ars_영문독해

CHAPTER ONE Essence to Advanced Reading

. (2006 9 21 / ) Our basic nature is to act, and not to be acted upon. Not only does this enable us to choose our response to particular circumstances, but this encourages us to create circumstances. Taking the initiative means recognizing our responsibility to make things happen. Over the years, I have frequently counseled people who wanted better jobs to show more initiative. The response is usually agreement. Most people can see how powerfully such an approach would affect their opportunities for employment or advancement. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . [ ]

* vocabulary TV has great influence on modern life. Your testimony will act upon his innocence. This medicine will work on you. You should do the work on principle. I swear on the Bible. It was some time before the door opened in response to his ring. There has been no response to his remarks from the government. We must take the initiative in the struggle to end the war. I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do, use your initiative. If you do something on your own initiative, you plan it and decide to do it without anyone telling you what to do.

ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

Masterpiece Grammar for Reading Edge

The firm has changed hands many times over the years. Over the years he sparred with his friend Jesse Jackson over political tactics for freedom of black people. She had a deep affection for her father. The divorce affected every aspect of her life. Both buildings were badly affected by the fire. To all his problems she affected indifference. / (n)affectation All she was interested in was the advancement of her career.

* grammatical vocabulary It enabled students to devote more time to their studies. This committee will enable decisions to be made democratically. The law would encourage companies to switch from coal to cleaner fuels. The idea is to encourage people to get to know their neighbors. As the first rule, I would counsel the ship's cook to avoid meat.

* grammar Our basic nature is to act, and not to be acted upon. Mr. Smith is to take up an appointment as a researcher with the Royal Society. They are to be found all over the world. To see is to believe. Their purpose is to build a fair society and strong economy system in that country.

* Sentence Pattern Not only does this enable us to choose our response to particular circumstances, but this encourages us to create circumstances. Scarcely had the baby looked at me when she burst into crying. No sooner had the baby looked at me than she burst into crying.



* Reading & Guess A teacher can encourage children to think analytically. It was only the time that she had ever discouraged him from dangerous activities and she regretted it thereafter. He persuaded Shelly to name the baby after him. Doctors have tried to dissuade patients from smoking. Not only could I finger Jason as his murderer, I could also link him with you.

* Imaging Most people can see how powerfully such an approach would affect their opportunities for employment or advancement.

* Synonyms act upon, choose our response, create circumstances, taking the initiative, make things happen

* Paragraph & Structure Our basic nature is to act, and not to be acted upon. /

* Background Knowledge Taking the initiative means recognizing our responsibility to make things happen. (interview skill / art of interview)



CHAPTER TWO Grammar & Sentence Pattern

1. ? Only after a serious automobile accident ended his hopes of becoming a soccer player did Julio find his true calling. While lying injured in a hospital, he learned to play the guitar and sing. Five years later, he won an international singing contest and went on to sell more record albums than any other vocalist on earth. He attributes his success to the lessons he learned while facing his crisis. He says, "As hard as it may be at the time you're going through it, try to bear in mind that a crisis also presents ________________." opportunities success improvement desperation failure

Words & Phrases serious injure go through , attribute A to B A B (n) injury crisis



2. . A few words of praise can help your relationship very much. Praise brings warmth and pleasure and turns the noisy rattle of the world into music. Nowhere is this more true than in marriage. Living side by side, year after year, you may be taking your spouse's virtues for granted. But keep in mind that we all need a lift from time to time. If there are some special things you like about your partner, be sure you mention them. Just be careful not to generalize. Be specific. Don't say, "This is a fine meal." Compliment your spouse on a particular dish.

1. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. This . This is more true in marriage than in any other case.

Words & Phrases rattle ( ) take A for granted A keep in mind generalize specific (v)specify (n) specification compliment A on B A B


Masterpiece Grammar- 5 -

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3. . Filipino physicians are underpaid and overworked. Worse, they have to compromise their ideals to survive in a hostile work place. They watch patients die many times not from the disease but due to the lack of resources to save them. As a young physician, I remembered crying when I first lost a patient due to an infection easily treatable, had we had the antibiotics and the money to buy them. 1. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. We .

Words & Phrases physician compromise due to - antibiotics



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CHAPTER THREE Reading & Guess

1. (A), (B), (C) ? (2006 20) On most subway trains, the doors open automatically at each station. But when you are on the Me tro, the subway in Paris, things are different. I watched a man on the Me tro (A)[try / tried] to get off the train and fail. When the train came to his station, he got up and stood patiently in front of the door, waiting for it (B)[opened / to open]. It never opened. The train simply started up again and went on to the next station. In the Me tro, you have to open the doors yourself by pushing a button, depressing a lever or (C)[slide / sliding] them.

(A) try try try tried tried

(B) opened opened to open to open opened

(C) sliding slide sliding slide sliding



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2. . (A) Tulips were so bright and beautiful that many people desired them. And so the price kept escalating. The most popular tulips of all had alternating broken stripes of two different colors. These so-called bizarre patterns, which were actually caused by a tulip virus, meant that every single tulip had a unique look. (B) So prized such tulips that in 1624 certain varieties of them were selling for $1,500 a bulb! A short time later that price had skyrocketed to $2,250.

1. (A) (B) . 2. , ? (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Words & Phrases escalate bizarre alternating bulb ()

skyrocket ( )



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3. . The French government has been so concerned over the possibility

that their own language and culture might succumb to the influenceand power exercised by American cultural intermediaries and the companies they work for that they have floated proposals in Brussels at the European Union that would ensure that 51 percent or more of the content shown on European television and in movie theaters is made in Europe.

1. . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Words & Phrases be concerned over , (cf) be concerned about succumb to float (propose) intermediaries ()



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4. . The role of property is changing radically. The implications for society are enormous and far-reaching. For the whole of the Modern Age, property and markets have been synonymous. Indeed, the capitalist economy is founded on the very idea of exchanging property in markets. The word market first appeared in the English language in the twelfth century and referred to the physical space set aside for sellers and buyers to exchange goods and livestock. By the late eighteenth century, the term had become separated from any geographic reference and was being used to describe the abstract process of selling and buying things. (A) So much of the world we know has been bound up in the process of selling and buying things in the marketplace that we can't imagine any other way of structuring human affairs. The marketplace is pervasive force in our lives. We all are deeply affected by its moods and swings. Its well-being becomes a measure of our own. If markets are healthy, we feel buoyed. If they weaken, we despair. The marketplace is our guide and counselor and sometimes the bane of our existence. 1. (A) . 2. .(4) (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. ?(2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Words & Phrases property radical implication synonymous (n)synonym (cf) antonym the capitalist economy set aside () separate reference abstract (cf) concrete bind up pervasive buoyed () bane existence



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CHAPTER FOUR imaging sentence

1. Reading & imaging ? Happy is the man that loves flowers. It is a matter of gratitude that this gift of Providence is the most profusely given. Flowers cannot be monopolized. The poor can have them as the rich. It does not require such an education to love and appreciate them as it would to admire a picture of Turners or a statue of Michelangelos. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Words & Phrases monopolize gratitude appreciate monopoly Providence , admire



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2. ? Every human being at every stage of history or pre-history is born into a society and from his earliest years is moulded by that society. The language which he speaks is not an individual inheritance, but a social acquisition from the group in which he grows up. Both language and environment help to determine the character of his thought; his earliest ideas come to him from others. As has been well said, the individual apart from society would be both speechless and mindless. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Words & Phrases mould () acquisition inheritance acquire apart from -

3. ? The arch is nothing else than a force originated by two weaknesses, for the arch in buildings is composed of two segments of a circle, each of which being very weak in itself tends to fall; but as each opposes this tendency in the other, the two weaknesses combine to form one strength. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Words & Phrases originate consists of segment combine be composed of , tendency



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4. ?.

