOLS

MINIMUM IRE AUGEOR XTENSION()RDS

AMPERAGEATINGFTOOI

0-2.0

2.r-3.4

3.5-5 .0

5 .1-7 .0

7. t - r2 .0

12.T-T6

MINIMUM AUGEOR IFFERENTENGTHORDS

MAINTENANCEIPS ORPORTABTEOWEROOTS

. Readou r wner's anualarefullybefore peratingny ool.

. Donotuse tool f anyof tspartsis oose rdamaged;nspect lades,bits,andaccessoriesefore tartinganooeration.

. Keeo ladesndbits lean ndsharp; iscardny hatare hippedordamaged.

o Turn tooloff f it producesn unfa-miliar ibrationrnoise; avehe oolservicedeforeesumingperations.

. Donot eave ool unning hentis unattended.

. Followhemanufacturer'snstruc-tionso changelades,its, racces-sories;nplughe ool irst.

. Beforeutting,haping,rsandinga workpiece,emoveoose nots singa hammer;nspectalvagedoodornails ndscrews efore utting.

r Donotattempto cut hrough ails;this an ause ickbackndalso ui na blade rbit.

. Useheappropriateire auge henreplacingdamagedowerord rusing nextensionord.

. Keephepowerord utof he ool'spath; onotuse he ool f thecordis rayed.

. Make ureheblade rbit sno tin contact ith heworkoiecehenyo u ur nona ool; l lowhecutterocomeo full speed eforeeedingtinto hestock.

. Donot orce tool hrough cut;this an nap blade rcauset to

veer ffcourse. llowheblade r bitto cutat tsown peed.

. Make ure hatanykeys ndadjust-ingwrenchesre emovedrom hetoolbeforeurningt on.

. Keep ool's irvents lear f saw-dust o avoid verheatinghemotor.

r Donotuse ool orextendederi-ods f imewithout l lowingt o cool.

50'18

18

18

1 6

T 4

I 2

75'1 8

18

1 6

I 4

t z

10

100'1 8

1 6

L 4

I 2

1 0

Ghoosingheproper ire auge

Using nextensionordwith hewrongauge ay ause drop n ine oltage,esult-

ing n a loss f power,xcessiveeat, nd oolburnout.odetermineheminimumwire auge eededor he ooland ask t hand, ee hechart bove.f, or nstance,

yourtoolas 4-ampmotor nd ou re sing 5O-footxtensionord,hemini-

mum augehould e18.Choosenly ound-jacketedxtensionordsisted ythe

UnderwritersaboratoryUL), r heCanadiantandardsssociationCSAI.

llltlllllrll ll]ilrllrlll]l1lltlll lll ]ltlll lillllllllll

5HO7Tt?5tor ingbi teThecutlinq ed4ee f routerand dril lbite,parLicularily hoeemaAe f car'bide, an benickedf Ihey are hrownNoqeLhern eloraqe.Trot'ecl ourbibewilha oimple hop-madeolder.ln a block f wood. orea eeriee fholee hesizeof lhe bit shankeandstore Nhemwibh rhecuLtinqedqeuV.



ANATOMYOFA ROUTER

Upper moior bearingLocaLed L end of moLorahaf| to reduce ricLiona9 motor armaTureapine;may be aealed

Eleatronic variable

apeedcontrol

EruohaeaemblyA eprinq-loadedarbonrod encaaed n a houo-in4;conductacurrenl,to the mot;orarma-ture. Exceeeiveparkeflyin4 from Lhe m,otorindicaLewornbruahea

?train relieverDeeiqnedo prevent,cord wearand fraying

On/off switch

Plunge oakknobDit can beplunqedwhenknob a ooa-ened;Li7htenedoIockdeotred ut -Lin4depth in place

Depth etop barSeLecuI;tin7depth; qapbel,ween nd ofbar and aLopocrewequaladepth of cuL

Poweraord

Depth stop bar clampLooaenedo releaae

depth otop bar; tt7hhenedf,oeet cutt inq depth

PIug

Eaee plateor sub-baseMuat be emooLhand freeof qouqea

Turret etopKoLatee o poertionapproprt-ate etop ecrewunderdepLhetop bar; hei7htof each acrewte adjuotable o varycuLtin4depth of aucceesive aeeee




CHECKINGHECOLLETOR UNOUT

Using dial ndicatornd magneticase

Instal lcenter ingin n he outers ou

would bitand et he oolupside ownona metal ur face,uch sa table aw.

Connectd ia l ndicatoro a magnet ic

base ndolacehebase exto he outer.

Turn n hemagnetndpositionhe outer

so hecenteringincontactsheplunger

of hed ia l ndicator .a l ibratehedia lindicatoro zerool lowinghemanufac-

turer'snstructions.henurn heshaft f

the outer yhando rotatehecenteringpin righil. he ial ndicatorill egistercolletunout-the mount fwobblehat

the ol letscausinghebi t . f he unoutexceeds.005 nch,eplacehe ol let .

Using eelerauge

lf you onothave dial ndicator,ou antest orcol letunout i tha feeler auge

anda straightardwoodlock.With hecenter ingin n hecol let nd he oute

upsideown na work ur face,lampheblockightlyo he ool's ub-baseo hepiece fwoodoucheshepin.Turn herouterhaft yhand; ny unout i l lcausthe enter ingin o moveheblock. henuse feeler augeo measureny ap

betweenhepinand heblock/eft).f thegap xceeds.005 nch, eplacehecolle



ANATOMY OFA SABERSAW

Trigger-loakbuttonLocke ri4qer awitch in depreeeed

poeiLion or conLinuoue awinq

5train relieverDeaigned o prevent

cord wearand fraytn4

Gearaeaembly

Ecaentricarank bloakDriveareciprocatingahaft

Powercord

Elade clamp

Secureebladeto ahafD;blade

Erush aaeemblyA epring-loaded arbon rodencaaedna houeinq:onducLacurrent to the mo'or armal;ure.Exceeaiveaparko flyinq fromthe motor ei4nifywornbrueheo

is rnaerted ncollarand aet-ecrew e tiqhtened

Reaiprocatin7ahaft

Guide rollerSupportobackof blade

Motor bearingLocatedat end of motorahaft to reduce rictionaa motor armatureopina;may be eealed

Eaee plate or shoe

ffi Eaee plate oetsarew

g -.---Looeenedo ttlt

Wabaeeptate

aPlug

Variablespeed dial




SOUARINGHEBLADE

lllt lll jll jll ill ill ll1llt lll l| lll lil llrlll llJllj lll lll1HO?TI?Extending blade lifelf mosf,of the olockyoucut is 3/+inch r thinner,lhe top thi rd of yourbladewil lbeLheonlyport ion howinqwear.TomakebelNer oeof lhefull enqlhof the cutLinqedqe,

inslal lan auxi l iary hoe n he baeep la leo fLheeawoncetheNopth i rdfa blade egino odul l . omake he eho e,cul a piece f Yz-inchlywood he amelen4Ih s the baeeVlate ndel iqht ly ider .Hold hewood 4ainoLtrhelateand markLheoutlineol Nhenolch cul ouN or Nhe lade.

Gheckingheblade ngle

Squaresaberaw lade achime ouinsta l l new lade. np lughesaw,then ecuret upsid e ownn a benchvise sshownbove. se combinatisouareo check he therheb ladessquare ith hebase late.f not, oosethebase late etscrewitha hexwrencand i l t hep la te nt i l heb lade u t tsf lush gains the quare.henigh tenthesetscrew.

1awouNIhenotchand cut,a eloLforNheblade. crewLheauxi l iary hoe n Vlace, akinq ureNhaI he backof Lheblade i te inNhe loL (l f Nhe lade e noI 6u?-porLed,t maywander nd breakwhen ouare cutIin7.)



ANATOMYOFA PLATEOINER

Fixed-angled ace)eta qap betweencutter wheeland Lop ace of workpiece; lidee

up and down on adjuatable fence Depth adjuatment knobFor aettin7 cuttin4depth of cutter wheel

On/off switch

Locking ever)ete adjuat-able enceatany anqle fromO" o 90' Adjustable fenae

Keepa aceplate aquareto beveledaurface;fence reeta on top ofworkpiece uring cut

Cutterwheel Loakingnut

)ecurea baaeplateto motor houetng

?lu6 ----, Powercord



ANATOMYOFAN ELECTRICDRILL

Motor bearing

Located at end of motorahaft t.o reduce rictionag motor armaf,ureapina; may be sealed

Erush aesemblyA oprin7-loadedcarbon rod

encaaed n a houainq; onductscurrent to the motor armature,)parka flyinq from the motor iaa aian of wornbrushes

Revereing switahChangea irectionof motor rotation

Variable speed trigger switchDial aeta motor apeed



ANATOMYOFA SANDER

Druah aaeemblyA sorina-loaded arbon od encaeed nahoiaini: conducLe urrent Lo LhemoLor

Motor bearing

Located aL end of moLor ehafL

to reduce frtction a g maLorarmature epine: may be eealedarmaLure.Exceeatve parke lyinq rom

the motor tea etqnof wornbruehee

On/off trigger

Power

cord

Plug

Eleatria aam

Pad

Paperclampad oupport



ANATOMYOFA CIRCULARSAW



REPAIRING ORTABLE OWERTOOLS

The cap housirtgof a router is lifted off the body of the

tool, evenling he wiring connectionsfor the toggle witch

inside.As shown rr thephotoat right,gaining accesso

the ntentnl conlponents f mostportablepower tools s

simplya matter of looseninghe retainingscrewshat

secw'ehe tool housing o the body.The capproviding

accesso the brushassemblyfor this router s ocated n

the sideof the oolbody o the right of theswitch.

ELECTRICALAFETYIPS

. Unplug oolbefore ndertakingny epairo ts nternalcomponents;oumay nadvertentlyontacturrentn adefectiveool-evenwith heon/off witchurned ff

. Allow powerool o cool eforeervicingt.

. Use nly eplacementartsha tmeethesame pecifca -t ions s heor ig inals.

. When powerool tops orking,eterminehetherrnot heproblemriginatesutsidef t beforeou ak e tapart. arefl ly xaminehe ool 's owerord; rayedcord ra brokenlug sa commonause f ai lure.

