Art in the 19 th century

ART IN THE 19TH CENTURY

INTRODUCTION

• The end of the 18th century marked a transition fromRococo art, which embodied the aesthetics of theAncient Greece and Rome, and on rationality.

• Art in the 19th century reflected the social and politicaltransformations of the time. In 1830, the Romanticmovement, which was closely linked to a surge innationalist sentiment, reflected the people´s emotionsand passions.

INTRODUCTION

• The failure of the 1848 revolutions and social problemsrelated to industrialisation in the mid-19th century theled to an artistic movement called Realism.

• At the same time, industrialisation revolutionised thestyle of architecture, with the introduction of newmaterials such as iron and glass.

INTRODUCTION

• At the turn of the century, art broke away from theaccepted objective representations of reality, openingthe way for the avant-garde movements of the 20thcentury

ART ROCOCO IN SPAIN

• In 18th century Spain, the Rococo style was mainly found inside royal and aristocratic palaces.

ART ROCOCO IN SPAIN

• Sculptures during this period depicted religious scenes, that were mainly carved from wood and painted.

• Francisco Salzillo (Prayer in the Garden) and Narciso Tomé (El Transparente, the altarpiece of the Cathedral of Toledo) were notable

sculptors from this period.

ART ROCOCO IN SPAIN

• Rococo painting in Spain tended to portray aristocrats in scenes of intimacy or chivalry.

• The paintings often depicted love scenes or inanimate objects in bodegones (types of still life paintings).

• Luis Paret and Alcázar were prominent Spanish Rococo painters.

NEOCLASSICISM

• Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe between 1760 and1830 that was inspired by Enlightenment thought, theRevolution in France and the discovery of ancient

archaeological sites during that period.

The revival of Greek and Roman

ARCHITECTURE• Neoclassical architecture was based on the ancient Greek and

Roman models (columns, arches and domes). • It did not follow the excessive ornamentation of the Rococo

style and limited a building's decoration to its facade, leaving

the walls bare except for simple stucco motifs.

NEOCLASSICISM

• The construction of public buildings (libraries and museums) took precedence over religious architecture.

• During the Napoleonic era, commemorative columns and triumphal

arches were built.• Important neoclassical figures included French architects Jacques-

Gabriel Soufflot (the Pantheon in Paris) and Alexandre-Pierre Vignon(the Madeleine) and German architect Leo von Klenze (the Propylaea

in Munich).

ARCHITECTURE IN CAST-IRON

• During the same period, architecture was also influenced bytwo important factors that emerged from the IndustrialRevolution:

The development and mass production of new materials.The use of iron and steel, the invention of cement and thewidespread use of glass in walls meant that the design andconstruction of buildings changed.

Industry, transport networks and cities had newrequirements. Cities needed buildings that werefunctional, practical and spacious, and that could be built

quickly and economically.

ARCHITECTURE IN CAST-IRON

• The tower built by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the World Fair in Paris in 1889 became the highest building in the world and a symbol of the

modern age.• At the same time, the first skyscrapers in the United States of America

were built, designed by architects from the Chicago School.

ROMANTICISM

• Romanticism was a movement that spread across Europe at thebeginning of the 19th century.

• The Romantic Era not only encompassed an artistic movement, butan intellectual one too that had clear political connotations. The newera opposed the ideals of the previous century's Classical period.

• Romanticism was based on the principles of freedom, individualism

and the free expression of emotions.

• SCULPTURE• Romantic sculpture aimed to express movement and emotion using

dynamic forms. The gestures and facial features of figures were

especially important and sculptures often focused on patriotic themes.

ROMANTICISM

SCULPTURE• Romantic sculpture aimed to express movement and emotion using

dynamic forms.• The gestures and facial features of figures were especially important

and sculptures often focused on patriotic themes.

ROMANTICISM

PAINTING

• Romanticism had a strong influence on 19th century art. • Paintings from the Romantic era had five distinguishing

characteristics:

- A preference for diversity over uniformity, and praise for the

individual and tradition.

- An aspiration to individual and national freedom.

- An appreciation of historicism as a tool for learning about one's roots.

- A sentimental, religious understanding of nature.

- A passion for the exotic and the imagination, leading to an interest in North African Muslims and Asian culture.

Tirol , de FRANZ MARCC.D. FRIEDRICH – Wanderer

above the Sea of fog

REALISM

• In the middle of the 19th century, Romanticism was replaced byRealism.