There are three motives for which we live: We live for the body, we live for the mind, we live for the soul. No one of these is better or holier than the other; all are alike desirable, and no one of the three - body, mind, or soul - can live fully if either of the others is cut short of full life and expression. It is not right or noble to live only for the soul and deny mind or body, and it is wrong to live for the intellect and deny body or soul. (1) (2) (), () () (3) (4) (5) Words & Phrases fully = completely alike =differently motive desirable , desirous

5. them(they) ? We see the most striking example of humility in the lamb which will submit to any animal; and when they are given for food to imprisoned lions they are as gentle to them as to their own mother, so that very often it has been seen that the lions forbear to kill them. Words & Phrases striking , submit forbear humility , (cf) humiliation , imprison



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6. . The line has in itself neither matter nor substance and may rather be called an imaginary idea than a real object; and this being its nature it occupies no space. Therefore an infinite number of lines may be conceived of as intersecting each other at a point, which has no dimensions and is only of the thickness - if thickness it may be called - of one single line. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) . . . . .

Words & Phrases matter imaginary infinite dimension substance imaginative intersect

7. It has long been a fashion to say that the East is "spiritual" and the West is "material." But like many things that are carelessly said, it is not true. The East is neither more nor less spiritual than the West, and the West is neither more nor less materialistic than the East. This may be said of men alike; they prefer to have food rather than to starve to have shelter rather than to be homeless, to be healthy rather than diseased, to live long rather than short lives, to be happy rather than sorrowful. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .



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CHAPTER FIVE synonyms : to avoid repeating the same words [ / ] 1. . Good writers try to vary their use of language in a text. When they have to express the same idea more than once, they will often use synonyms ____________________. Being aware of this may help you, since ideas that are expressed in language that you do not understand in one place in the text might be found elsewhere in the text in words that you do understand. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) to to to to to avoid antonyms show more creativity avoid repeating themselves emphasize their idea make a good conclusion

Words & Phrases synonym antonym repeat (n) repetition

2. . Women sometimes delay marriage because they enjoy the benefits of their economic independence. At one time, a woman would have found it difficult to earn a secure living on her income alone. Women who depend on a husband for economic security often accept an unsatisfying marriage. Nowadays, although women as a group still earn less than men as a group, many hold jobs that do give financial stability. Women who once faced a choice between an unhappy marriage with financial stability and life alone with it now have an easier decision to make. In fact, many do choose to live alone or with one or more close or even casual friends until well into middle age. (1) . (2) . ? Nowadays women who delay marriage have been increasing because they have got out of ____________________ and have their own jobs for financial stability. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) the old patriarchal system economic dependency on men economic independence in society marriage by contract financial instability

Words & Phrases earn a living income stability independence outcome



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3. ? Never leave your dog unsupervised with small children - even if he appears to be of sound temperament. Keep your dog on the lead for at least the first week, and especially keep him under control in public. When you let him off the lead for the first time, do so in an enclosed space so that if he will not return when you call him, he cannot run away or be injured and must eventually return to you. Never punish your dog for running off and always reward him for coming to you, no matter how long he takes. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) to to to to to warn criticize advice recommend persuade

Words & Phrases supervise keep - under control injure supervisor enclosed , reward ,

4. (A) . (A) ______________ is under this same necessity for continuous increase. Every thought we think makes it necessary for us to think another thought; consciousness is continually expanding. Every fact we learn leads us to the learning of another fact; knowledge is continually increasing. Every talent we cultivate brings to the mind the desire to cultivate another talent; we are subject to the urge of life, seeking expression, which ever drives us on to know more, to do more, and to be more. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Experience Intelligence Imagination Creativity Integrity

Words & Phrases consciousness continuously increase continually expand cultivate



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5 ? New leaders will be required in the field of Journalism. Newspapers of the future, to be conducted successfully, must be divorced from "special privilege" and relieved from the subsidy of advertising. They must cease to be organs of propaganda for the interests which patronize their advertising columns. The type of newspaper which publishes scandal and lewd pictures will eventually go the way of all forces which debauch the human mind * debauch , (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .

Words & Phrases require conduct propaganda lewd journalism cease patronize debauch



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CHAPTER SIX Paragraph & Structure 1. . Good time management should include finding the time to pursue work-related goals, the ones that you believe will bring you satisfaction and that involve activities you find stimulating. Productivity isnt merely a function of hard work and time--it involves a psychological commitment to your work as well. Were at our most productive when we enjoy what were doing, when we have confidence in our abilities to do the job well, when we can react spontaneously to unexpected opportunities, and (A)when were not distracted by the sneaking suspicion that we should be doing something else. 1. (A) . 2. () ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Words & Phrases spontaneously , productivity psychological confidence 2. ? At first glance, software piracy seems no different from that of any other copyrighted material. But software is not really like other intellectual property. Books and videotapes can be copied only by processes that are relatively time-consuming and expensive; and the product is never quite as good as the original. Software, on the other hand, is easily duplicated, and the result is not a scratchy second-generation copy but a perfect working program. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) stimulate involve commitment ,

Words & Phrases second-generation / copyright duplicate second-generation piracy () intellectual property scratchy



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3. . (A)The journalist who is often a writer of great brilliance writes pieces to be read tomorrow or next week, not a hundred or a thousand years from now. He might be worried at the thought of people reading them even a year or two later for he knows that there is nothing so dead as an old newspaper with its forgotten personalities and old-fashioned views of the world. The advertisement-writer, like the journalist, is concerned only with the people of his own time. It is they, not their great-grandchildren, who must be persuaded to eat Mr X's potato crisps or vote for Mr Y's Progressive Democratic Party. He would be unhappy to think of this work, which now seems so up to date, being read in future years, when the motor car or the movie-camera which is the subject of his present enthusiasm has become sadly, or even comically, out of date. The novelist, on the other hand, or the poet, hopes that his work will be permanent. (B)It is true that some modern writers and a number of modern painters and sculptors talk about disposable art-that is to say art or literature which is intended to be destroyed and forgotten. Most writers however still want their work to last for future generations. The most hopeful of them indeed aim at nothing less than immortality for themselves and those they write about. 1. (A) (B) . 2. .

Words & Phrases brilliance enthusiasm sculptors immortality , old-fashioned (=out of date) permanent disposable ( ) persuade



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4 . Some schools are better than others and for several good reasons. They have high expectations. Many educators believe that students rise to the level of performance expected of them. (A)A belief in student success, students' are beliefs the keys in to themselves, raising and sound and instructional methods expectations

performance. In good schools there is a sense of community. School spirit is encouraged and cultivated. Parents are involved. The school is the center of neighborhood activity. Size, too, may be a factor. The smaller the school the more likely it is that close relationships will develop among teachers and students, where teachers assume the role of mentors rather than authoritarians. 1. .

2. (A) .

3. , .