. Beforeisassemblingpowerool,make diagramfwire onnectionso makeeassemblyasier.

. Beforendertakingrepair,ontacthemanufacturerofindout f a service anualor he ool savailable.

REPLACINGBRUSHSSEMBLY

Removingnd nstall ingbrush ssemblyBrushesre pr ing- loadedarbonods rblockshat onductelectr ic i tyo he otat ingrmaturefa powerool 'smotor . vert ime, rushesear rbecomeamaged.ou an ccessheassemblyyunscrewinghebrush ap n he oolbody-normallya plast icap oughlyhe ize fa dime.f heresnobrushap,youwillhaveo removehemotor ousingo accesshebrushes.Onceou aveocatedhebrush ssembly,areful lyi f t t outofthe ool . o est hebrush,ush n t ocheckhe pr ing.f hespringsdamagedr h ebrushspi t ted,neven,rworn hor terthan tswidth,ouwillneedo replaceheassembly.ome rush-esaremarked i th wearine.Buy replacementtanautho-r ized erviceenteroryour rand f ool . o einstal lbrushassembly,t i t intoposi t ionn he ool r ight) ,hen nser tand ightenhebrush ap r eattachhemotor ousing.




REPLACINGSWITCH

1 Removinghe ld witchI Set he ool na work urface,aking

surehat t is unplugged.or he outershown t ef t , emovehecaphousingto exposeheswitchmechanism.oosenthe witchetainingutand crews,hendisconnecthewires ecuringhemechanism o he ool. f thewires re on-nectedywire aps, implyoosenhecaps lef t) nduntwisthewires.f theconnect ionsre o ldered.n io he on-nect ionsi thpl iers. se hor t t r ips fmaskingapeo abelhewiresohelpyou econnecthem roperly.

r) Instal l inghe eplacementwitchL Buv reolacementwitch tanautho-r ized erviceenter ,ot inghemodelnd

serial umbersfyourool .Connecthenew witcho hewiresn he oolhousing,reversinghesteps ou ook o ake uttheo ldone.Removehemask ingapestr ipsrom hewires,wist hewire ndsfrom he ooland witchogether ,ndscrew wire ap nto ach onnect ionosecurend nsulatet . F i t heswitchntopos i t ionn he oo lhous ing,crewheswi tch racketn place,nd igh tenheswitchetainingutwithawrenchilghil.

Replacehe ool 's ap ousing.



MAINTAINING PORTABLE OWERTOOLS

REPLACINGPOWER()RD

1 Accessinghe ord's i re erminalsI Thewi re erminalsonnec t ingoo l ' s owerordo he

swi tch echan ismre on ta inedi th inhemotor ous ing .For hesanderhown t r ight, eachhe erminalsy emoving

theaux i l iaryand lend oosen inghescrewsecur inghemain and leo he oo lbody . emovehehand leo exposethewi reerminals .

/) DisconnectingheoldpowerordL Ona powerordwitha two-pronglug,here reusuarytw owiresromhecord onnectedowire erminalcrewsnthe ool ousing.nscrewheplug etainingracketecur-ing hecordo he ool ousing,oosenhe erminalcrews(below),ndcaref l ly emovehepowerord's ire ndsfrom he erminals.se tr ips f maskingapeo abel achterminalo help ouattachhewire nds f henew ordotheappropriateerminals.




Preparinghe eplacementowerordBuy replacementowerord ta hardwaretore ran

authorizederviceenter , akinguret has hesame pecif-

cat ionss heoriginalord. hewire nd s fnew owerords

are sual lyoveredo heendwith acketingnd nsulat ion.opreparehe ordor nstal lat ion,se kni feocutaway few

inchesf he acketoveringhe wowires. hen tr ip ffabout

% nch l heplasticnsulat ionroundhewires, xposinghe

ends. ou analso sewire trippersor his ask page 02).Avoid uttingnto hemetal ire;f you ever ny f hestrands

snip f f hedamagedect ionnd e move orensu la t i ono

uncoverfresh ect ion.se eedle-nosel iersocareful lywist

thewire trandsnuglyogetherleft) ,hen endhewire ndsinto emicircleshatwil lhug he erminal sn he ool ousing.

Placehewire roundhescrewlockwiserom he eft ide, o

i t wi l lwrap rounds he crews ightened.

Instal l inghe eplacementordHookhewi re nds roundhe erminalsn he oo l

housing,akingureoattach ach ireo heappropr iascrew. emovehemaskingape. oldinghepowerordnposi t ion,crewhecord etainingracketnplacebelow

then einstal lhehandlesn he ool odv.



MAINTAININGPORTABLEOWER OOLS

REPLACINGPLUG

1 Removingheoldplug nd reparinghepowerordI Use knifeo slicehroughhepowerordustaboveheplug.Preparehecutendof hepowerord or he eplace-ment lug syouwould hen eplacingnew owerord(page 00).Start ycutting way bout inches f hecord

jacket it ha knife above,eff),hen emovingbout% nchof nsulat iono exDosehebare i re. his anbedone i th

/) Gonnectinghepowerord

L rcme eplacementlugBuya plug t a hardwaretore,makingsuret hashesame umbernd haoeof prongss heoriginal.heplug hownconsistsf woparts:heprong ection,whichncludeshe erminal ,plug ase,and etainingcrewshathold he wopartsogether.l ip heendof hepowercord hroughheplug ase,hen ttacheach i re nd o he erm ina lsn heplug right),ighteninghescrewso holdthewire nds ecurely.

thekni fe rwire tr ippers.i th hestr ippers,implynsethewire nd nto heappropr iate-s izepening,queezehejaws f thestrippersogetherabove,ight),andpull hewout.The evice i l lseverhe nsulat ion.hen se eedl

nose l ierso wist hewire ndsogethernd orm hemintoa hook.




'flf"ffi*llf'1[l"ffifll'lll"$1lll"'llf-ff'fl11lrffilnfll$r1flf1HO?TI?Dieabling powertoolToprevenNnaulhorizeduseof apower ool, olip he boll of a mini-padlockrhrough neof the tinesin he power ord pluq. he ockwillmake t impoooibleo pluqin he Nool. l f ouare uoing

a keyed oak,slore thekeyeout of lhe wayin a cupboard rdrawerlhaf,canbe ocked.

Q Assemblingheplug

r. J 0nce heoower ordwires re on-nectedo heplug, ssemblehe woparts f heplug.Pul l hecasing vertheplug nd ightenhe etainingcrewuntilthey re nug above).ocompletethe epa i r ,ightenhep lug eta in ingclamp crew.hiswil l ecurelyoldheplug nd hepowerord ogether.



%r#;

ffi



GSTA|IONARY

PO\AIERTOOLS

A magnetic-baseial ndicator heclshe

spindle f a drill pressfor runout-the

amountofwobblehat thespindlewould

transmit o a bit or accessory.oraccurate

drilling the unoutshould ot exceed

0.005 nch. f it does,hespindle houldbe

replaced r repairedsee age131).

theseasks,uch scheckingelts,cleaning witches,nd keepingtabletopsleanpage 06), pplyomostof the ools.Othermainte-nanceasks re pecifico thedesignof aparticularmachine,uchascleaningndadjustinghebladeheightand ilt mechanismsna tablesaw page 12),fixinganunbalancedandsawwheelpage

122), rbleedingaterromanaircompressorpage 39).

Knowing ow o tuneupyourstationaryoolswill not onlygiveyou a deeper nderstandingfhow heywork;t will also rovideyou

with a ist ofthings o check

when hoppingor usedmodelsIs a ointer'sence quare?owmuch unoutdoes drill preschuck ave? oeshemitergaugof a able aw lide moothly?

Manywoodworkersune uptheirstationaryoolsustbeforehestart f amajor roject. his an e

difficult oschedulef youare neof hose oodworkershohasmany rojectsn hego. n such ases,t isagooddea odevote ittle imeperiodicallyomaintainingourstationar

tools. hatway, very rojectwill benefitrom hebest ourtools angive.

heprecision ndconsisten-cyweexpectromstationary

oodworkingmachines reonlyossiblef the equipments kept

leannd indtuned. Whetheryou

avea cantankerousld band saw

thatneedso be cajolednto making

a straight ut,or a brand-newadi-

al arm saw hat hasslippedout of

alignment n theway rom the ac-

tory,earningow o adjust ourstationary achinesroperlywillimprovehe esults nd ncreaseyourpleasurerom hem.

Manywoodworkersreappre-hensivebout xploringhenuts

andboltsof their ools, ndmanyowner's anualsonotencouragetinkering.However, oststation-arypower oolsarequitesimplein theirdesign ndconstruction.Takinghe opoffa able aw, hichsoundsikea majoroperation,sfairlysimpleo do andt canquick-ly reveal ow he machine orks,andexactly hatyoushould lean,djust, r tweako keepit running moothly.

Thechapterhat ollows resentshemajor tationaryow-

er oolsused ywoodworkersndexplainshebasicmainte-nance nd roubleshootingroceduresoreach ne.Some f

Wth thewheel overspen, longstraightedgeonfirmshat thewheels

of a bandsawareParalleloeach therand n thesamewrticalplane.

Asshownn thephotoat left, hestraightedgehould estlushagainst

the opandbottomofeachwheel.The ilt knobon the op wheel anbe

adjustedo bring he opwheelntoproperalignment.



BASICSTIITIONARYOOLMAINTENANCE

Drivebelts ransmitpowerfrom themotor o

themovingpartsnmanystationaryower

tools,ncludingheoint-er,discsander, laner,

qnd able aw nhigh-torqueools uchas hetable awshownn the

photoat right, hreebeltsare usedo driye he

arbor.Any drivebelt hatiscracked r wom exten-sively houldbe eplaced.