• This change was due to several factors:The failure of the 1848 revolutions put an end

To many of the hopes and illusions that had inspired the Romanticera with its idealised vision of society and progress.

Industrialisation led to a new system that was full ofcontradictions and brought with it misery, poverty, child labourand exploitation.

Scientific advances presented observation and description as thebest tools for understanding reality.

REALISM

Artists during this period, therefore, moved towards a more realistic aesthetic. They were interested in understanding the reality of the period and depicting it accurately.

Realistist sculptureRealist aesthetics and ideals created detailed art,

especially notable in the faces and bodies of figures.Portraits were common in Realist art, as were scenes

reflecting different aspects of society such as work or

everyday life.The most important Realist sculptors were Jean- Baptiste

Carpeaux (France) and Constantin Meunier (Belgium).

REALISM

REALIST PAINTING

• The most distinguishing feature of Realist paintings was their accurateportrayal of everyday life and the problems that arose fromindustrialisation (injustice, exhaustion from overwork, etc.).

• The invention of the photograph in 1839 had a huge influence on thework of artists during that period.

• Compositions changed and paintings adopted a style that was similar

to the frames captured by an instant camera.

IMPRESSIONISM

• The Impressionist movement began towards the end of the 19thcentury.

• The style of painting in this period placed a lot of emphasis on theplay of light, and how it could alter a scene and the objects within it.

• To better capture these qualities, artists observed reality by paintingin plein air and used their own personal vision to interpret this reality.

IMPRESSIONISM

• In Impressionist art, colour took precedence over form.Impressionism incorporated short, quick brushstrokes, placing coloursside by side so that at a distance they faded into one.

• The Impressionist movement started in France with artists Edouard

Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre- Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley.

Edouard Manet. BoatingClaude Manet. The

Japanese Bridge

Pierre Auguste Renoir. Paseo en bote en la Sena

POST-IMPRESSIONISM• In the mid-1880s, several artists began to distance themselves from

the Impressionist movement to explore geometry, colour, lines and expression.

• These artists were called Post- Impressionists.• The most important Post-Impressionist painters included Edgar

Degas, Georges Pierre Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh,

Henri Toulouse Lautrec and Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin.

Edgar Degas. TheRehearsal

Paul Cezanne. Card PlayersHenri Toulouse Lautrec

SYMBOLISM• Symbolism was a movement that appeared at the same time as Post-

Impressionism.

• Symbolists painted biblical and mythological scenes, and imaginarydream worlds.

• The most common figures in Symbolist work were women, appearingas angels or evil beings.

Puvis de Chavannes:

Mujeres a orillas de mar

El baño del caballo, de Joaquín Sorolla

MODERNISM

• Modernism was a movement that emerged inEurope between 1890 and 1910.

• It was also known as Art Nouveau (France), StileLiberty (Italy), Jugendstil (Germany) andSezessionstil (Austria).

• The Modernist movement broke away fromacademic tradition. It took advantage of thetechnology and industry available at that time,believed strongly in the integral nature of thearts and supported the tradition of craft.

MODERNISM

ARCHITECTURE• Curved lines, wavy lines and symmetry were prominent features of

Modernist buildings. The forms were inspired by nature, givingarchitects a certain amount of creative freedom.

• Modernist architecture incorporated work by craftsmen whodecorated both the interior and exterior of buildings. They createdwrought iron structures, glass doors and windows and ceramicmosaics.

• Victor Horta and Antoni Gaudí are considered two of the mostimportant architects from the Modernist period.

VICTOR HORTA

MODERNISMSCULPTURE AND PAINTING

• Modernist sculpture, like the architecture of the period, broke away from academic tradition.

• It focused on the human form and used curved lines. • The faces of the figures were particularly expressive. • Sculpture was sometimes incorporated as a decorative addition to a

building.• Modernist paintings represented symbolic, conceptual scenes. Artists

were inspired by nature and often included women in their paintings.

MODERNISMTHE DECORATIVE ARTS• At the turn of the century, the decorative arts sector (forging metals,

glassworks, ceramics, textiles and furniture) started to play anincreasingly important role. The growth of this industry was inspiredby the desire to combine art with everyday life.

• The English Arts and Crafts Movement was an example of this trend.

• The movement, led by William Morris, promoted the creation ofunique artisan products.