Words & Phrases encourage authoritarian cultivate assume ( )



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5. . The octopus's reputation as a human-killer isn't simply an exaggeration--it's a total myth. The octopus can indeed be a deadly human hunter, but it attacks only its natural prey. Clams, mussels, crabs, lobsters, and an occasional sick or unwary fish have reason to be frightened of this multi-armed predator, but (A)a human being is much too large to interest even the largest octopus. (B)Even a giant among octopuses is much smaller than most people imagine. Far from being large enough to engulf a submarine, as monster octopuses in movies have been known to do, the largest octopuses, which are found on the Pacific coast, weigh around 110 pounds and grow to a diameter of no more than 10 feet. It is difficult to understand why so many people consider octopuses to be dangerous creatures. The hard, parrotlike beak of an octopus is not used for attacking deep-sea divers but for cutting open crabs and lobsters. Indeed, the octopus possesses such a tiny throat that it cannot even swallow large pieces of meat. It feeds instead by pouring digestive juices into its victims and then sucking up the soupy remains. A calm, oyster, or scallop that finds itself in the grasp of an octopus has only a short time to live. But human beings are perfectly safe around octopuses. Still, people rarely care to venture close enough to these timid underwater creatures to get a good look at them. 1. (A) (B) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) 10 . (5) . Words & Phrases octopus an evil reputation Clams crabs engulf scallop ()

reputation exaggeration mussels lobsters digestive juices



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CHAPTER SEVEN Background Knowledge 1. ? Women are under a greater social pressure to conform than men are. If they do not conform to the expected social roles of wife and mother, they are more likely to be assigned extremely negative labels. It has also been suggested that women have fewer opportunities to get involved in criminal behavior. Compared to males, female are less likely to be selected and recruited into criminal groups, and have fewer opportunities to learn criminal skills. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. . (A) Let me stress how important it is to understand that this vast neo-liberal experiment we are all being forced to live under has been created by people with a purpose. Once you grasp this, once you understand that neo-liberalism is (B)not a force like gravity but a totally artificial construct, (C)you can also understand that what some people have created, other people can change. But they cannot change it without recognizing the importance of ideas. I'm all for grassroots projects, but I also warn that these will collapse if the overall ideological climate is hostile to their goals. 1. (A) . 2. (C) . 3. (B) ? (1) a natural force which causes things to fall (2) only a dogma which we can turn down (3) a principle which lasts for ever. (4) a circumstance without any gravity (5) an artificial structure built by means of gravity 4. 40 .



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3. . In some of the Quechua [language] of Peru and Bolivia one speaks of the future as "behind oneself" and the past as "ahead". Such interpretations of time have given rise to remarks by foreigners that the Quechuas have "a perverted philosphical instinct." However, the Quechuas argue, "If you try to see the past and future with your mind's eye, which can you see?" The obvious answer is that we can "see" the past and not the future, to which the Quechua replies, "Then, if you can see the past, it must be ahead of you; and the future, does which cannot see, is behind you." Such an explanation not mean that the Quechuas worked out a

philosophical interpretation of the past and future before talking about it, but it does suggest that there may be equally valid but opposite ways of describing the same thing.

1. Quechua . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 3. .



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4. . (A)Knowledge is one thing, virtue is another; good sense is not conscience, refinement is not humility, (B)nor is largeness and justness of view faith. Philosophy, however enlightened, however profound, gives no command over passions, no influential motives, no vivifying principles. Liberal Education makes not the Christian, not the Catholic, but the gentleman. It is well to be a gentleman, it is well to have a cultivated intellect, a delicate taste, a candid, equitable, dispassionate mind, a noble and cautious bearing in the conduct of life - these are the connatural qualities of a large knowledge; they are objects of University; I am advocating, I shall illustrate and insist upon them; but still, I repeat, (C)they are no guarantee for sanctity or even for conscientiousness they may attach to the man of the world, to the profligate, to the heartless, pleasant, alas, and attractive as he shows when decked out in them. 1. (A) . . Knowledge is quite __________ ________ virtue. 2. (B) . 3. (C) ? (1) Look before you leap. (2) It is no use crying over spilt milk. (3) All is not gold that glitters. (4) All is fair in love and war. (5) It never rains but it pours. 4. .

[Sentence Pattern] 1. Knowledge is one thing, virtue is another. A is one thing, B is another. = A is quite different from B. A B Knowing is one thing, teaching is another. , one thing another . one thing, ' ' , ' ' (another) . 'A B ' .



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2. He is a doctor, and his son is another. another ' ' , Another cup of coffee? ' ?' another . 3. Nor is largeness and justness of view faith. And largeness and justness of view is not faith. . I don't like him, nor does she. He isn't a doctor, neither am I. Never did I see her again since she left home last year. never did I, little did I, well do I . ( ) , . ' ' , () if , no sooner-than, hardly(scarcely)-when (before) . (, ) . .



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Part two : Grammatical Reading Skill Focusing on Reading & GuessChapter One [Grammatical Reading Skill] 1. . (and, or, but, for ) . He is not a scholar, but a teacher. I cannot (choose) but accept his proposal.

2. not A but B, not only A but also B, either A or B, neither A nor B A B () . A B (guessing) . They have lost not only their jobs, but also their homes, their self-respect and even their reason for living.

3. A , , (imaging) B . A and(or/but) B . He was through with sports, not because he had to be but because he wanted it that way.

4 . ( ) .



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The population of Seoul is larger than that of Busan. I know better than to do such a thing.

5. A than(to) B . He is quite rich to what he used to be. The East is neither more nor less spiritual than the West, and the West is neither more nor less materialistic than the East. 6. , . , (Yes, No ), Be quiet! Oh my God! . . . ( ) . , . A B , A B . , () .

[Sentence Pattern] He is not a scholar, but a teacher. They have lost not only their jobs, but also their homes, their self-respect and even their reason for living. He was through with sports, not because he had to be but because he wanted it that way. Aircraft can avoid each other by going up and down, as well as by altering courses to left or right.



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I cannot (choose) but accept his proposal. I have no choice but(except) to accept his proposal. There is nothing for it but to accept his proposal. I know better than to do such a thing. I like her better than you (do).

The population of Seoul is larger than that of Busan. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a wolf. I think people who enjoy sports tend to be healthier and happier and live longer than those who do not.

His sister is as beautiful as Julia Roberts (is beautiful). His sister is not so beautiful as Julia Roberts.

He is taller than I (am tall). He is not taller than I. He is no taller than I.

He is less tall than I (am not tall). He is not less tall than I. He is no less tall than I.

A whale is no more a fish than a horse is (a fish).

He is quite rich to what he used to be. The East is neither more nor less spiritual than the West, and the West is neither more nor less materialistic than the East.



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1. . Issac Newton, the famous seventeenth-century natural scientist and mathematician, became fascinated one day when he saw an apple fall from an apple tree. (A)This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity that applies not only to an apple falling to the earth but to any two objects in the universe. Subsequent testing of Newton's theory has shown that it works well in many circumstances. Because the world. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note He not only wants to be taken seriously as a musician, but as a poet too. Find out ahead of time what regulations apply to your situation. This elevator would not work all day long. I'm not very good at singing. Newton's theory has been so successful at explaining observation, it is still taught today in college physics courses around

Words & Phrases mathematician observation motivate subsequent physics fascinate ~ cf. observance ( ) theory circumstance



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2. . A watch is a portable timepiece, most commonly carried in a pocket or strapped on the wrist. Pocket watches can be as large as three inches in diameter, while wristwatches are smaller, so that they do not interfere with the wearer's movement. Though they are usually worn for practical reasons, so that the wearer can keep track of the time, watches are also pieces of jewelry, which express the wearer's wealth, social status, and sense of style. (A)Watches have become not only treasured family heirlooms, passed from one generation to the next, but also gifts to mark special times in a person's life, such as graduation or retirement. * heirloom , 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Special Note This battery lasts twice as long as other batteries. Microfibre fabric is three times finer than cotton. He was nearly three times over the drink-driving limit.