CHECKINGRIVEELTS

Checkingelt ensionToomuch elt ensionan train stationaryool'smotor ear-ings, hileoo ittle ensionften eadso slippagendexces-sivewear, ocheck rive elt ension n he ointer hownabove,nplughe ooland emovehepanel overinghebelt.Then inchhebeltbetweenhepulleys it honehand above,bD.fhe amountfdef lect ioni l l arv i th he ool : sa rule

of humb,hebelt houldlex rzinch oreverynchof spabetweenulleys.f theres oo ittle r oomuchension,djuit followinghemanufacturer'snstructions.or mooth petion, hepulleyshould ealigned;f they renot, oosenheadjustmentetscrewn he motor ulley it ha hexwrenc(above,ight), nd l idehepulleyn inewith heother ulle



MAINTAINING STATIONARYPOWERTOOLS

ABTET()PS

MAINTAININGWITCHES

CleaningpowerwitchThe witchesnstationaryools anbecomelogged,ausing

theswitchostrck reven reventingt from perating.f the

switchticks,nplughe ool, emovehe witchovernd

CleaningstationaryachineabletopTokeep tockunningmoothly,leanhe

tabletoprequent ly,iping f fany itchorgum eposi tsi th rag ndmineral

spir i ts. emoveny ust rpi t t ing ithfinesteel ool ndpenetratingil( left),

thenwipe ffany esiduend andhe

area ith ine andpaper.coat fpaste

wax ubbednand hen uffed i l lmakepushingoodnto he utt ingdge uch

lessir ins.

cleanhe witchmmediately.opreventuch roblems,eri-

odical lylean ut he witch yblowingompressedir nto

iI hbove).



TABLESAWS

tl t h. tablesaw s the cornerstonefI manyworkhops,uttousen near-

ly everyphase feveryproject.Becauseof itscrucial ole,your ablesawmustbe consistently ccurate nd ts partssquare nd rue.Thenormal orces froutineusewill eventuallyhrow a ablesawoutofalignment. ven newmachi-ne straightoffthe assemblyineusuallyneeds certain mountof adjustmentbefore t canperformsafely ndproperly.

The ablesaw omDonentshat needto becheckedndaligned re hose hatcome n contactwith theworkoieceur-ing hecut: heblade,able,miter gauge,

and ip fence.fany ofthese artssnotin properalignment, ou risk burnmarks, apered uts,or kickback.

The simple tune-up proceduresshownbelowandon thepageshat ol-low will improveheperformancef any

CHECKINGABLELIGNMENT

tablesaw. t is agood dea o take hetimeto undertakehembefore tartinga newproiect. or he sake f efficien-cy, ollow the steps n the order heyappear. ouwill onlybeableo align hemiter gaugewith the sawblade, orexample,f the tablehasbeensquaredwith theblade.Forsafety,ememberounplug your sawbeforeperformingthese hecks ndadjustments.

Mosttablesawseaturewormgearand rackmechanismsonnectedo

crankwheelso raise nd ilt thearbor

assemblyndblqde. hesemecha-nisms anbecomeaked ithpitchandsawdust,reventinghesawrom

operatingmoothly.n thephotoatright,compressedir is beingusedo

cleqn heblade eightmechanism.

1 Checkinghe able l ignmentI The ace f hemiter augend heblademust eperfectlyperpendicular .ocheckhis,posi t ionhemiter auge t hefront f hesaw lade. lamp square ood lock gainsthemiter auge it h heend f heblock uttedgainstsaw ladetooth.Mark nX on heblade exto he ooth;thisi l lenableyou o checkhesame ec t ionf b lade hou ldouneedo

repeathe est fter erformingtep . Slidehemiter augtheblockogetherowardheback f he able hile otatinblade yhand above).heblock houldemain utted gathe ooth s hebladeotatesrom ronto back.f agapopbetweenheblock nd he ooth, r heblock inds gainsblade s t is otated,ouwillneedo alignhe able step




) Aligninghe awablenalusthesaw able ol lowinghe

owner 'sanualnstructions.orhemod-

el shown,se hexwrencho oosenhe

table oltshatsecurehe op o hesawsland ight);he bolts re ocated nderthe able. oosenl lbutone f hebol ts

and djusthe able osit ionl ightly;heboli ou eaveightenedillactasa pivot,

simpli fyingheal ignmentrocess.epeat

thebladeest sfep). Oncehe able s

correctlyl igned i th heblade,ighten

the able ol ts.

Checkingheblade ngle

Removehe ablensert ,hen uttcombinatronquaregainsthe aw ladebetweenwo eeth lefD.he blade f hesquarehou ldi t l ush gains thesawblade.f theresa gapbetweenhe wo,rotateheblade ngle djustmentrankunt i l hesaw ladeestslush gainsthesquare'slade. epositionheangle djustment top o hat heblade i l l eturnoitsproperositionachime t isadjusted



MAINTAINING STA|IONARYPOWERTOOLS

SOUARINGHEMITER AUGE

\ / , /

Aligninghemiter auge ithhe aw ableWith hemiter augeutof he able lot,use combinat ionouareo confrmthat he ace f hegaugessquarewith he edge f thegauge ar above,

Ief t) .f i t is not,use headjustmenthandle n hegaugeosquarehe wo.Then lacehemiter augen ts ableslotandbutt hesquaregainsthegauge(above,ight). heblade f thesquareshou ldi t lush ga ins thegauge.f

there s a gapbetweenhe wo,havethegauge achinedquareta metal -workinghop.

Illljll ]lllj lll lll]llitllltjll llt iltjltlljlll lltll1HO?TI?Fixin1 looeemiter gaugeToeliminateexc o6iv side t o eide

Vlay f the miterqauqe

in iIs sloL, emoveheqauqerom he t ableand place rhebaredqeupona board,Uee bal l -oeenam-meranda pr ick unchLo etrike he edqeof thebar na otaqqered a|terneverynchalona t. Thiswill aiverynchalonq L Thiswill aieebumpo n he edqeof the bar and resulL na Niahuerit, n he eloL, f NhefiL is Noo iqht,, i le he bumpe ownas neceooary.



MAINTAINING STAfIONARYPOWERTOOLS

TESTINGHE ABLEAW OR OUARE

ALIGNINGHERIPFENCE

Adjustinghe ip enceLockhe ip encenplace longsidehemiter lot .f he enceand heslot re otparal lel ,djustheangle f he enceol-lowinghemanufacturer 'snstructions.ome odelseatureadjustmentolts t he ront f he ablehat ou an oosenr

Checkingour djustmentsTestheaccuracyfyourable aw djust

ments ycrosscutt ingcouplefscrapboards.ocheckheblade-to-tablelign-ment ,mark nX ona board nd u t tface own tyourmark . henurn hecutoff ver ndholdhecu tendsogethe(board in the llustrationt left).Anygap

betweenhe woends eoresentswiceheerrorn he able l ignment;f necessarepeathe est hownn step onpage

109.Tocheckhemiter augedjustmecrosscuthesecond oard,ace own swell , ipone iece ver, ndbutt he

twopiecesogethern edge board ).Again, ny ap epresentswice heerrorin headjustment.f necessary,quarethemiter augegainpage 10).

tighten itha hexwrencho changehealignmentabove,eft)others aveence djustmeniolts hat ou an oosen ithawrenchabove,ight). or hismodel, djusthe ence arallel

to hemiter lot,hen etightenheadjustmentolts.



MAINTAINING STA|IONARY POWERTOOLS

LEVELINGHE ABTENSERT

ADJUSTINGHEHEIGHTND ILTMECHANISMS

Cleaninghe runnionslf yourable aw's lade t icks rmovesluggishlyhen ou

raise r i l t t ,c leanheheightnd i l tadjustmentechanismsinsidehesaw. tart y emovinghe abletopollowingheman-ufacturer'snstructions.low ut hesawdustithcomoressedair, hen leanhemovingarts ithinhesaw. tartwith heblade eight nd i lt mechanismsabove,eff), singolventnd

Adjustinghe evelingcrewsToset he able nsertevel ith he

table, lace square oard crossinser t nd he able. djusthe evescrewst hecornersf he nsert ihexwrenchlefD ntil he nserts uwi th he ab le top .ou ana lso dthe nser t l ight lyelowhe able tf ront nd l ight lybovehe able t back;hiswillpreventheworkpieccatchingrbindingn he nser t urthecut. f your aw'snsert oes othlevelingcrews,ileorshim he nsemaket ie lush i th he able.

a brass-bristlerusho removetubbornitch ndhardenedust eposits.hen crubhemachinedays n he ront rearrunnionsabove,ight).Once ll heparts re lean,cate l l hemovingarts it hagraphitersil icon-basedubcant; i land reasehould eavoideds hey end o codust.Replacehe abletopnd ine-tunehesaw page 0



RADIALARMSAWS

I radialarmsaw's any ivoting ndA sliding arts nableou opullabladeluoughaworkpiecen avariety fangles nddirections. his lexibility,

however,aneado problems.nlessthesadsmoving artsare ept nalign-ment, tsperfonnanceanbecomelop-pyandpotentiallyangerous.

Theprocedureshat ollowwill helpyou ine-tune radialarmsaw o hat t

will cut accuratelyndsafely. djustingaradial rmsaw anbe ime-consumingbecausef its manymovingparts.Tomakeheadjustmentsanageable,ou

canperformhemn twosteps:estingandadjustinghe able, lamps nd ollerbearingspage 14), ndaligning ndsquaringhebladepage17).

Forsafety,nplugoursawwhileer-forming hese hecksndadjustments.

Oneof themostcommon roblems ith the adialarm saw sblade otation hat s notparallelorperpendicularo the able,

knownasbladeheel. simple -shaped oundingig shown n thephotoat right canhelp oudiagnosend correct eeling. blade

that s turning ruewill produce uniformsound s ts eethbrushagainst hesharpenedowel rojectingfromhe ig.The

soundofa heeling ladewill change s ts eeth ouch hedowel.

CLEANINGHESLIDINGECHANISMS

Cleaninghe rack ndbearingsUse solutionf ammoniandwaterocleanou r adial rm aw'srack nd ollebearings.ull heyoke s arback s twillgo, henwipehe rack sing clean

ragdampenedith hesolventleft). ushtheyokeowardhecolumn nd leanhefrontportion f he rack.Next, leanheroller earings,ocatedo the rontandrear f hecarriagehatconnectsheyoke

to hearm.Wraphe ag roundouringerdip t in hesolvent,ndhold t againstthe oller earinghile ushingheyoke

awayromyou.Coathe rackandbear-ingswith ightmachineil, henwipe fftheexcess.




