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Supplemental Information

Ecosystem Traits—Linking Functional Traits to Macroecology

He Nianpeng 1,2,*, Liu Congcong 1,2, Piao Shilong 3, Lawren Sack 4, Xu Li1, Luo Yiqi 5, He Jinsheng3, Han

Xingguo6, Zhou Guangsheng 7, Zhou Xuhui 8, Lin Yi 9, Yu Qiang 10, Liu Shirong11, Sun Wei12, Niu Shuli 1,

Li Shenggong 1, Zhang Jiahui1, Yu Guirui 1,2*

1 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences

and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China3 Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, and Key Laboratory for Earth

Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA5 Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA

6 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China7 Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China8 School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China9 Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University,

Beijing, China10 National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural

Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China11 Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, China’s State Forestry Administration, Institute

of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing, China12 Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University,

Changchun, China

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Table S1　Examples of ecosystem traits and scaling-up method

Components Specific traits Methods or Instruments Measured levelScaling-up method

(Ecosystem)

Plant traits Leaf Morphology (leaf size, leaf thickness, leaf dry mass, and leaf specific

area)

Balance, Scanner, Photoshop Organ Community weighted method

Stomata (stomatal size, stomatal density, and stomatal area fraction) Scanning electron microscope Organ Community weighted method

Anatomy (Adaxial and abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf thickness, and

spongy tissue thickness)

Electron microscope, MIPS software Organ Community weighted method

Elemental composition (C†, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Al, Mn, Fe, Na, Zn,

Cu, and others)

Elemental Analyzer, Organ Community weighted method

Branch Elemental composition (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and others) As above Organ Community weighted method

Trunk Elemental composition (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and others) As above Organ Community weighted method

Root Morphology (root diameter, root length, and root volume) Root order method

WinRHIZO software

Organ Community weighted method

Elemental composition (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and others) As above Organ Community weighted method

Soil traits Physical property Soil particle size (Sand, silt, and clay) Malvern laser particle size analyzer Ecosystem None

Soil moisture content Oven drying method Ecosystem None

Chemical property Elemental composition (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and others) As above Ecosystem None

Soil pH Potentiometric method Ecosystem None

SOC composition Soil organic C As above-mentioned Ecosystem None

Easy-oxidized organic C Potassium permanganate method Ecosystem None

Humic acid C Extraction method Ecosystem None

Humin C Extraction method Ecosystem None

Soil microbe traits Microbe Microbial quantity Phospholipid fatty acid Ecosystem None

Microbial biomass Chloroform fumigation Ecosystem None

Enzyme Soil enzyme activity Enzymatic analyzer Ecosystem None

Metabolic activity Biolog micro-plate technique Ecosystem None

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†　C, carbon; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; K, potassium; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; S, sulfur; SOC, soil organic carbon

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Figure S1 Some traits can be scaled-up from the leaf to the community level

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Figure S2 Ecosystem traits can be calculated separately from plants, animals (including

insects) and soil microbes at community level and related to environmental factors on

consistent land area

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Plants

Standard, continuous, and consistent in scale

Animals

Insects

Litter

Soil microbe

Soil properties

Ecosystem traits on land areaSo

ilA

tmos

pher

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he c

omm

unity

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Figure S3 Relationship between chlorophyll content at the tree (ChlT, panel A) and the

community (ChlC, B) levels and gross primary productivity (GPP).

ChlT values were calculated as the means of Chl for all tree species in a specific forest

community. ChlC values were calculated based on Chl data at the species level with reference

to leaf specific area and community structure in each forest (Primary data were derived from

Li et al., 2018, Ecological indicator, 85, 383-389).

The GPP data represent 10-year mean values for the nine selected forest types obtained from

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at a resolution of 1 km × 1 km

(https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/mod17.php).

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Chl-commun (g m-2)

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12ChlT（g m–2）

y = 0.12x + 0.44R² = 0.32**

**

y = 0.13x + 0.47R² = 0.31 **

GPP (kg

C m–

2yr–1)

Chlc（g m–2）

GPP (kg

C m–

2yr–1)

A

B

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Figure S4 Theoretical framework of leaf chlorophyll concentration as a proxy of the

photosynthetic capacity of natural forests.

PSC: photosynthetic capacity; Chl: leaf chlorophyll content; Vcmax: the maximum rate of

carboxylation.

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