Words & Phrases portable timepiece strap ~ diameter cf. radius practical cf. practicable jewelry , social status cf. walks of life retirement , microfiber ( )



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3. . Meditation makes us more stress resistant, and reverses the physiologic damage of stress. Meditation is a way to comprehensive self improvement in the realm of the mind and body, but it is also at the same time a spiritual journey, and can enhance our spirituality and our connection to the highest power, (A)whatever our religious affiliation or denomination may be. Proper breathing and practicing meditation go hand in hand and will potentiate each other. If we breathe with our abdominal muscles, and most of us do not breath with the abdominal muscles, but rather our chest, we deliver more oxygen to our bodies to the brain, the organs in our body and indirectly it also helps us relax more. Besides the benefits to the relaxation response, meditation results in improvement of hypertension, sleepdisorder, headaches, heartrhythm disturbances, chronic pain due to cancer, infertility and irritable bowel syndrome. * denomination , 1. (A) No . 2. ? (1) How to Meditate (2) Effects of Meditation (3) How to Breathe (4) Breathing in Meditation (5) Meditation for Clinic Special Note Whatever you may say, I will never believe you. = No matter what you may say, I will never believe you. = Say what you will(may), I'll never believe you.

Words & Phrases meditation reverse , comprehensive enhance affiliation ; potentiate , chronic ,

resistant physiologic realm ; ~ spirituality , denomination , hypertension bowel ()



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4. . It is curious phenomenon of nature that only two species practice the art of war - men and ants, both of which, significantly, maintain complex social organizations. This does not mean that only men and ants engage in the murder of their own kind. Many animals of the same species kill each other, but only men and ants have practiced the science of organized destruction, employing their massed numbers in violent combat and (A)____________ strategy and tactics to meet developing situations or (B)____________ the weaknesses in the strategy and tactics of the other side. 1. (A) (B) ? (A) (B) (1) to rely on to capitalize on (2) relying on to capitalize on (3) to rely on capitalizing on (4) relying on capitalizing on (5) to rely on to be capitalized on 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note It is no wonder(not surprising) that he has won the game. The rebels seem to be trying to capitalize on the public's discontent with the government.

Words & Phrases curious species () complex destruction strategy phenomenon maintain organization employ tactics ,



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5. . Observe the motion of the surface of the water which resembles (A)that of hair, and it has two motions, of which one goes on with the flow of the surface, the other forms the lines of the eddies; thus the water forms eddying whirlpools one part of which are due to the impetus of the principal current and (B)the other to the incidental motion and return flow. * whirlpool 1. (A) . 2. (B) . 3. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note His late arrival was due to traffic jam. Due to wet leaves on the line, the train will arrive an hour late. He is due to address a conference on human rights next week. * Our thanks are due to everyone.

Words & Phrases surface flow impetus be due to ~ resemble eddy , current , incidental



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6. . A mentor is someone who devotes himself or herself to developing the skills or competencies of another person, who is often called a protege. Mentoring resembles tutoring, or one-to-one teaching, but often includes broader concerns such as sharing relatively intimate feelings and offering emotional support. The relationship may unfold over a period of months, as in conventional teaching, or it may also last for years; unlike parenting, however, it rarely lasts a lifetime. All in all, (A)a mentor plays a role partly like that of a parent and partly like that of a teacher. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note Mother Theresa devoted herself to helping poor people all through her life. Yesterday saw hand-to-hand combat in the city. The population of Seoul is by far larger than that of Busan. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a wolf.

Words & Phrases competence protege devote oneself to ~ resemble intimate



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7. . About 80 percent of the American population aged over 25 is overweight. (A)Those who are fat have higher blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels than those of normal weight. As time passes, overweight persons are more prone to stokes or heart attacks than persons of normal weight. One gets fat by eating more than his bodily systems consume, so diet and exercise are keys to health. Prevention is better than treatment. In the United States, governments sometimes subsidizes exercise classes and gyms. The whole country is concerned about how to improve eating habits. Despite such frenetic efforts, obesity is on the increase, not declining. Why? Because it is very difficult to change ones' habits. Worse, long-ago instincts. * frenetic , 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) junk food Special Note I think people who enjoy sports tend to be healthier and happier and live longer than those who do not. It would go against your principle to do such a thing. Words & Phrases be prone to subsidize frenetic stokes despite ~ (=in spite of) inherit we have inherited and strong survival weight instincts goes from our those ancestors, reducing against



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8. . Friends are important in many ways. These relationships often take on a life of their own. Being a good friend is a skill we can learn and improve upon. Relationships among true friends take a steady dose of time and energy--two resources in limited supply for all of us. (A)The closeness of your connections is far more important than the length of your guest lists. Carve out some quality time for one another. If you want to improve your relationships, put your fear of rejection aside and start taking more risks. Invite your friends to lunch or over for dinner or organize a new playgroup. Just make the first phone call. Your friends are just as anxious to get together as you are. (B)Focus more on being interested than on being interesting. Avoid complaining, gossiping, and criticizing. Make your friends feel significant by remembering small kindnesses. Notice her new haircut or send flowers or a simple email when you know she needs it most. Good listeners are hard to find. Try not to finish your friend's sentences, focus on the speaker. Be careful with advice. Assume your friend wants to vent her frustrations, not ask you for a plan of action. We all need someone in our corner, so defend her against gossip or criticism and speak up for her. 1. (A) , . 2 (B) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .



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Special Note * are->do He is by far the brightest student in our class. That's an interesting story! I'm really interested in that story.

Words & Phrases carve out ; complain n. complaint frustration () assume , .



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9. . Young children find problems to solve. We forget that simple things such as getting a rattle that is out of reach are tough problems for babies. Preschoolers tackle harder tasks, such as how to fit clothes on doll, paint stripes, or make a road. (A)Often children solve problems in universal ways, for they have few preconceived ideas about how things are supposed to be done. They will try anything. A 3-year-old may shake, bang, and turn a jar upside down rather than use a spoon to get some cocoa. Gradually, children learn to pause and plan ahead before plunging into action. They start to consider alternatives. (B)They choose between tape and glue rather than trying the first thing they see. Around their third birthday, children develop a bursting desire to recreate everything they have learned. They make replicas of things they are familiar with and pretend to be people they know. They will use any means-words, paint, blocks, or clay-to express things that are important to them. In the process of recreating their experiences and ideas, children can create something new, unique, and special. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) The right man in the right place (2) No smoke without fire. (3) Haste makes waste. (4) Out of sight, out of mind (5) Look before you leap. Special Note They are supposed to be here at about noon. He would rather shoot himself than compromise his principles. I would rather die than live without freedom. Words & Phrases rattle ; plunge into action . replica , ()



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10. . To me it seems that youth is like spring, an overpraised

season--delightful if it happen to be a favoured one, but in practice very rarely favoured and more remarkable, as a general rule, for biting east winds than genial breezes. Autumn is the mellower season, and (A)what we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits. Fontenelle at the age of ninety, being asked what was the happiest time of his life, said he did not know that he has ever been much happier than he then was but that perhaps his best years had been those when he was between fifty-five and seventy-five, and Dr. Johnson placed the pleasures of old age far higher than those of youth. True, in old age we live under the shadow of Death, which, like a sword of Damocles, may descend at any moment, but we have so long found life to be and affair of being rather frightened than hurt that we have become like the people who live under Vesuvius, and chance it without much misgiving. 1. (A) ? (1) . (2) 10 .() (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .



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Special Note Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. what we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits. = We gain in fruits more than what we lose in flowers.