ADJUSTINGHE ABLE

Levelinghe able ith hearmTi l t he aw's otor nt i l hearbor o

down,tsend l ight lyboveable eThen wivelhearm o posi t ionhearoverhe a i lnu ts nboth i des f tab le ;neach os i t i oneasureheg

betweenhearbor nd he able. f tmeasurementsre o tequa l ,a i selow nd f he ab le y urn inghenut na c lockwisei rec t ron ,s inghead fanadjustablerencho evethe able urfaceleft). henmakesame djustmentn heother ide ftable. eoeathemeasurementsom

surehe ables evel .

ADJUSTINGHE TAMPS

1

Adjustinghemiter lamp

I Swivelhearm o he ightoa posi-t ionbetween" and 5".Lockhemiterc lamp, hich n he aw howns ocatedat he ront ndof hearm. ry o push

theendof hearm owardhe0' position(r ight),f theresanyplay n hearm,ad jus thec lamphatho ldst inp lace .

For hemodel hown, se hexwrenchto i gh tenhemi te r lamp d jus tmentscrew,ocatednside naccessole ttheback nd f hearm.



MAINTAINING STAIIONARY POWE,R OOLS

Adjustinghe oke lampheyokeo a positionetweenheones sedor

rosscut t ingnd ipp ing .ockhe oke lamp andle,henuse oth andso ryandpushhemotoro hecrosscutt ingpositionabove).hemotorhould otbudge;f it does, djustheclamphat ockst inposi t ion.orhemodelhown,ight-n headjustmentut ocatednderhearm ol lowinghe

manufacturer 'snstructions,ockheclamp nd heck gain

orplay.

QAdiustinghebevel lamp

\, , Ti l t hemotoro a oosit ionetween'and 45",Lockhebevel lamp,henuse oth andso ry o movehemotor(above).f theresany ooseness,djustheclamp. or hemodel hown,se socket rencho ightenhemotoruppornutat heback f hemotor,hen eleaseheclamp nd ryt i l t inghemotoro each f hepresetngles;f you annotmovehemotor,oosenhesupportutslightly. therwise,ock

iheclamp gain nd heck ncemoreorplay

n hemotor.

Adjustinghe ipclampLock he r ipc lamp, henusebo th

handso t r y o s l i de heyoke long he

ar m left). heyoke hould otmove; f

i t does, djustheclamp. or hemodel

shown, e leasehec lamp. henusea

wrencho t ighte n he nut at the endof

the ipc lamp o l t . r ys l i d ingheyoke

alonghearm; f i t b inds,oosenhe ock

nu tslightly. therwise,echeckheclamp

and ightenhenut urtherf needed.




CARINGOR HESTIDINGECHANISMS

r) Adjustingolumn-to-baseensionL Wtpeheco lumnlean,hen oosenhe our e tsc rewson he ront f hecolumn ase s ing hexwrench.ocheckco lumn- to -baseens ion ,se o th andso r y o i f t heendof hearm above,eft) ; here hould e i t t le r nogiveotheco lumn. u rn hee leva t ingrankn bo th i r ec t i ons ;hearm hou ldl i de mooth l ypand own.f theresexcess ivemovementt he o lumn- to -baseo in t , r f hearmumps r

'l Adjustinghe arriageoller earI To heckhe arr iageol ler ear

pressourhumb gainstach ne nwhi le l id inghe arr iagewayromhand. he ear ingshouldurn s her iagel ideslonghearm. f yourhukeepsne f hemromurning,ouwneedo ightenhebearing;f thecabinds n hearm, bear ingi l lneedloosened.nei therase, djusthebingwhi le oldinghebol t tat ionarsecondrenchlefi l.f ghtenr oosbol t s equired,hen et ightenhenu

vibratess t is aisedr owered,djusthe ourbol tsoed n heaccessoles n heback over f hebase. ethe ests nd, f necessary,ake ddi t ionaldlustmenttrypushinghearm idewaysabove,ight);f theresanyt ionof hecolumn,ightenhesetscrewsustenougho p

ventmovement.un hroughhe ests f nal ime, ne- ttheadiustments.




HE LADE

Squaringheblade ith he able

Set hesaw'soken hecrosscutting

nd nstall blade. eleasehelamp nd i l t themotor ounter-

s aras t wil lgo n he0" posi-

Relockheclamp. ocheckhebladeutta ramingquareetweenworight).Ihequarehouldit flush

heside f heblade.f any ap

etweenhem,adjusthe beveletscrewsnd ilt themotoro bring

hebladelush gainsthesquare.

r) Squaringheblade ith he enceZ. Releasehemiter lamo nd wivelthearm o he ight s aras t wi l lgo n

the0" posi t ion,hen elockheclamp.

Releasehe ipclamp ndbuttone rmofa framingquaregainsthe ence hi letheotherust oucheshebladeoothnearesto he able.Holdinghebladesteady,lide heyoke longhearm left);

pul l lowlyoavoid ul l inghe ooth. he

blade houldmake constantubbingoundas tmoveslongheedge f hesquarelf a gapopens p betweenheblade ndthesquare,r f heblade inds, djustthesetscrewsn hecolumn aseollow-ing hemanufacturer 'snstructions.






ESTING()URDJUSTMENTS

estinghe aworsquareYou an heckheaccuracyfyour djust-

mentsoa radial rm awmuch s ouwouldora table aw page 12).Todeter-mine hetherhebladessquareo he

sawable, ark nXona wide oardndcrosscutt atyourmark. henurnonepiece ver ndhold hecutendsogether(A n he l lus t rat iont ight ) . ny ap

betweenhe woends epresentswicehe

errorn heblade-to-tablel ignment;f

necessary,epeatheadjustmenthownonpage 17.Now utt he woboardsagainsthe enceB). f he wopieceso

not it togethererfectlyheblades notsquareo he ence. gain, ny ap epre-

sentswiceheerror;f necessary,quarethebladeo he ence.

INSTALLINGFENCENDAUXILIARYABLE

Cuttingkerf n he ence nd uxiliaryableInstal l fence f %-inch-thick,not- frewood etweenhe able pacernd hefrontable; akehe ence l ightlyighethan he hickne ssfyour orkpiece.oranaux i l iaryable,uta p iece f %- inchhardboardrplywoodhesame ize s hefrontable nduse ontactementoglue

itdown,eavingslight ap etweent andthe enceopreventawdustromammin

betweenhe wo.Beforerosscutt ingrmaking iter uts, l icehroughhe enceandYrco % nch eepnto heauxi l iarytablen he90' and 5' oaths f hebladeThen,aiseheblade bovehe able ndrotatehemotoro he ipping osit ion

Turn n hesaw nd owert o make%o- inch-deeput .Pul l he oke longthearm o ur row uta shal lowipt roughn heaux i l iaryab le .

gO" ker-t Auxiliary able



BANDSAWS

Tl or manywoodworkersheband-I saw'shin, lexibtelademakest thetoolof choiceorcutting urves,esaw-ing,andmakingine,straight uts.And

becausehebladeeeth utdownward,theresno danger fkickback.

Sincehe bandsawblade s onlysupportedn thecrown f two arge

Aftermanyhoursof use, he iresonbandsawwheelsanbecome orn,cakedwith sawdust, r stretched ut ofshape.If he hicknessf abandsaw ireis uneven round hewheel.nsertingscrewdriver ladeunder he ire,asshown n thephotoat left,and work-ing t around he ire's ircumferencecan restoretspropershape.

wheels,t mustbeproperlyensioand rackedpage 23) veryimeychange lades, therwise ou rcrookedutsandbroken lades.eadjustmentsor themachine rentime-consuming,ut heyare mptant.Particularttentionhould epto the alignment f the wheelsp123).MisalignedheelsanGrusexsive lade ibration.Alsoperiodicadjustheguide ssembliesndchthe able or squarepage 23).

Ifthese rocedureso not restopoorly uuing awopeak erformathewheelsr tiresmaybe o blame.

stepshown elow ndon the olloingpagesetail ow o correct utroundandunbalancedheels,ndwmake ourband aw utstraightehelp tsbladesastonger.

CHECKINGHEWHEELS

1 Checkinghewheel earingsI Open newheel over , rasphewheel t hesides,nd ock t back ndtorlh right). epeat hileholdinghewheel t he opandbottom.f theresplayn hewheel ryou ear clunkingnoise,emovehewheel nd eplacehebearing.hen epeathe est or heother heel.




Testingorout-of-roundheelsStart ith heupper heel. racing

heupper u ide ssembly ,endof hestick bout e tnch

romhewheel 'sire. hen pin hehand right),f thewheel r ire

soutof round,hegapbetweenhestickwheel i l l uc tuate;hewheel

i t he t ick.f hediscrepancy: nch, emedyheproblemsfep

he est or he ower heel.

Q Fixing nout-of-roundheelr.,f Start ydetermininghetherhetireor hewheeltsel fs heproblem.

Try tretchinghe i re nto hape i th

a screwdriverphoto,age 20),lhenrepeathe est nstep . l f thewheelissti l l utof ound,se sandinglocktosandhe i re; hismay ompensateforunevenessn he i re. or he owerwheel ,u rn n he aw nd o ld hesandinglock gainsthespinningire(left). or heupper heel,eavehesawunpluggednd otatehewheel yhand.Repeattep again.f theproblemer-

s is ts ,hewheeltse l fsou to f round.Havet rued ta machinist 'shop.




ATIGNINGHEWHEELS

1 Checkingheel l ignmentI Toensurehat our and awwheelsare aralleloeach tfrer nOn hesameverticallane, old straightedgegainstthem page 04).Thetraightedgehouldrest lush gainsthe opandbottom feach heel.f thewheelsre utof align-ment,ry o bringhe opwheelo a ver-t ical osi t ionith he i l t knob.f thestraightedgetillwillnot estlush,mea-sure hegapbetweenhe ecessedheeland hestraightedgeabove)toeterminehow aryouneedo moveheoutermostwheeln (step ).

lllllll lltlljlttll 1lll|JlJl|llfilll ll lt lltlll jIJltl1HO?Tt?Zalanainga band saw wheelTochecklhewheelsf aband i t : ,garyforbalance,eVinach ne )byhand.Wheni tomeoto egt,make markatbhe bottomand

opin t aqain. l fhe mark omestoreetral lhe bollom more han lwolimes oul of lhree, he wheele mb l-anced. ocorreal.he problem,rillehallow oleebetweenhe rimand opokee tlhe heavyVoinX(ri1ht).Remount,he wheel ndpefform ,heheet,aqain.Borea6 .,manyholeo s neceoaary.Whenthe wheel lope returninq o heoame pooil ion, t is balanced.

r) Shiftingheoutermostheell inrcatignmentRemoveheoutermostheelollowthe nstructionsnyour wner's an(lt isbettero shift heoutermosthin ocorrectheal ignmentatherhto movehe nner heelut; hiskethewheelssclose spossibleo hesframe.)hen hift hewheel y emooneor more f he actory-installeaers above).lf there renowashers

can himhe ecessedheel ithwaers obringhewheelsnto l ignmeReinstallhewheel nd iehtenheaxnut.Repeatstep.




