TECO Project Technological Eco‐Innovations for the Quality Control and the Decontamination of Polluted Waters and Soils Management of Contaminated Sites in Europe Andrea Sconocchia Tel: +39 06 9067 2540 E‐mail: [email protected]Website: www.tecoproject.eu TECO Networking Conference 16‐17 November 2016 A.R.P.A. Umbria (Regional Environmental Protection Agency )
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A.R.P.A. Umbria (Regional Environmental Protection Agency€¦ · TECO Project TechnologicalEco‐Innovationsfor the Quality Control and the Decontaminationof PollutedWaters and Soils
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TECO ProjectTechnological Eco‐Innovations for the Quality Controland the Decontamination of Polluted Waters and Soils
Major threats:• Soil sealing• Soil erosion• Soil contamination
Overall objective:• protection of soil
functions; • sustainable use of soil;
Guiding principles: • prevention of soil
degradation; • restoration of degraded
soils;
European Policy & Regulatory framework
Polluter pays ‐ Environmental Liability Directive (2004/35/EC): defining “land damage” (land contamination that creates a significant risk of human health ‐ ensuring the rehabilitation of the environment). Waste ‐Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC): prevention of pollution from waste with respect to landWater ‐Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC): program of measures (including measures to address land contamination that causes water pollution).
‐ Groundwater Directive (2002/118/EC):aims to prevent or limit pollutants (including pollutants from historical contamination of land, into groundwater). Emissions ‐ Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) (2010/75/UE): new or existing activities with a high pollution potential. Establishment of a baseline report. Obligation to remediate the site to its original state upon closure of the installation.
Contaminated sites in EuropeReference Report on the management of contaminated sites in Europe (JRC, 2014)
• What is the estimated extent of soil contamination?
• How much progress in the management and control of local soil contamination?
• Which sectors contribute most to soil contamination?
• Which are the main contaminants affecting soil and groundwater in and around Contaminated Sites?
• How much is being spent on cleaning up soil contamination?
What is the estimated extent of soil contamination?
Parameters used (per country):
• estimated number of Potentially Contaminated Sites
• estimated number of Contaminated Sites
Identified
Estimated
Remediated
Identified
Estimated total
Based on their data*:
• about 1,170,000 Potentially Contaminated Sites have
already been identified;
• estimated 2.5 million Potentially Contaminated Sites
• about 115 000 Contaminated Sites have already been
identified; nearly half of them (46%) have already
been remediated.
What is the estimated extent of soil contamination?
*data collection covers 39 countries, only 27 countries returned the questionnaire
How much progress in the management and control of local soil contamination?
•Progress per management stepsThe table presents the progress achieved (since 2006) and target defined in the four management steps :• preliminary study/site identification, • preliminary investigation, • main site investigation, • implementation of risk reduction
measures for each country.
•Inventories
•Remediation Tecniques
How much progress in the management and control of local soil contamination? (Progress per management steps)About one third of the countries surveyed provided data to allow an assessment of their progress.
Preliminary study/site identification: 12 countries have made significant progress in the mapping polluting activities and Potentially Contaminated Sites. 17 countries estimated total number of sites in need of investigation , (9 of these completed this management step by more than 80 % ).
Preliminary investigation: far less data are available. Only 6 countries reported significant progress in this management step and 8 countries are able to measure their progress.
Main site investigation: About half of the surveyed countries were able to provide data. Results show that 16 countries significantly increased their efforts in carrying out main site investigations and that 12 countries measure their efforts according to a defined target.
Implementation of risk reduction measures for each country: have increased in 10 countries (since the last data collection exercise) and about one third of the surveyed countries measure their efforts in this category.
How much progress in the management and control of local soil contamination? (Inventories)
Inventories of polluting activities and Contaminated Sites are indispensable for the monitoring of local soil contamination. 25 countries have central national data inventories and 4 countries (Sweden, Belgium, Germany and Italy), manage their inventories at the regional level.
How much progress in the management and control of local soil contamination? (Remediation Tecniques)
“Traditional” techniques are most commonly used for the treatment of contaminated sites.
Soil: excavation and disposal is applied in about 30 % of the relevant sites.
Groundwater: Ex‐situ physical and/or chemical treatments are reported to be the most common (37 %) techniques
Which sectors contribute most to soil contamination?
Waste disposal and treatment, together with industrial and commercial activities, have caused almost two thirds of the local contamination.
Nuclear operations contribute only 0.1 % to the reported contamination levels
Which sectors contribute most to soil contamination?On average the production sector has contributed more local soil contamination (60 % of sites) than has the service sector (32 % of sites). Mining activities are also important contributors to soil contamination .Metal industries are most frequently reported to be important sources of local soil contamination (13 % of sites). Petrol stations are the most frequently reported source of local soil contamination within the service sector (15 % of sites).
Which are the main contaminants affecting soil and groundwater in and around Contaminated Sites?
The distribution of the different contaminants is similar in the liquid and the solidmatrix. The main contaminant categories are mineral oils and heavy metals.
Different contaminants have different effects on human health and the environment,depending on their properties, for example: their potential for dispersion, their solubility inwater or fat, their bioavailability, carcinogenicity, etc.
How much is being spent on cleaning up soil contamination?
In the reporting countries, on average 42 % of total expenditure is derived from public budgets.In comparison to 2006 the public share of expenditure rose by about 35 %.Annual national expenditure: about €10 per capita.Compared to the 2006 a decrease of the average national expenditure is registered.
How much is being spent on cleaning up soil contamination?