Words & Phrases Fontenelle Dr. Johnson Samuel Johnson Damocles Syracuse Dionysius cf. the sword of Damocles: Damocles descend , chance it Vesuvius () misgiving



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11. . The purest form of waiting is what we'll call the Watched-Pot Wait. This type of wait is without a doubt the most annoying of all. (A)There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes glued to the sink until it's full. So you stand there, your hands on the faucets, and wait. A temporary suspension of duties. During these waits it's common for your eyes to lapse out of focus. The brain disengages from the body and wanders around the imagination in search of distraction. It finds none and springs back into action only when the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. The phrase "a watched pot never boils" comes of this experience. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note There was nothing for her but to accept his proposal. She had no choice but to accept his proposal. She could (choose) but accept his proposal. * She could not help accepting his proposal.

Words & Phrases annoy temporary disengage counter faucet (, ) suspension distraction



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12. . It has been argued that illiteracy should be suppressed because there is some connection between it and criminality. (A)Greater nonsense was never talked. No criminal worth his salt can afford to be uneducated. Illiteracy is the privilege of the Chosen Few, even as learning should be. These people are never cads. They could not be cads if they tried; they have not had our chances. Restful folk, full of mother-wit. There are far too few of them. Moreover, they know their business; illiteracy makes a man observant. I have yet to meet an analphabetic who could be called a fool. Nor have I ever met a dishonest one; cheating is risky, if you can neither read nor write. * analphabetic 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note I have never been happier (than now/that at that time)! I have never been so drunk in my life! We should observe the traffic rule. He suggested that a UN observer should attend the conference.

Words & Phrases suppress mother-wit () cad ()



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13. . As we begin to fall asleep, we should remind ourselves that we want to remember our dreams. This reminder helps us to stay in charge. When we wake up, we should lie still while we try to remember our dream. Dream researchers say that by staying in the same sleeping position, we are more likely to recall the dream. We should also try to remember an important word or picture from the dream. (A)This image makes the rest of the dream easier to remember. Finally, if we have trouble remembering dreams, we can try sleeping later. (B)The longer we sleep, the longer and more complex our dreams will be. 1. (A) (B) .

2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note He is hard/easy to please. = It is hard/easy to please him. He is pleasant/unpleasant to work with. = It is pleasant/unpleasant to work with him. * He is easy/hard/difficult/impossible to do the work.(x) * He is able/unable to do the work.(o) * It is easy/hard/difficult/impossible for him to do the work.(o)

Words & Phrases remind () remember () stay in charge , ( )



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14. . Training in public speaking is not a matter of externals- -primarily; it is not a matter of imitation-fundamentally; it is not a matter of conformity to standards--at all. Public speaking is public utterance, public issuance, of the man himself; therefore the first thing both in time and in importance is that the man should be and think and feel things that are worthy of being given forth. (A)Unless there be something of value within, no tricks of training can ever make of the talker anything more than a machine--albeit a highly perfected machine--for the delivery of other men's goods. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note He is no better than a beggar. That's little short of a miracle! She had hoped to make a musician of her daughter. Don't make a fool of me please!

Words & Phrases external cf. internal fundamental () conformity , v. conform cf. confirm [] utterance v. utter issue imitation



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15. . The first lesson a crook has to learn, darling, is that nothing succeeds like lying. (A)Make any statement that is so true that it has been staring us in the face all our lives, and the whole world will rise up and passionately contradict you. If you dont withdraw But just tell a and apologize, it will be the worse for you.

thundering silly lie that everyone knows is a lie, and a murmur of pleased assent will hum up from every quarter of the globe. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) persuasive (2) cynical (3) analytical (4) angry (5) aggressive Special Note Spare the rod spoil the child. Spare the rod, and you will spoil your child. = If you spare the rod, you will spoil your child. Start at once, or you shall be caught by them. = If you don't start at once, you shall be caught by them.

Words & Phrases crook withdraw ; assent

contradict murmur ,



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Chapter Two :

1. . . They are enemy! They are not enemy! 2. + , ( ) ( ) . Any child can do it. Any child can not do it.(x) No child can do it.(o) 3. ( ) . Who are you? / Can you do it? Are you a doctor? Isn't she a nurse? Yes, she is. No she isn't. 4. if . Should he come, I will never attend the meeting. Were it not for water, nothing could be alive. 5. ( ) . ( ), , . Never did I see her again since she left home last year. Little did I dream that I should meet her at that party. Well do I remember her name!



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6. , , have be . do have be . No sooner had the baby looked at me than she burst into crying. Nowhere is this more true than in marriage. I have never seen them before, nor have I seen them since! She is (not) going to the movies. So(Neither) am I. 7. . , . Susie is so pretty a girl that everyone in our class likes her. This is too serious a problem for us to deal with. A projection booth is as good a place as any to take a nap. How long does it take for me to get it? How much money do you need? However rich he may be, he cannot buy off the witness. The more learned a man is, the more modest he becomes. The more a man is learned, the more he becomes modest.(x) 8. , . . Do you know who he is? / I don't know who he is. Who do you think he is? / I think he is her father. I don't think it will rain tonight. He is the last man / to tell a lie.

9. , . . it is - that, there is - who . It is difficult / for him to solve the problem. It is a widely accepted fact amongst scholars / that Sumerians were the first civilization on Earth.



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There is nothing worse / than a demotion for salaried workers including government employees. 10. , () , () , . The students look up to the teacher. We are looking forward to seeing you again. 11. end focus 'end weight' , () . , end . it-that , . Write it down, please! The light is so harsh, turn it off! I gave him the book, but he gave it to her. I gave him the book, but he gave her it.(x)

Never did I see her again since she left home last year. Little did I dream that I should meet her at that party. Well do I remember her name! Not only do the tides advance and repeat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself is never at rest. Not until Kentucky's Mammoth Cave had been completely explored in 1972 was its full extent realized. Only recently has it become possible to separate the components of fragrant substances and to determine their chemical composition. No sooner had the baby looked at me than she burst into crying. Scarcely had the baby looked at me when she burst into crying. Susie is so pretty a girl that everyone in our class likes her. This is too serious a problem for us to deal with. A projection booth is as good a place as any to take a nap. How long does it take for me to get it? How much money do you need?



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However rich he may be, he cannot buy off the witness. However he may be rich, he cannot buy off the witness.(x) The more learned a man is, the more modest he becomes. The more a man is learned, the more he becomes modest.(x) The more learned a man is, the more modest he becomes. Should he come, I will never attend the meeting. = If he should come, I will never attend the meeting. Were it not for water, nothing could be alive. = If it were not for water, nothing could be alive. Had it not been for your help, I could not have made it. = If it had not been for your help, I could not have made it. Children are playing soccer on the ground. He was blamed for damaging his father's car. I have taught English for twenty years. She has been practicing ballet for three hours without a rest. It is difficult / for him to solve the problem. It is a widely accepted fact amongst scholars / that Sumerians were the first civilization on Earth. There is nothing worse / than a demotion for salaried workers including government employees. Do you know who he is? / I don't know who he is. Who do you think he is? / I think he is her father. I don't think it will rain tonight. He is the last man / to tell a lie. The students look up to the teacher. We are looking forward to seeing you again. Write it down, please! The light is so harsh, turn it off! I gave him the book, but he gave it to her.



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1. . Have you ever stopped to really notice how you feel - body, mind and spirit - after you've thanked someone, acknowledged or encouraged someone, or given something away that was dear to you but you knew someone else needed more? How do you feel when you wave someone into traffic ahead of you? Sometimes they wave thanks back and sometimes they don't, but don't you feel good about the gesture anyway? These are small things, yes, but they mean so much in our day, in our outlook and the quality of our life. (A)"What goes around comes around." Never has it been truer than when we speak about (B)_________, because the more you hold on to what you have, the less you are able to receive the wonderful bounty of life. The more you give in life, the more you actually receive. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) humidity (2) generosity (3) courage (4) charity (5) creativity Special Note They entered into a new business. They threatened him into silence. He deceived the old lady into this belief. He talked(persuaded) her wife into buying a new car.