ND RACKINGHEBLADE

hebladeUnplughesaw nd urn he ensionan-

dleat he opof hesaw lockwiseo raisehe oowheel nd ncreaseensionn h e

blade. eflecthebladerom ide o sideogaugehe ension.ncreasehe ensionuntil heblade eflectsboul onch o

ei ther ide f hevertical.o rack he

blade,owerheupper u ide ssembly ,

then p in heupper hee l yhando

check hetherheblades rackingn he

centerf hewheel.f it isnot,oosenhe

ti l t knobock crew.hen pin hewheel

while urninghe ilt knob right)o angle

thewheel nt i l hebladescentered.

ADJUSTINGHEGUIDESSEMBLIES

1 Settinghe hrust earingsI Checkyeye osee f theupper uide

assemblyssquareo heblade.f not,loosenheguide ssemblyetscrew,djustheassemblyo hat hebearingssquare

to heblade, nd ightenhesetscrewThen,oosenhebear inghumbscrewnd

turn headjustmentnob nti l he hrustbear ingust ouchesheblade. ackhebearingffslightlyleft) nd ightenhethumbscrew.he ower uide ssembl

thrust earing,hichs ocatedirectlybeneathhe ablensert,sadjustedhesame ay. ocheckhesett ing,pin he

upper heel yhand.f theblademakesei ther ear ingpin, ackhebear ingffslightlynd echeck.




r) Settinguide locksZ- Toset heupper uide locks,oothe i r e tsc rewsndp inchheb loctogethersingourhumb nd ndexinuntil hey lmostouchheblade. ltetively, se slipofpaper ra feeler a(left)o set hespace etweenhebloand heb lade. i gh tenhesetscreNext,oosenhe humbscrewnd urnadjustmentnob nti l he ront dgethegu ide locksre ustbeh indheglets. ightenhe humbscrew.et heerguide lockshesame ay.

SOUARINGHE ABLENDBLADE1

Aligninghe ableI Toensurehat hemiter augelotisproper lyl ignednboth ides f hetable lot , et hemiter augen tsslotand lide hegauge ack nd orth crossthe able. he augehouldl idereelywithonlymoderateressure.f thegauge

binds, se ockingl ierso removehea l i gnmentin . hen,nser thep in n toi tshole nduse bal l -peenammero

tap t deeperright)

ntil he mitergaugesl idesreelv.



MAINTAINING STA IONARY POWERTOOLS

Checkinghe able ngleWith he ablen hehorizontalosi-

tion, emovehe ablensert,henbutta

combinationquaregainstheside f he

saw lade sshown. he ouarehoulditflushagainsthe ableandblade right).

lf theresa gapbetweenhe wo, oosen

the wo able ock nobs nderneathhetable ndmake ure he able sseatedproperlyn he able top. ightenhelock nobs.f thegap emains,djusthe

table topGtep ).

Aligninghe able topTilt he able utof hewav,henuse

twowrenchessshowno adjusthe ablestoo.Use he ower rencho hold helock utstationarynd heupper renchto turn he able top left). urn hestopclockwiseo owert and ounterclockwto raiset. Recheckhe able ngle.



IOINTERSAND LANERS

tf h. team fjointerand hicknessI planer re esponsibleorsquaringtheedgesnd acesfa workpiece.hesuccessf anywoodworkingrojectests

on heseirstcrucial teps,o t isessen-tial hatbothmachinesre et pprop-

erly.Even he mostaccurateablesawwill only compounderrorsmadeat thejointingandplaning tage.

Accurateointingdepends nprecise

alignmentof the two tablesand thefence. eginby ensuringhat he out-

feed able s at the same eightascuttingedgesf theknives t heir hest point, alsoknown as Top DCenter r TDC ftelow).Then heck

the ables reperfectly quareo the eandalignedwith eachother page

Becauset hasmore movingpathe hicknesslaner equires ittle mattention.Most importantly,alwcheck o see hat the feed ollersproperlyadjusted page129)and theplaner's ed sparallelo the cuheadalong ts ength(page130).

Mostointershave90"positive topthatcanbe ine-tunedf theencecannotbe ccuratelyquaredo thetable hroughnormaladjustmenFor themodel hown left), the90"positive top sa springJoadedplunger hat sits n an indexcollaTofine-tune he ence osition,heindexcollar s adjusted y means fa setscrew

SETTINGUTFEEDABLE EIGHT1 Checkingable eightI With he ointer nplugged,sesmallwooden edgeo rotatehecutter-head nti l heedge f one nife sat tshighestoint. hen old straightard-wood oard n heoutfeedable o hatit extendsverhecutterheadithoutcontactinghe nfeedable right).The

knife houldustbrush gainstheboard.Performhe estalonghe ength f heknife,movingheboardrom he enceto he abbetingedge. epeathe estfor heother nives.f a kni feai ls hetest,adjustts height page 4I lf noneof heknivess evel ith heboard,aiseor owerheoutfeedable y ooseninghetable ock ndmovingheoutfeedableadjustmentandle.




HETABLESNDFENCE

1 Aligninghe ablesJ- Removehe ointer 'sence,hen a isehe n feedab leo hesame eigh t s heoutfeedable.Use straightedgeo confrm hat he wo ables reabsolutelyevel .f heal ign-

ment s notperfect,djusthehorizontalositionf he ables.hemodelhowneaturesccentricable upportshat anbedjustedy irst ooseningockingcrew nd hen appingndjustmentamwitha hammernd crewdriverabove,eft),

r) AdjustinghepositivetopL f tne utfeedablessti l lnot evelwith heknives,djusthe ointer 'sosi-

t ive tops, hich reventhe ablerom

movingutofa l ignmenth i lenuse.For hemodel hown,irst ightenheoutfeedableock nd oosenhe wolock uts n heother ide f he ool .Back ff he wopositivetops nd henadjustheheight f heoutfeedablewith headjustmentandlesfep) unti lthe ables evel i th heknivest hei rhighestoint f rotation.ightenhetableock. ightenheposit ivetops sfaras heywil lgo, hen ightenhe ocknuts lefD.

Whenhe ables reperfect lyevel ,ightenhe ockingcrewslf you ave ointer i th ib crews,djust ne r more f hegibscrewst heback f he oolunt i l hestraightedgeestsf ush n both ablesabove,ight); emovehepulley over,i f necessary,o accesshescrews.f youmovedheoutfeedtable ur inghisprocess,echecktsheightpage 26).




r) Squaringhe ence ith he ableL Wttnhe ence et n tsverticat i on , o ld t r ysquaren heout ftab le earhecut te rheadndbut

square 'slade ga ins the ence.squarehouldi t lush gainsthe elf theresany apbetweenhe wo, len he ockingandle,i l t he encei t s lush i th he quare,nd et igthehandlelef | . fhe90'posi t iveshould eengagedn he ndex ol lthe encesst i l l ut-of-square,djupositivetop page 26).

One of the mostcommon ointing

and planing defects s snipe,or aconcave ut at the trailing end of a

workpiece.On a planer,snipeoccurs

when there s too muchplay between

the tableand thefeed rollers,and

can be corrected y properfeed roller

adjustment page129).On a ointer

(r ight), snipeoccurswhen the out-

feed table s set ower than the knives

at their highest oint ofrotation, and

can be correctedby aligning the out-

feed table(page 126).




PLANERS

Cleaninglanerol lers

Planereed ol lers angetdir ty uickly

whenplaning itchJilledoftwoodsuch sp ine.Per iodical lysemineral p i r i ts r a

solution f ammonia ndwater itha brass-

br ist led rus h o c leanmetal eed ol lers

o f p i t chand es in . lean ubbereed

rollerswitha sharp abinetscraper right).

Adjustingeed ollersSometimest is necessaryo ncreaseres-

sure na planer'seed ol lers,swhenplaningarrowtock rwhen tock l ipsas t s ed nto hemachine.nei thercase,he nfeedol lerhould rmly r ip

theboard.Some lanerseature serratedmetalnfeedol ler;n his asehepressurehould eenougho moveheboard utnotsomuch hat he ol lersleave serratedatternn heboard fteri t isplaned.)nmost laners,he eedrollersre djustedy urningpring-loadscrewsn opof hemachine.or hemodel hown,emoveheplast icapsand djusthehex uts i th nopen-enwrenchleft).Make ure fter djustingthe ee d o l lersha t he ab lespara l le

to he ollerspage 30). f the ollers onot arryhewood moothlyhroughheplanerf ter dlustments,leanhe ol lerorwax he able.





DRILL PRESSES

rill pressesavea reputation smachineshat rarely-maintenance. nd yet

canslip out of alignmentustaseas-

asanyotherstationary ower ool.Mostdrill press roblems re oundthe chuckand able.A table hat s

square o the spindle s the mostproblem, nd s easily eme-

Runout.or wobble.samoreseri-problem,and canbe traced o the

spindler chuck.f theproblemieswiththespindle,t canoften e ixed implybystriking hespindle ith a hammeruntil t is rue;f thechucksat ault, t

must e emovednd eplaced.Do notneglecthedrillpress'belts

andpulleysnyourmaintenance.heckthebelts or wear, ndalwayseephemtensionedroperly.eriodicallyheckhebearingsn thepulleys,nd eplacehemif theybecome orn.

Thespeed f manydrillpressess changed y a sys-temof belts ndpulleys ousedn the opof the ool.

Tokeep hebelts t theproperdegree f tension,hesedrill pressesfeaturea lever hat oosenshebeltsor

changing nd ightenshem o set hecorrectension(right).A beb houldlexabout1 nchoutof ine.