<€5000
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il
On average, 81 % of the annual national expenditures for the management of contaminated sites is spent on remediation measures, while only 15 % is spent on site investigations. Costs for site investigations most frequently fall in the range €5,000 to €50,000.Costs for remediation projects usually range from €50,000 to €500,000.The expenditures for aftercare measures are often not reported separately but included in the expenditures for remediation measures.
Funding mechanisms for orphan sites
Orphan sites are contaminated sites where liability cannot be assigned to an identifiable polluter. Depending on national legislation, liability may fall to the current owner of the land or it may not. 18 European countries have funding mechanisms for “orphan” contaminated sites (sites where no liable party can be identified) at the national level. Belgium and Germany provide this funding at the regional level.
Management of contaminated sites in Italy
Regulatory framework:
Environmental Liability Directive (2004/35/EC)
Legislative Decree 152/2006 (part IV title 5)•threshold concentration of contamination (CSC) for soil and groundwater;•Risk Assessment process;•management and control procedures;•Regional Inventory .
Main Site Investigation
Measured Concentration in soil & growndwater < CSC Site NOT CONTAMINATED
Monitoring Plan CONTAMINATED Site Action Required to reduce Risk (Clean‐up, Exposure Pathways Interruption)
Investigation procedure
*CSR: threshold concentration of risk for soil and groundwater
Management procedure
National priority list of contaminated sitesMinistry of Environment legal entities responsible
Regional contaminated
sitesRegional
Administration legal entities responsible• Preliminary Service Conference: all
stakeholders are invited & listened.• Decisional Service Conference: Min. ofEnvironment, Min.Health, Min. EconomicDevelopment take decisions that aremandatory for polluters.
• Program Agreement: different publicauthorities coordinate their activities
Service Conference: Local
Administration (Health and Environ)
BIG SITES
National and Regional priority list of contaminated sites
NPL Terni ‐ Papigno
Progress in NPL Sites (2016)
On site phytoextraction
phytostabilizationescarpments
phyto capping
National Site Terni – PapignoItaly
1° Example of a project basedon some phytoremediation*
processesin a N.P.L. Site
Institute of Agro‐environmental and Forest Biology CNR
DIBAF (Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro‐food and Forest systems)University of Tuscia
Regional Agency for Environmental Protection
* topic covered in other presentation
Contaminated sites management often requires the demolition of existing structures (buildings, industrial plants, tanks, etc.) and the excavation of soils and materials.
These activities lead to the production of:
• soils and other excavated materials; • Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste.
The management options depend on the quantity and quality of material flows produced and of materials required by the regeneration strategy (if there is!) chosen for the specific site.
Management of excavated soil / Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste in contaminated sites
Composition of C&D waste in Wales (2009)
From : Supporting Environmentally Sound Decisions for C&D Waste Management – A practical guide to LCT and LCA, JRC 2011
Approximately one third of waste generated in EU (i.e. 1 billiontonnes) comes from Construction & Demolition activities(Aggregate 48%; Soil 40% other 12%).
Management of excavated materials and C&D wasteWaste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC)
Excavated materials / C&D waste:
production residue – a material that is not deliberately produced but may or may not be a waste
Waste: any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard
By‐product:
a production residue (do not wanted) that is not a waste and has the characteristics of a product without any treatment
End‐of‐waste criteria:
specify when certain waste ceases to be waste and obtains a status of a product after a recovery/ recycling operation
Reuse Excavated materials / C&D waste
Two alternatives
Landfill
By‐product conditions (without any treatment) :
• further use of the substance or object is certain;• the substance or object can be used directly without any further processing
other than normal industrial practice;• the substance or object is produced as an integral part of a production process; • further use is lawful, i.e. the substance or object fulfils all relevant product,
environmental and health protection requirements.
End –of –waste conditions (after a recovery/ recycling operation):
• the substance or object is commonly used for specific purposes;• a market or demand exists for such a substance or object;• the substance or object fulfils the technical requirements for the specific
purposes and meets the existing legislation and standards applicable to products;
• the use of the substance or object will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health impacts.
Screening for the grading of soils and stones for re‐use;
Crushing for processing concrete and rubble for use as sub‐base;
Shredding for processing wood/boards etc;
Segregation and recycling
of waste component materials such as metal, plastic, glass and plasterboard;
Incineration (with energy recovery)
of wood, plastics and for the thermal destruction of hazardous components;
Landfill (inert, non‐hazardous, and hazardous)
of various materials, e.i. handling of hazardous materials, such as asbestos
and low‐level nuclear waste.
C&D waste: management options
From HOMBRE Project no.: 256097 ‐ deliverable 4 1.docx
Examples of output materials in the regeneration of contaminated/brownfield sites
The various forms of recycling and recovery are becomingincreasingly important.
Article 10 of the W. F. Directive (2008/98/EC) establishes: “by2020, the preparing for re‐use, recycling and other materialrecovery….of non‐hazardous construction and demolitionwaste….shall be increased to a minimum of 70 % by weight”.
C&D waste: target
How?
Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) is a conceptual approach that seeks toidentify improvements and to lower the impacts of goods orservices (products) at all stages of associated life cycles.
Life Cycle Thinking (LCT)
The concept of Life CycleThinking helps to avoidthe situation of resolvingone problem whilecreating another.
From : Supporting Environmentally Sound Decisions for C&D Waste Management –A practical guide to LCT and LCA, JRC 2011
TECO ProjectTechnological Eco‐Innovations for the Quality Controland the Decontamination of Polluted Waters and Soils
Management of Contaminated Sites in Europe
Andrea Sconocchia ‐ A.R.P.A. Umbria (Regional Agency for Environmental Protection) – [email protected] ‐ +397444796607