Words & Phrases acknowledge discourage ~ encourage ~ bounty ; ;



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2. . Have you noticed anything new about news broadcasts? Not long ago, all-news cable stations began to position a scrolling bar at the bottom of our TV screens. The goal: to provide concise headlines that go beyond what the on-screen news anchors and correspondents are covering. Programmers now even sometimes add a second headline bar to add a layer of text to the scrolling one. Why do they do this? Because the news now changes so rapidly and the volume of fresh information has become so great that it simply cant be presented any longer within the time constraints of a typical news broadcast. Moreover, many viewers dont have the time to wait for the news. They want it all at once, now. Programmers also realize that people have become increasingly able to (A)_________ several streams of information at once. So why not present it that way? 1. (A) ? (1) absorb (2) supply (3) believe (4) decide (5) criticise 2. TV ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)



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Special Note The beautiful scenery was beyond description. The situation was beyond/under her control.

Words & Phrases concise , cover correspondent typical



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3. . "Chunking," in the world of information theory, has nothing to do with Chinese food. It has everything to do with managing information. Basically, chunking refers to the practice of breaking down information into smaller pieces, or chunks. We define problems, after all, by how much information we have about them. The more information we have, the more structured the problem is. And the more structured a problem is, the easier it is to solve. Thus, (A)the better we are at managing information, the better we should be at solving problems. Unfortunately, it's not always quite that simple. If we have trouble solving problems, we might assume we aren't creative, knowledgeable, or motivated enough. Frequently, however, the major difficulty is perceived information overload. The information itself then becomes another problem on top of (B)the original one. Information scientists suggest dividing information into smaller, more manageable chunks to avoid overload. Like a computer, the human mind can process only a limited number of information bits at one time (some say the mind can process an average of seven bits simultaneously). Given this limitation, it's no wonder we can't resolve large, complex problems without making some adjustments. One way to compensate for our techno-biological deficiencies is to list subproblems (or related problem components) and work on them in order of priority. The result is a series of related, yet smaller and more manageable, problems. Frequently, attacking a problem in this manner can lead to even more creative perspectives. 1. (A) . 2. (B) . 3. chunking ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .



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Special Note Snow changed into rain. Translate this sentence into Korean. I suggested putting the matter to the committee.

Words & Phrases chunk , have nothing[something] to do with ~ [ ] simultaneously deficiency cf. sufficiency adjustment perspective ,



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4. . That is the idea -- that we should all be wicked if we did not hold to the Christian religion. It seems to me that the people who have held to it have been for the most part extremely wicked. You find this curious fact, that (A)the more intense has been the religion of any period and the more profound has been the dogmatic belief, the greater has been the cruelty and the worse has been the state of affairs. In the so-called ages of faith, when men really did believe the Christian religion in all its completeness, there was the Inquisition, with all its tortures; there were millions of unfortunate women burned as witches; and there was every kind of cruelty practiced upon all sorts of people in the name of religion. * the Inquisition 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) analytical (2) sarcastical (3) critical (4) radical (5) arbitrary Special Note They justify every villainy in the name of ideals. It's just consistent with his past practice on this issue.

Words & Phrases profound witch cruelty a. cruel in the name of ~ () dogmatic ;



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5. . It is a widely accepted fact amongst scholars that Sumerians were the first civilization on Earth. These ancient Middle Eastern people attributed their astounding knowledge, skill and creativity to the ancient gods of Nibiru. The Sumerian culture, the first civilization to invent writing as a complete written language, recorded stories that have been preserved through the modern day biblical passages found in the Old and New testament.

1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) Nibiru . (5) . Special Note They attributed their success to good luck. He attributed the party's lack of success to overemphasis on ideology and ideas. The house of his birth has been preserved as a museum since he died.

Words & Phrases civilization amongst ~ (=among) attribute[ascribe, assign] A to B A B [] astounding the Old[New] preserve testament [] culture



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6. . (A) Because a news writer must get a reader's attention quickly, it is not uncommon for exciting final events to be reported in the first paragraphs of the story. As a result, the natural order of events is frequently disrupted in a news narration. Another characteristic common in news narrative is the lack of descriptive details. Because space in a newspaper or magazine is extremely valuable, news writers must present their stories as concisely as possible. This demand for conciseness sometimes results in readings that seem like a listing of facts without much descriptive detail. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) - Special Note It is not uncommon for us to subscribe to scientific journals for 3,000$ a year. The video has become an invaluable teaching tool these days. When a priceless Rembrandt is stolen, suspicion falls on him.

Words & Phrases disrupt ; concise result in cf. result from ~



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7. . () There's a widely accepted theory that the human brain can be divided into two primary areas, or hemispheres. This left brain/right brain theory was developed in the early 1970s by Dr. Roger Sperry from the University of California. According to the left brain/right brain theory, the right side of the brain controls creativity. It's more active than the left side when a human is involved in such creative activities as listening to music, drawing, daydreaming, and absorbing color, graphics, movement, and rhythm. While the right brain is good for being creative, the left brain comes in handy when you're thinking logically, rationally, objectively, or analytically. The left brain is used more when you use language, write, read, solve math problems, or process information. Thus, human thought can be divided into two distinct modes. Right now, as you read this book, you're using your left brain more than your right brain, because you're reading the words and processing their meanings. * hemispheres (. ) () (A)In recent history there has been a popular myth that those involved in sporting activities are necessarily less involved in mental activities. The opposite is true, especially when it comes to championship-level performance. In other words the Latin belief, "Mens sana in corporo sana" (a healthy mind in a healthy body) turns out to be true in our modern age. Not only do we now know that championship-level performance requires the use of all cortical skills, we know that the great champions used their (B)_________ and their imaginations to give them that little bit extra which took them beyond the rest. * cortical ,

( ) The nineteenth century saw a change of attitude which led to a separation in peoples minds of the scientific and the artistic. From this period the roles of mathematicians and architects were seen as distinct in a way that did not happen in the seventeenth century. This is not to say that the connections between mathematics and architecture disappeared, just that the scientific and artistic aspects were seen as complementary skills not to be found in the same person. Of course there were still those who did excel in both mathematics and architecture; it was only the perceptions that changed.(2006 9 24 )



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1. () (A) . 2. () (B) () . 3. () () () ? (1) . (2) , . (3) . (4) . (5) . 4. . (), (), () . () ___________ () ____________ , () _________ . _________, _________, _________ ________ . knowledge, art, the right brain, the left brain, virtue, conscience, athletics, ethics, the heart, the head, attitude, nature, personality, individuality Special Note I'll ask some question of him. Don't expect too much of me!

Words & Phrases according to ~ distinct v. distinguish architect absorb attitude complementary v. complement analytically v. analyze n. analysis a. analytic



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chapter three

1. . , . An honest man would not do such a thing. An honest man will not do such a thing. Those two should have been thrown in jail. Those two must have been thrown in jail. 2. ( , be, have ) . . . . I would like to go for a walk with you. Would you mind opening the window? 3. . , . . I should have studied harder in order to pass the examination. She had intended to be a nurse when (she was) young. 4. . , . , . . . Were it not for water, nothing could be alive. I should think she is over thirty. It is strange that he should say so. Little did I dreamed that I should meet her at that party.