HE ABLE

Aligninghe ablen8-inch-longteelod n hedri l lpresshuck s

ouwould dr i l lb i t , hen aisehe able nti l t almostouchese od.Butta trysquaregainsthe odasshown;heblade

est lush gainstt (above).f theresa gap, djustheollowinghemanufacturer'snstructions.orhemodel

emovehealignmentinunderhe able,oosenheock ingol t , nd w ive l theable nt i l theod s lush

square.ightenhe ockingolt.

r') Conectinghuck unoutL Use dial ndicatoro see f theresany unout, rwob-ble, n he chuckpage 05). t there s, ap he odwithaball-peenammerabove)andhenmeasureor unout gain;0.005 nch sconsideredhemaximumcceotablemount.Pul l the rm f hedial ndicatoruiof heway achime ou

tao he od.




REPLACINGHECHUCK

Removingnd emountingchuck

Chucksre ommonlyt tachedo hequil l fa dri l lpress it ha aperedpin-dle. Older odelsf ten ave hucksthatare imply crewedn place.) oremove faulty huckhat eaturestaperedp ind le ,i r s t owerhequ i l l

and ock t nplace. i tanopen-endwrench roundhespindlen opofthechuck ndgivehewrench sharpupward low above).he huck houldsl ide ut. f not, otatehespindlendtryagain. o emounthechuck, ress-

fit t into hespindleyhand. hen, iththechuck'saws ully etracted,ive hechuck sharo low ith wooden allet.

llll lttll ]tlllt lltlll It ltilll lltll itllll ll1itlll5HO?TI?Che aki g tabl e alignmentTocheckwhebher dril lpreoot able e equareNoNhe Vindle,make 90'bend aL eachendof a 12-inchen7Ihof wirecoal hanqer.lneerloneendof the

wire n he chuckandadjuotthetable heiqhlunti l he obherendof rhe wire

luoI LoucheoheLable. oIaLeIhewire; i Ishouldbarely cra?eNhe able aI allpoinledurinq Ne oIaNion.f not,adiuet, Iheable.



LATHESAND SHAPERS

Thedrivecentersf a lathe hould e

keptassharpasyour turning ools.

If thespurs rpointofa drive enter

aredull or chipped,heywill notgrip

theworkpieceroperly. rivecentersar esharpenednq bench rinder r

witha iIe right).A 35"bevel n heundersidef each purworksbest.

he athe edf your hops n a humid l imate,hebed fyourathemay

thin ayer f rustwhich anpreventhe ai lstock

nd ool est rom l iding moothly.okeephe athe ed

clean,emoveny ust ssoon s t appearsysandinghe

bedwith ine andpaperabove),200-gr i tr ner,hen pply

a oaste ax.



MAINTAININGSTATIONARYOWER OOLS

Draw-filinghe ool estBecauset ismade f softer teel haturningools sed gainstt, hebeasurfacef he ool estwi l ldevelo

spots,marks, ndnickswi thconsuse.f not emedied,hesemperfewillbe ransferredo heworkpiecturn, rcausehe ool o skip. ou adress tool est asily itha singlebastard ill ile.Draw-filehe estbyhing he lea t anang le ndpush iacrossheworkrom ight o left n olappingtrokes/eff). ontinuentihaveemovedhenicks ndhollowssmoothhesurface ith200-grit anper

remeryloth.

Checkingorcenter lignmentTurningetweenentersequiresrecisealignmentf drive entersetweenead-stock nd ailstock,therwiseouwillproduceff-centerurnings.osee f thedrive entersineup, nsert four-spurdrive entern heheadstocknda livecentern he ailstock.l idehe ailstockalonghe bedup o the headstockight).Thepoints f hedrive entershouldmeetexactly.f they onot, oumay aveoshim he ailstockr iledowntsbase.



MAINTAINING STAIIONARYPOWERTOOLS

heckingorspindleunout

Set magnetic-baseial ndicatorace p

n heshaperable o heplungerf heeviceontactshespindle.al ibrateheaugeo zeroollowinghemanufacturer's

instructions.henurn hespindlelowly

byhand right). hedial ndicatori l l

registerpindleunout- the mountf

wobblehat hesoindle i l l ransfero

thecutter. erformhe estat ntervals

alonghe engthf he pindle,djusting

itsheight inch Ia ime. f the unout

exceeds.005 nch oranv f he ests,

reolacehesoindle.

Squaringhe encesThe wohalvesf a shaperence-or

routerableence-must eperfectlyar-

a l le l , therwiseour uts i l lbeuneveTosquarehe ences na shaper,irst

loosenhe enceockingandles.old

straightedgegainsthe ences. he wohalveshould uttagainsthestraight

edgeleft).lf ot, ddwood hims ehind

the encesnti hey re aralel .



OTHERTOOLS

Becausescroll awblade s held nclampshatpivoton theendof thesAw's rmsduringa cut, replacingblade sa tricky ask hat risks tretching andsnappinghedelicate uttingedge. hemodelofscroll awshownaIe[tfeatures uniqueblade-changinwrenchhat holds heblade lampssteady s heblade s tightened.

SCR(ILLAWS

Checkingladeension

Theblades f a scroll aw-like hose f aband aw-requireroperensiono cuteffect ively.oo i t t le ension i l lcauseexcessiveibrationndallowhebladeowanderuringhecut.Toomuchensioncan ead o blade reakage.oadjustbladeension n hemodel hown,irstti l t thebladeensioneverorward.henadjusthe bladeension nob right)oincreaserdecreaseladeension.i l tthebladeensionever ack nd est heb lade.t shou ld e f l ec t bout% nchwhen ushedrom ide oside.Pluckheb lade nd ememberhesound.t w i l la l low ou o ensionheblade uicklynfuture. lwaysdjusthe ension henyou hange lades.



MAINTAINING STA|IONARY POWERTOOLS

1HO?TI?lnotallingan air pumpOlder croll aws ndoomeforeiqnmodele

SquaringhebladeTosouarehescroll aw's ladeo hetable, utta combinationquaregainst

theblade sshown.he quarehould t

flush gainstheblade.f theresagap,

loosenhe ableock nob ndadjust

thenuton he90'stopunti l he able

is evel nd here s nogapbetween

thesquarend heblade. ightenhe

lockknobGbove).flen comewith- IouNa eawdusl {€;blowec device Slhatkeeosthecult inq in clearwhilethe eaw e in use.Asimpleelectricaoparium umpand ume co??ertubinqQiqht)candothetr ickat afu'action f the costof a eawdusiblowin7tlachment.SimplynserL 10'to 1Z'inchlen7thof copper ubing nto the ?um?'o laoticair hose,makinq nairLiqhtoeal,Tapehe hose o lhe oawe upperarm,and bend 'hecopfe, end o p'ointat , he blade. inch hb'endof rhe t'ubeeliqhrlyto direct,theair and ncreaset'spreeeure.



MAINTAINING STAfIONARYPOWERTOOLS

BELT.AND.DISCANDERS

Testingor ruenessTomeasurehetherhewheels rue

removeny brasiveiscs. onnectindicatoro a magneticase ndsetbase n he ool 's isc able. lacedeviceo hat tsarm ontactshediscturnon hemagnet.alibratehedialcatoro zeroollowinghemanufacinstruct ions.urn hesandingiscbhand, nd eadhe esultleft). hedindicatoril l egisterhe ruenessfwheel. erformhe estat variousoaroundhedisc.f heamountfwoexceeds.005 nch orany f he es

adjusthemotor ositionrhavehebi nsq ron l rned

Trackinghe andingelt

Tostraightensandingel t hat snottrackingrue,urn hebelt-and-discander'strackingnob lockwisercounterclock-wisewhile he ool s unningrighl. ocorrectevererackingroblems,nplugthe ooland eleaseensionn hesand-ingbel t ypushingown n he rackingknob. enterhebel t n hepul leysndreleaseheknob. henurnon he ooland djusthe rackingnob s equired.Alwaysrackhebeltwhen hangingeltsor nstal l ingnew ne.




AIRC(lMPRESSORS

Draininghe ompressorWhen nai rcomoressoras een sedor

anextendederiodf imeor n exceed-ingly umid ondi t ions,oisturei l l ol-

lect n he ank. hismoisture ay ause

rust; t canalso esprayedutwith he

air,which an uin sprayacquerinish.

Todrainhemoisture,hu toff hemotor,relievell pressurerom he ank, ndopen

thedrainagealve t hebottomright).

Drainhe ank eriodical ly,ependingn

howoften ouuse hecompressor.

Changingheoi land ir i l tersAfter very 00hours f operation,hanganaircompressor 'si l .Todrainheoi l ,shutoff hemotor,elievellpressurerom

the ank, nd oosenhedrain lugwithawrench. ollectheol doi l n a containe

anddisposef t safely. losehedrain

plug nd i l l hepump ith heoi l ecommendedy hemanufacturerleft).Do

notoverfillhepump. lso heckheai rfilterweekly.ocleanheair lter, emove

thehousingnd ift off he ilter inset)

Cleanhe ilter n a solutionfdetergenandwater;eplacet if it cannot ecleane



GLOSSARY

A-B-CAbrasive:A coarse owderor apieceof paperor fabriccoatedwithgrit particlesused o smooth wood.

Arbor: A shaft driven by a station-ary power tool motor to turn arevolvingblade or other cuttingimplement.

Bearing:A machinedpart locatedon a motor shaft,permitting theshaft o turn without friction.

Belt tension: The measureof howtight a stationarypower tool drive

belt or abrasive elt is stretchedacross ts pulleys.

Benchstone:Any natural or syntheticsharpeningstoneusedat the bench.

Bevelcut Sawingat an angle romface o face hrough a workpiece.

Bladeheeh Blade otation that is notperfectlyparallel o the fenceof a tablesaw or the arm of a radialarm saw.

Bladeset:The amount that sawteeth are alternatelyoffset o left andright, allowinga blade o cut a kerfslightly wider than its own thicknessto help preventbinding.

Blade ension: The measureof howtight aband sawblade s stretchedacross ts wheels.

Brushes:A carbonor copper con-ductor that deliverscurrent from thestationaryelementof an electricmotor to the rotating coil.

