Arms Proliferation 武武武武 Arms questions include China’s arms sales, sales of arms to China and US proposal to build “national missile defense” (NMD) and “theatre missile defense” (TMD) systems 武武武武武武武武武武武武 , 武武武武武武武武武武武武武武”武武武武武武武武” 武”武武武武武武武武” US tries to control actions of smaller countries by restricting flow of arms to them from sources outside US control 武武武武武武武武武武武武武武武武武武武武武 , 武武武武武武武武武武
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Arms Proliferation 武器擴散 Arms questions include China’s arms sales, sales of arms to China and US proposal to build “national missile defense” (NMD) and.
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Arms Proliferation
武器擴散 Arms questions include China’s arms sales, sales of arms to
China and US proposal to build “national missile defense” (NMD) and “theatre missile defense” (TMD) systems
Main reason for PRC arms sales is money 中國出售武器的主要原因是金錢 China has bill-to-order sales; excess military items sold for
cash up front. 中國有訂貨出售 ; 過多的軍備現金交易 Arms export companies controlled by PLA 出口武器的公司由解放軍控制
Companies negotiate without interference from the Foreign Ministry; run by "princelings"
公司的協商未受到外交部的影響 ; 由”太子黨” 操控 Poly Technologies had big sale of CCS-2 missiles to
Saudis Poly Technologies 向沙特出售大量的 CCS-2 式導彈 Intermediate-range missile, but inaccurate; works best with
nuclear warhead 中程導彈 , 但不精確 ; 以核彈頭為最好的產品
Sale helped establish relations between PRC & Saudi Arabia 出售有助於建立中國與沙特阿拉伯的聯系
China proclaims 3 principle of nuclear trade: 1. sales for exclusively peaceful purposes 2. accept safeguards of IAEA 3. no transfer to any third party without PRC's permission 中國宣布三項核貿易原則 : 1. 出售以和平為最高目的 2. 接受國際原子能組織的保護 3. 沒有中國允許不可向第三者轉讓
PRC has sold many articles of nuclear proliferation
中國已經出售了許多核擴散產品 Early 1980s: sale of uranium, heavy water to Argentina;
Uranium to Brazil + liquid fuel missile guidance technology
US blocked sales of satellite technology to PRC, but sold nuclear-related technology
美國對向中國出售衛星技術設置障礙 , 但出售與核有關的技術
Ban on sale of US satellite technology lifted in 1996 96 年 2月解除禁止出售美國衛星技術 At same time, US detects sale to Pakistan of ring magnets 同時 , 美國查覺向巴基斯坦出售環磁
PRC is an NPT state. Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act requires that states which proliferate can be denied credit from US Export-Import Bank.
中國是 NPT簽約國 . 《核不擴散條約》要求 , 擴散的國家會被美國國家銀行拒絕信貸
US president can waive penalties. Other penalties can be invoked instead.
美國總統可放棄處罰 . 可用其它代替處罰
China continued to help Pakistan develop nuclear weapons and missiles and, as of 2003, was still doing so.
中國繼續幫助巴基斯坦發展核武器和導彈,直到 2003年,仍然如此。
In 2004, it was revealed that head of Pakistan’s nuclear program had sold nuclear technology with Iran, N. Korea and Libya.
在 2004, 有消息指出巴基斯坦的核項目負責人向伊朗 .北朝鮮和利比亞出售了核技術 .
In 2005, US said it will sell nuclear fuel and components to India, despite Nuclear Suppliers Group ban. Harder now for US to pressure Pakistan or China.
1996, US says Iran bought C-802 cruise missiles from PRC
96 年 , 美國稱伊朗向中國購買 C-802巡航導彈
2000, US Congress enacts Iran Nonproliferation Act to stop Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons or technology, chemical weapons or certain kinds of missiles
Two schools of thought in US about PRC & arms treaties: 1. PRC lies when it joins treaty systems 2. China has abided by some treaties, but not others 關於中國及武器條約 , 美國有兩派看法 : 1. 中國加入條約組織時撒謊 2. 中國遵守了一些條約 , 但另一些則沒有
1995, PRC & US agreed to work to convert Chinese research reactors to using only low-enriched uranium
1995 年 , 中美同意致力將中國的研究反應堆轉換成僅利用低含量鈾
China claims that nuclear industry now mostly oriented
to peaceful uses 中國宣稱現在的核工業絕大部份的方向是和平
用途 PRC companies will continue to try to make
money through illicit arms deals 中國公司將繼續通過非法的武器交易來賺錢
In May 2000, some US Senators introduced a bill to create a China Non-Proliferation Act. It would require annual assessment by Congress of China’s arms activities and penalties if these violated a treaty or US law
Concern by US also about sale of arms to China, especially
by Israel and Russia 美國也注意向中國出售武器 , 特別由以色列及俄國
Israel announced in 2000 that it would sell China an aircraft with very advanced radar system. US feared it would be used against it if there’s a war in the Taiwan Straits.
US has retaliated against Israel by delaying its requests to
buy advanced weapons from the US 美國向以色列報復 , 拖延以色列向美國購買先進武器的
要求
US objects to sale of Russian destroyers to China’s navy. The destroyers have anti-ship missiles; one was delivered in 2000 and another in 2001. In 2001, Russia also delivered 40 advanced fighter aircraft to China.
US Congress members have introduced legislation to prevent Russia from providing China with any more anti-ship missiles. Russia would be penalized with regard to loans from the US if it continued such sales.
美國國會成員提出立法以防止俄國向中國提供任何反艦艇導彈 . 俄國如果繼續出售將得不到美國貸款
EU considering removal of ban of arms sales to China. US objects.
歐盟考慮解除對華武器銷售禁令,美国反對。
China is critical of US plans for National Missile Defense [NMD] and Theatre Missile Defense [TMD]. These are systems to use missiles to shoot down missiles aimed at the US or at its troops abroad.
NMD in testing stage and will only be developed if US
missiles become more accurate.
NMD 正處試驗階段及當美國導彈更加精確時才會發展
China objects to TMD because in East Asia it will include Japan and maybe Taiwan. Japan already has advanced missiles, air defense system and anti-missile missiles.
中國反對 TMD, 因為東亞將會包括日本及可能台灣 . 日本已有先進導彈 , 空防系統及反導彈導彈
Taiwan has advanced satellites to detect in-coming
missiles and makes its own ground-to-air missiles.
台灣有先進衛星探測外來導彈及可自製地對空導彈
China says that TMD set up, it will lead to arms race in East Asia. If TMD goes forward, China may reverse its policy of rejecting requests for help with nuclear weapons by other countries and again start to sell medium range missiles.