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An honest man would not do such a thing. An honest man will not do such a thing. I would like to go for a walk with you. Would you mind opening the window? I should think she is over thirty. You might tell me the truth! I should have studied harder in order to pass the examination. You should have attended the party. It was fantastic! She had intended to be a nurse when young. I wanted to have made my son of a soccer player. Were it not for water, nothing could be alive. It is strange that he should say so. Little did I dreamed that I should meet her at that party. Her father often said with a sigh if his family were not in such poverty he would not have left his daughter to London. Her father often said with a sigh if he had not left his daughter to London she would be alive. You should keep the traffic law. You must observe the traffic law. Those two should have been thrown in jail. Those two must have been thrown in jail. She must have been a beauty in her day. In order to take that job, you must have left another job. It's time for you to go to bed. It's time that you should go to bed. It's time that you went to bed.



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1. . When someone says that it is improbable that Jesus rose from the dead, he is speaking logically. The fact is that probability strongly works against Jesus rising from the dead. After all, how many people have risen from the dead in this century? If it had happened, would not the news have reported it? Would not the doctors have known about it? Anyone rising from the dead would be a noteworthy event. So, on one hand, it is true that it is improbable that Jesus rose from the dead. However, on the other hand is not. (A)If there were no God in the universe and if all things followed the natural laws that we know and universe then indeed it would be highly improbable that anyone would rise from the dead. But if there were a God who controls the natural laws and is in fact the author of those laws, then it would be easy for him to raise someone from the dead. The issue of improbability cannot be examined without examining the concept of whether or not God exists. After all, if he does exist the resurrection of Christ is certainly possible. So we see that someone's presuppositions about the existence of God will affect whether or not he or she can accept the idea that Jesus can rise from the dead. Even though statistically it is not normal that anyone would rise from the dead, the statistical improbability does not mean that it is impossible. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) mathematical probability (2) statistical data (3) belief in God (4) credible news (5) anthropological remains 3. .



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Special Note I would like to go for a walk with you. Would you mind opening the window? I should think she is over thirty. You might tell me the truth! An honest man would not do such a thing. =If he were an honest man, he would not do such a thing. * Were it not for water, nothing could be alive.

Words & Phrases probability a. probable resurrection noteworthy presupposition

statistical cf. statistics



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2. . Then there is another very curious form of moral argument, which is this: they say that the existence of God is required in order to bring justice into the world. In the part of this universe that we know (A)there is great injustice, and often the good suffer, and often the wicked prosper, and one hardly knows which of those is the more annoying; but if you are going to have justice in the universe as a whole you have to suppose a future life to redress the balance of life here on earth. So they say that there must be a God, and there must be Heaven and Hell in order that in the long run there may be justice. That is a very curious argument. If you looked at the matter from a scientific point of view, you would say, "After all, I only know this world. I do not know about the rest of the universe, but so far as one can argue at all on probabilities one would say that probably this world is a fair sample, and (B)if there is injustice here the odds are that there is injustice elsewhere also."

1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .



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Special Note I don't know how such a thing come into existence(being). The odds are that you are going to fail. Something odd began to happen. There is an odd number of candidates. An even number can be divided exactly by the number two.

Words & Phrases curious ; annoying , argument v. argue

prosper redress ;



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3. . With more women freed from repeated childbearing each child can potentially have a more generous share of attention and resources. (A)If, for example, Hillary Clinton had six children instead of just Chelsea, she would not have had many moments to spare for volunteer work with the Children's Defense Fund. "It takes a village to raise a child," according to the African adage, and that ratio of resources to a child might be good for our village as well as our children. * adage , 1. (A) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .

Special Note Were it not for water(=If it were not for water), nothing could be alive. If it didn't rain, forests would die out. If I were in your case, I would never have forgiven such an scoundrel. If I had studied a little bit harder last year, I would be enjoying the campus now.

Words & Phrases Childbearing potentially ; (=possibly) volunteer ratio



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4. . Familiar dangers lose most of their horror. (A)If we had a severe earthquake every year or two in San Francisco we should think as little of earthquakes as people in Kansas think of cyclones. But because this earthquake was unique, because it was a calamity of a kind which had not happened before in California, people think and talk (B)_______________ far more terrible than flood or pestilence, fire, wind or sun. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) as if it were (2) as if they were (3) as if it had been (4) as if they had been (5) as if they had not been Special Note I feel as if I should break into song. He acted as if he hadn't known anything about it. She looked as if the photographer had caught her by surprise. It sounds as if they might have made a dreadful mistake. It sounded as if he were trying to say something. If you think highly of someone or something, you think they are very good indeed. I don't think much of having to work on Saturdays.

Words & Phrases earthquake flood

cyclone [] pestilence



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5. . Then you saw a lifeboat full of children with a helicopter hovering over it. There was a middle-aged woman, who might have been a jewess, sitting up in the bow with a little boy about three years old in her arms. The little boy was screaming with fright and hiding his head between her breasts as if he was trying to burrow right into her. And the woman was putting her arms round him and comforting him although (A)she was blue with fright herself, all the time covering him up as much as possible as if she thought her arms could keep the bullets off him. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) confusing (2) mysterious (3) romantic (4) imminent (5) grotesque Special Note His face was white with fear / fury. Her mood was blacker than ever. If you says someone is green with envy, you mean that they are very envious indeed. There is no earthly reason for me to feel so blue. * the blue lion

Words & Phrases lifeboat comfort , scream ( ) imminent



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6. . The work of comprehending the events of 9/11 is not finished. It is vital to understand exactly what went wrong that day and to make sure it does not happen again. There were lapses and shortcomings on the part of government agencies in the months and years leading up to 9/11. (A)Every American wishes our government had been more alert and better prepared. And every American is entitled to ask hard questions. But there is a world of difference between believing that our government should have known what was coming and claiming that someone did know and deliberately did nothing--or, even worse, actively perpetrated attacks on its own citizens. By deliberately blurring (B)that line, conspiracy theorists exploit and misdirect the publics legitimate anger over the events of that day. 1. (A) . 2. (B) that line . 3. ? (1) 9/11 . (2) 9/11 . (3) 9/11 . (4) 9/11 . (5) 9/11 . Special Note I wish I could go there with you. I wish I could have gone there with you. I wished I could go there with you. I wished I could have gone there with you.

Words & Phrases comprehend n. comprehension shortcoming exploit lapse deliberate legitimate ,

perpetrate (, ) blur



for Reading Edge

7. . Consumers have certain basic rights that guarantee them fair treatment in the marketplace. One of these rights is (A)_________. Consumers are free to make their own decisions about what to buy because of competitive pricing and the availability of products and services. Consumers also have a right to (B)_________. They should expect that when products are used as intended, they pose no hazards to life or health. (C)_________ is another consumer right. Consumers are entitled to protection from deceptive advertising and unfair sales tactics. Manufacturers and others must provide the facts that enable consumers to inform themselves about products and services. 1. (A) (B) (C) ? (A) (B) (C) (1) selection change Advertisement (2) negotiation consumption Commercials (3) exchange refund Knowledge (4) choice safety Information (5) delivery insurance Monitoring 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

.

Special Note Those two should have been thrown in jail. Those two must have been thrown in jail. Every worker will be entitled to four week's paid holiday a year.

Words & Phrases guarantee [] treatment , hazard deceptive v. deceive n. deception a. deceptive



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8. . (A)When men first began to take notice of the world around them they must have been tremendously impressed by what they saw in the sky. It is no wonder that they made gods of the Sun and the Moon, and worshiped them. But soon they began asking what were the rules according to which the heavenly bodies move, and why they behave as they do. All down the ages men have tried to find answers to these questions. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note She must have been a beauty in her day. It was quiet an achievement that he kept smiling when his heart must have been aching. Everyone assumed that I was competent and capable, so I must have given off some semblance of that kind of an aura. In order to take that job, you must have left another job. I had wanted to make a professor of my son.