Buffing: Polishinga sharpenededge o amirror-like finish usinga cloth or rubber wheel mpregnat-ed with fine abrasive ompounds.

Burnisher: A rod-like steel oolused o turn a ip on a tool edge,especially craperedges.

Burr: A small ridge formed on theflat faceof a tool blade asa resultof the honing process.

Cap ron: A metalplatescrewed oaplaneblade,preventingchatterand the buildup of wood chips.

Carbide-tipped blade:A sawbladeon which the teetharemade of acompound of carbon and steel;suchblade edges re strongerandstaysharper onger han conven-tional high-speed teelblades.

Chip lifter: The machined surfaceson a Fortsneror multi-spur bitdirectlybehind the cutters.

Chuck Adjustableawson a drillor drill press or holding bits orother accessories.

Collet The sleevehat grips theshankof a routerbit.

Combination bladq A circular sawblade designed or making bothcrosscuts nd rip cuts.

CrosscutA cut madeacrosshegrainof a workpiece.

D-E-F-G.H-IDado head:A blade,or combina-tion of bladesand chippers,used ocut dadoes n wood.

Dado: A rectangularchannel cutinto a workpiece.

Dial indicator: A measuringdeviwith a magneticbaseused o detemine runout on stationaryandportable powertools, ypically cal

brated n thousandthsof an inch.

Drill point angle The angle owhich a drill bit mustbe ground asharpenedor efficientcutting.

Drive belt Any rubberbelt that conectsa stationarypowertool motowith its arbor or spindle,sometimthrough a systemof pulleys.

Drive center:A latheaccessory

mounted in either the tailstockorheadstocko support turning worcan either be fixed or turn with thework by meansof ball-bearings.

Feelergauge:A preciselygroundmetal blade, urnished n sets, seto accuratelymeasurehe gapbetween ool parts.

Fence:An adjustable uidedesignto keep he edgeor faceof a work-

piecea set distance rom the cuttinedgeof a tool.

Ferrule:A metal ring that tightenaround he endofa handle o prevent splitting.

Frog:Thepart ofa handplane hasupports he blade;usually he frocan be movedback and forth to ajust the mouth openingof the plan

Grinding: The initial step n sharpening where nicks are removed, hcutting edge s squared, nd the beel is established;ypicallydone onbench grinder.



Gullet The gapbetween eeth on asawblade.

Honing: The process f converting

a rough-ground edge o a smooth,uniform cutting edge.

Hoolc A uniform burr turned onthe cutting edges f a scraper.

Infeed: The part of a machine'stable hat is in front of the bladeduring a cutting operation.

l-K-r-M-N-O-P-Qfointing: Cutting thin shavings

from the edgeand faceof a work-pieceuntil they are lat and square.

Kerf: The spaceeft when wood isremovedby the sawblade.

Kickback The tendencyof a work-piece o be thrown back n the direc-tion of the operatorof a tool.

Lapping: Rubbing he faceof aplaneor chiselblade acrossa sharp-

ening stone o remove he burr thatresults rom honing the blade.

Microbevel A secondarybevelhonedon the cutting edgeof a blade.

Miter cut A cut that anglesacrossthe faceof a workpiece.

Oilstone:Any natural or syntheticsharpeningstone hat usesoil asa ubricant.

Orbital action: The up-and-forwardmovement of somesabersawbladeson their upstroke; eplaceshe tradi-tional straight up-and-down actionof a reciprocating-type abersaw.Also. he eccentricmotion of the

abrasive iscon an orbital or ran-dom-orbit sander.

Out-of-round wheel A band saw

wheel hat is not perfectly ound.

Outfeed:The part of a machine'stable hat isbehind the bladeduringa cutting operation.

Platen:A support plate or sandpa-per beltson sanders.

Positivestop:An adjustable crewon a stationarypower ool used okeep he tool's table at a setangle,

typically90'and 45o.

Quill: A sleeve urroundingthespindleof a drill press;he amountthat the quill can be raisedand ow-ereddetermines he depth of hole adrill press an bore.

R-SRaker:A tooth in a sawblade hatclears awdustand wood chipsoutof thekerf.

Reversehread: A machined hreadthat tightensand oosensn theoppositedirectionto the rotationof the tool bit so hat the cutterremains ight duringoperation.

Rip cut A cut that follows he grainof a workpiece-usually made alongits length.

Runout The amount of wobble ntool'sarboror spindle.

Sharp:A cutting edge s said o besharpwhere wo flat,polishedsur-facesmeetat anangle.

Slipstone:A sharpening tonewithcurvededges sed o sharpengougesand other similarly shaped ools.

Snipe:A concave ut createdby ajointer or planerat the end of aworkpiece,he result of improperpressure n theworkpieceor inac-

curatelyset ableheight.

Spindle:The threadedarbor on apowertool that turns cuttersandaccessorres.

Square Two surfaces f aworkpiecethat are at 90" to eachother.

Stropping: Polishinga sharpenededge o amirror-like finish usingstrips of leather mpregnatedwith

fine abrasive ompounds.

T-U-V-W-X.Y-ZTearout The tendencyof a bladeor cutter to tear he fibersof wood,leaving aggededges n the surfaceof the workpiece.

Teethper inch (TPI): A unit ofmeasurement sed o identifr typesand usesof sawbladesby the num-ber of teethper inch of blade ength.

Ternper:The degreeofhardnessin tool steel;also, he color of steelafter he temperingprocess.

Tracking: Adjusting a band sawbladeor abrasive elt so that it iscenteredon the tool's wheels.

Waterstone:Any natural or synthet-ic sharpeningstone hat useswaterasa ubricant.

Wheel dresser:A deviceused otrue the working surfaceof a grind-ing wheel and exposeresh abrasive



INDEX

Page eference n italics ndicate an llus-tration ofsubjectmatter.Page eferencesin bold indicate aBuild It Yourselfproject.

A-B-C-DAbrasives, ackendp perAdzes, 1,53,54Air compressors,39Air pumps:

Scrollsaws. 37Axes,51,54

Choosing durableaxhandle Shop

Tip),saBandsaws:

Blades,123repairing broken blades,76-77rounding a band sawblade Shop

Tip),75sharpening,T3-74storage, 8

Guideassemblies,23-124Heat-resistantuideblocks,59,75Tablealignment,124-125Wheels,120-121

alignment,104,122balancing band sawwheel Shop

Tip), 122Beltsanders, 8Bench rinders, 6,20,21

Grindingjigs,13Multi-tool jigs,16

Reversingwheelguards or buffing(Shop ip),22

Wheelsdressing,22identification. 0

Benchplanes, 9Assembly nd adjustment, fl 45Blades

grindingwith a sander ShopTip), 42honing guideand anglejigs, 7sharpening,41-44squaring,13

Refurbishing, G41

Benchstones.3Oilstones. 8Truing, 19'Waterstones,

12,17,18,19Bevels,backendpaper

Microbevels, 5Bits,60

Dri]lsauger its, 55-57brad-pointbits,68-69drill bit grindingattachments, 8,61drill bit sharpening igs,61, 66Forstner its.67

multispur bits, 68spade its, 69spoonbits, 55,57storage, 9

twist bits, 58,65-66Routers

non-pilotedbits, 62pilotedbits, 63router bit sharpeners,1storage, 9

Storingbits (ShopTip), 89Blades, 0

Bandsaws. 23Bench lanes, 3, 7,41-44Circularsaws, 172,86Radial rm saws,64, 13, 17,118, 19Saber aws, 3

Scroll aws. 36-137Shapers,62,6jTablesaws, 4,70,109See lsoKnives

Braces,55-57Brushassemblies,8Build It Yourself:

Hand toolsbenchvisesawholders. 8gouge-sharpeningigs,33

Mobile sharpening ollies,23Chisels:

Handles,3ISharpening,32

Circularsaws, 8,97Blades

alignment,86blade-settingigs,61,72blade-sharpenng jigs,61, 72changing, .1cleaning,Tlsharpeting, T2

Compressors,39Disc-and-belt anders, 38- 39Drawknives, 4, 51,53,54Dressers, 6,22Drill presses,31

Chucks, 31-132Runout.105Tablealignment,131

checking ablealignment Shop

Tip), 132Drills,88,95

Bitsaugerbrts,55-5./bit grindingattachments, 8 6lbrad-pointbits,68-69Forstner its, 67multi-spur bits, 68sharpeningigs,61,66

spade its, 69spoonbits, 5t 57storage, 9twist bits, 58,65-66

See lsoDrill presses

E.F.G.HElectrical outlets, ront endpaperElectric drills. SeeDrillsExtension ords.89Files, 7Gouges,25,0

Handles,3lSharpening

carvinggouges, G37gouge-sharpeningigs,33roughing-outgouges,3 34

spindlegouges, 5

v-tools,38Shop-made oningguides nd rust

removersShopTip), 34Grinders.See enchgrindersGrinding,15Handsaws:

Bench isesawholders, 8Fiing,26-27,29

loirlting,29Setting,26,29Storage

sawholders ShopTip), 27Hand tools,25

Drills.55-57Roughingand shaping ools,5.1-54See lsoBench lanes;Chisels;Goug

Handsaws; crapersHatchets.SeeAxesHoning,15

r-J-K-LInshaves, 1,53,54

Iigs:Grinders

grindingigs,l3

multitool jigs,16

Handtoolsgouge-sharpeningigs,28handsaws,28

Planehoningguideand an$e igs,1Routers

plywood ruingjigs, STSharpening ower ools

circularsawblade-settirrgigs,61,circular awblade-sharpening

jigs,61,72

drill bit grindingattachments, &drillbit sharpeningigs,61,66jointer/planer nife-settingigs,61



fointer/planer nife-sharpeningji9s,61,82-83

planer/jointer magneticknife-setting igs, 29, 85

twist bit sharpeningigs, 6626Knife-settingigs, 61,79Knife-sharpeningigs,61,82-83Knives

betrels, ackendpaperinstallation, 85sharyenrng,79-84shifting knives or longer ife

(ShopTip), 8lPositivestops, 26,127Snipe,128Table alignment,127-128Tableheight, 126

Jointersbevels,backendpaperinstallation, 85knife-settingigs,61,79knife-sharpeningigs,61,82-83sharpening,79-84shifting knives or longer ife

(ShopTip), 8lMolding knives, 64Planers

banels,backendpaperknife-settingigs,61,79

knife-sharpeningigs,61,82-8315

Philip,S-9

8

Cleaning, 29,130Knives

betrels,backndpaperknife-settingi gs,61, 79

knife-sharpeningigs,61,82-83sharpening, 9,85

Rollers,.l29Tablealignment,130

enchplanesoiners,88, 94

15

Brushassemblies,8Drive belts,106

Electricalsupply, ront endpaper, 9cords,100-101phtgs,102-10jswitches, 9, 107

wattage atings,front endpaperLathes, 33-134Maintenance, , 87-89,105Plateoiners,88Safetyprecautions,front endpaper, 8

disablingapower ool (ShopTip), i03Scrollsaws, 36-137

installing nairpump (ShopTip), l3ZShapers,2,135

storage acks or shapercutters(ShopTip), 63

TabIes, 07SeealsoBand aws;Benchgrinders;

Circular saws;Drill presses; rills;

Jointers;Planers;Radial arm saws;Routers;Saber aws; anders;Table saws

R-S-T-U-VRadialarmsaws,13

Auxiliarytables, 19Blades

blade eel,113, 18squaring,17,119

Clamps, 1+115Cleaning,l3Fences,119

Molding knives, 64Slidingmechanisms,13, lI6Tableadjustment, 74

Routers, 8,90,98Bits,62-63

router bit sharpeners,lstorage,89

Collet unout, 9lSub-bases

truing,87Saber aws, 8,92

Bladesextending lade ife (ShopTip), 93squaring,93

Safety recautions:Power ools, o nt endp per, 98

disablingapower ool (ShopTip), 103Sanders, 8,96

Disc-and-belt anders, 38- 39Scrapers,6

Banels, ackendpaperSharpening

cabinet crapers,6,48-50handscrapers,6,47-48maintainingthe correct burnishing

angle ShopTip), 50

Scrollsaws:Blades, 36-137Installingan air pump (ShopTip), l3Z

Shapers,2,135

Storageacks or shapercutters(ShopTip), 63Sharpeningtones. ee enchstonesSharpeningechniques, , I 1, 13-15Sharpening o ols,16-17

Belt sandersgrindingwith a sander ShopTip), 42

Burnishers,46maintaining the correct burnishing

angle ShopTip), 50variable urnishers, 6

Dtessers, 6,22Mobile sharpening ollies,23For power ools,6l

See lsoBenchgrinders;BenchstonesShopTips:

Hand tools,27,34,42,50,54Portable ower ools,22, 89,93,103Stationary ower ools,63,75, 81,110,

122,132,137Spokeshaves,1,52,54Starr,Richard,6-2Stones. ee enchstonesStrops, ackendpaper,7Switches, 9,107Tablesaws:

Blades

angleadjustment, 09changrng,T0storage,T0

Cleaning,108, 12Height and ilt mechanisms,l12Miter gauges

fixing a oosemiter gauge Shop

Tip), 110squaring,I0Molding knives, 64Rip fences, l1Tablealignment,108-109, 11Table nserts,112

Tip burning, 1

Tools.SeeHand tools;Power ools;SharpeningoolsTwist bits:

Bevels,back ndpaper

w-x-Y-zWaterstones, 8, 19

fapaneseinishstones, 2,18,19Storage nits,17

Waymark, an, &11Wet/dry grinders,16, 0,21



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Theeditorswish o thank hefollowing

SHARPENINGBASICSCooperTools,Apex,NC; Delta nternationalMachinery/PorterCable,Guelph,Ont.; DiamondMachineryTechnology nc.

Marlborough,MA; GarrettWade Company,New York, NY; LeeValleyTools Ltd., Ottawa,Ont; RecordTools nc., Pickeiing,OThe WoodworkersStore,Rogers,MN; Tool Trend Ltd., Concord,Ont.; Unicorn Abrasives f Canada,Brockville,Ont.;

VeritasTools nc.,OttawaOnt./Ogdensburg, Y; WoodcraftSupplyCorp., Parkersburg,WV

SHARPENING AND MAINTAINING HAND TOOLSAdjustableClamp Co., Chicago, L; Anglo-AmericanEnterprises orp., Somerdale, f; Blackand Decker/EluPowerTools

_Hunt Valley,MD; C-ooper ools,Apex,NC; Delta nternationalMachinery/PorterCable,Guelph,Ont.; Diamond MachinerTechnology nc., Marhorough, MA; GarrettWadeCompany,New York, NY; GeneralTools ManufacturingCo., New York, Ir

GreatNeck SawMfrs. Inc. (BuckBros.Division), Millbury MA; LeeValleyTools Ltd., Ottawa,Ont.; Norton AbrasivesCanadanc.,Montreal,Que.;RecordTools nc., Pickering,Ont.; RobertSorbyLtd.,Sheffield,U.K./BusyBeeMachineTools

Concord,Ont.; SandvikSaws nd ToolsCo., Scranton,PA; The WoodworkersStore,Rogers,MN;VeritasTools nc.,OttawaOnt./Ogdensburg, Y; WoodcraftSupplyCorp., Parkersburg,4IV

S}IARPENINGPOWERTOOL BLADESAND BITSAdjustableClamp Co., Chicago, L; Adwood Corp., High Point, NC; Anglo-AmericanEnterprisesCorp., Somerdale, J;Blackand Decker/EluPowerTools,Hunt Valley,MD; CooperTools,Apex,NC; Delta nternationalMachinery/PorterCable

Guelp!, Ont.; Diamond MachineryTechnology nc., Marlborough,MA; GarrettWadeCompany,New York, NY;GeneralTools ManufacturingCo., New York, NY; GreatNeckSawMfrs. Inc. (BuckBros.Division),Millbury, MA;

Hitachi PowerToolsU.S.A.Ltd., Norcross,GA; LagunaTools,LagunaBeach,CA; LeeValleyTools Ltd., Ottawa,Ont.;Norton AbrasivesCanada nc., Montreal,Que.;RecordTools nc., Pickering,Ont.; SandvikSaws nd ToolsCo., Scranton,PA

The WoodworkersStore,Rogers,MN; Tool Trend Ltd.,Concord,Ont.; VeritasTools nc.,OttawaOnt./Ogdensburg, Y;WoodcraftSupplyCorp.,Parkersburg,MV; Woodstock nternational,Bellingham,WA; Wood Systemsnc.,New Beilin, WI

MAINTAINING PORTABLEPOWERTOOLSAdjustableCI?Tp Co., Chicago, rt Bhck and Decker/EluPowerTools,Hunt Valley,MD; Delta nternationalMachinery/Po

Cable,Guelph,Ont.; Dewalt ndustrial Tool Co.,Hampstead,MD; GeneralToolsManufacturingCo., nc.,New York, NY;Hitachi PowerTools U.S.A.Ltd., Norcross,GA; LeeValleyTools Ltd.,Ottawa,Ont.;NewmanTools nc., Montreal,Que;

Sears, oebuckand Co.,Chicago,L; StanleyTools,Divisionof the StanleyWorks,New Britain,CT;

Steiner-Lamello .G Switzerland/Colonial awCo., Kingston,MA; Tool Trend Ltd.,Concord,Ont.

MAINTAINING STATIONARYPOWERTOOLSAdjustableClamp Co., Chicago, L; CampbellHausfeld,Harrison,OH; CooperTools,Apex,NC; Delta nternational

Machinery/PorterCable,Guelph,Ont.; GeneralTools ManufacturingCo., nc., New York, NY; Hitachi PowerToolsU.S.A.LtNorcross,GA; |elEquipment and Tools,Auburn, WA; NewmanTools nc., Montreal,Que;Sears, oebuckand Co.,Chicago

StanleyTools,Division of the StanleyWorks, New Britain, CT; Vermont AmericanCorp.,Lincolnton,NC and LouisvilleiKY

The ollowingpersons lsoassistedn thepreparation f thisbook:LorraineDor6,GraphorConsultation,Solange aberge,Rob Lutes,GenevidveMonette

PICTURECREDITS

Cover RobertChartier6,7 Marie LouiseDuruaz

8,9 Steve ewisl0,llPerry Zavitz

14 (Iowereft, ower ight)HansBlohm



HART

TYPE F BRASIVE

Emeryaper

Garnetandpapel

Aluminumxideandpaper

Siliconarbideandpaper

WeUdryil icon arbideandpapel

Si l iconarbideappingompounds

Steel ool

ABRASIVEUALITY

Cnarco. fa i r lv cnf i

Med ium

Mediumo f ne;hard

F ine ; a rd

Fine; ery ard

Extremelyneandhard

Coarseo fine;soft

USES

Flatteninglane oles

Finer ritsused orgeneral

sharpenng

Finer r i ts sed or honingool

blades ndbevels

Honingoolblades ndbevels

Lapping acks f oolblades

Pol ishingools ;apping acks

of tool blades

Cleaningables f stat ionary

powerools

WORKSHOPUIDE

AVAILABLERITS

Coarse/medum/fne

50-280

40-400

80-600

60- 200

90-600

0/00/000/0000

MAKINGC()MBINATIONTROP

Nolhinq ulaa mirror inish ndrazor-eharVdqeonLooleike n old- f ehionedtrroo. combinaLionstroV ikeNhe neehown el ow l lowe ou o work Vto a hiqhpoliehwith several radee f buffing om'

Vounds. omake he stroV,eimVly ut a Viece f2 - i nch - squa r ea r dw oodN ock bouN 12n c h e s

lonq nd urn a hand le n oneend.Glue l r ipeofecrap eaNhero eachof the four sidee; arnessleatrherorke esL, l thouqh n oldbel tr i l l o heLrick.Theirst lhreeeides anbecharged iLhcoaroeo f inebuff inq ompoundo:or inalVol iohinq,Lhe aet, ide eueedwiLhoul nycompound.

BEVEL NGLESORCUTTERS vgTurningacraper: 8O'

,''-------------)

,"\to" ?Chisels:3O'(parin4chteel20",morttetnq hieel4O')

ffiJointer and planerknives:35'

Plane ron: 3O'(eofLwoode25")

Oouge:

35'-55"

9kew:3O" Twiet. it:59"



Art of Woodworking Sharpening and Tool Care

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