Words & Phrases impress [] cf. impressive impressionable tremendous ; behave ;



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9. . It is often believed that the function of school is to produce knowledgeable people. If schools only provide knowledge, however, they may destroy creativity, producing ordinary people. We often hear stories of ordinary people who, if education had focused on creativity, could have become great artists or scientists. (A)Those victims of education should have received training to develop creative talents while in school. It really is a pity that they did not. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note The developers should have had the courage of their convictions and stuck to what they did best. You should have accepted it. I'm disappointed in you. He must have taken the bribe. I really trusted in him.

Words & Phrases knowledgeable creativity focus on ~ victim ()



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Chapter Four :

[Grammatical Reading Skill] 1. 12 , . I live in Busan. I lived in Seoul last year. I will live in Jeju next year.

2. . , . The wounded soldier is thought to be alive. The wounded soldier is thought to have died. The wounded soldier is thought to return safely. "The computer is down" was an excuse that had not yet been invented.

3. . . . She must have been a beauty in her day. I should have studied harder last year. I wish I could go there with you. I wish I could have gone there with you. I wished I could go there with you. I wished I could have gone there with you.

4. () , .



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He nostrils were pinkish, as though she had a bad cold. He nostrils were pinkish, as though she had had a bad cold. It looked as though it might rain at any time. 5. () . , ( ) . Six soldiers are reported to have died from their wounds. Six soldiers were reported to have died from their wounds. Six soldiers will be reported to have died from their wounds. Her father often said with a sigh if his family were not in such poverty he would not have left his daughter to London. Her father often said with a sigh if he had not left his daughter to London she would be alive.

6. . , . Have you ever seen a tiger? / Have you seen a tiger before? Did you ever see a tiger? / Did you see a tiger before? When did you see the tiger? / I saw it yesterday in that park. I have supported the Democratic party in the last five campaigns. I supported Cleveland three times and Bryan twice. I intend to support the nominee of the party at St. Louis, whoever he may be". 7. . , , , .(/ )



for Reading Edge

I forgot [to close/closing] the door. I remember [to post/posting] the letter. This machine is designed to save you efforts. We have turned our creative energy into designing a new model of car.

[Sentence Pattern] I live in Busan. I lived in Seoul last year. I will live in Jeju next year.

The earth moves around the sun. Honesty is the best policy to success. I get up at six in the morning.

The wounded soldier is thought to be alive. The wounded soldier is thought to have died. The wounded soldier is thought to return safely. "The computer is down" was an excuse that had not yet been invented.

She must have been a beauty in her day. I should have studied harder last year.

I wish I could go there with you. I wish I could have gone there with you. I wished I could go there with you. I wished I could have gone there with you.

Six soldiers are reported to have died from their wounds. Six soldiers were reported to have died from their wounds. Six soldiers will be reported to have died from their wounds.



for Reading Edge

He nostrils were pinkish, as though she had a bad cold. He nostrils were pinkish, as though she had had a bad cold.

It looked as though it might rain at any time.

Her father often said with a sigh if his family were not in such poverty he would not have left his daughter to London. Her father often said with a sigh if he had not left his daughter to London she would be alive.

Have you ever seen a tiger? / Have you seen a tiger before? Did you ever see a tiger? / Did you see a tiger before?

When did you see the tiger? / I saw it yesterday in that park.

I have supported the Democratic party in the last five campaigns. I supported Cleveland three times and Bryan twice. I intend to support the nominee of the party at St. Louis, whoever he may be".

The danger is that you go back to smoking as many as you did before. There once lived a phoenix in the sky [long time/millions of years] ago. She had already left the town three days before he arrived.

The train left before I arrived. The train had left when I arrived.

Tell Mike I'm going to kill him when I get hold of him. Do you mind if I just start with the few formal questions? You should not throw away the directions until we have finished cooking. If the firm cannot sell its products, it will go bankrupt.



for Reading Edge

I forgot [to close/closing] the door. I remember [to post/posting] the letter. This machine is designed to save you efforts. We have turned our creative energy into designing a new model of car.



for Reading Edge

1. . The heated air above a fire rises in a pillar of smoke and burnt gases, pulling fresh air in from the sides to replace it. Firefighters use (A)this fact when they "fight fire with fire." They start a fire well in front of the one that they are fighting. Instead of traveling on in front of the inferno, the smaller fire is pulled back towards it by the updrafts of the larger blaze. As it travels back to meet the larger fire, the smaller backfire burns away the fuel that the forest fire needs to survive. * inferno 1. (A) this fact . 2. ? (1) Those who fight fire with fire usually end up with ashes. (2) 'Eye for eye' never settles down any conflicts. (3) There is no smoke without fire. (4) The enemy of the enemy is not always my friend. (5) Fight against an enemy taking advantage of another enemy. Special Note They sat around the fire in a circle. He is still in better shape than many young men. This food is rich in vitamin A. The train arrives at six. The train will arrive at six.

Words & Phrases pillar inferno ; survive replace updraft



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2. . () As we age, our brain cells, called neurons, lose the

.

tree-branch-like connections between them. These connections, or synapses, are essential to thought. Quite literally, over time, our brains lose their heft. Perhaps the most striking brain research today is the strong evidence we now have that exercise may forestall some kinds of mental decline, notes McDaniel. It may even restore memory. Myriad animal studies have shown that, among other brain benefits, aerobic exercise increases capillary development in the brain, meaning more blood supply, more nutrients and-a big requirement for brain health-more oxygen. * capillary () In our youth-obsessed culture, no ones suggesting a revision to the Constitution allowing 20-year-olds to run for President. The age requirement remains at 35. Youve heard about the wisdom and judgment of older people? Scientists are starting to understand how wisdom works on a neurological level. When you are older, explains Merzenich, you have recorded in your brain millions and millions of little social scenarios and facts that you can call upon at any time. Furthermore, he notes, you are a much better synthesizer and integrator of that information. Older people are better at solving problems, because they have more mental information to draw upon than younger people do. Thats why those in their 50s and 60s are sage. (A)Theyre the ones we turn to for the best advice, the ones we want to run our companies and our country. 1. (A) . 2. () () . . 3. () () ? (1) brain - wisdom (2) memory - information (3) health - experience (4) behavior - thought (5) activity - intelligence



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Special Note This medicine will work on you. The surgeon who operated on the King released new details of his injuries. He is always looking to his friends for money. He is always looking forward to seeing his son again.

Words & Phrases synapses striking incline ( ) revision integrate be essential to ~ forestall , nutrient synthesize

decline cf. increase



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3. . Egypt was ruled by pharaohs whose reign was known as a dynasty. The pharaohs were thought to be directly related to the gods. In fact, Egyptians believed that the pharaohs were gods. The pharaohs had ultimate power in Egypt and were the head of the religion and the government; any decision that they made was accepted without question. The society that they ruled over fully accepted the power of the pharaoh, and Egypt was long protected from foreign attack by the vast deserts that lay to the west and the Red Sea that lay to the east. For these reasons Egyptian society was very stable. (A)Pharaoh succeeded pharaoh for nearly three thousand years, and many elements of Egyptian culture stayed the same throughout this time. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note The city is well known for beer festival held in May every four years. A man is known by the company he keeps. Though he is known to only a few, his reputation among them is very great. He was once known as a champion of social reform.

Words & Phrases dynasty ultimate stable n. stability instability succeed

ENGLISH MECCA - UN

ars_영문독해

Documents

located alongside rivers

haste makes waste

sized double bed

explore team

grammatical reading skill

practical solutions

heavy rain prevented

dolphins flying high