-
March, 2010 (Portuguese) and September 2010 (English
version)
CARE/SCORE - SRENGTHENING CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS FOR RURAL
EMPOWERMENT
Evaluation of the Gender and HIV-AIDS component of the
CARE-SCORE
project in the Province of Inhambane ___________Final
Report___________
By
Armindo Tomo Public Planning and Decentralization consultant
Email: [email protected] Mobile: (+258) 84 39 84 402) Fax :
(+258) 293 21 147
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First we would like to send our thanks to the SCORE-CARE team in
Vilankulo
for the valuable contributions that made this work feasible.
We would like to individualize our thanks to Jorge based in
Mabote, Feliciano
Magesso in Mapinhane-Vilankulo and Moiss in Inhassoro who
demonstrated
professionalism and willingness to guide all the field work
We also thank Mr. Raymond who during his short visit has offered
to provide
constructive criticism to improve the quality of the evaluation
process.
We thank the visited District Permanent Secretaries and the
District Department
Directors for their open and exempt opinions on the performance
of the SCORE
project
Last but not least we would like to thank all members of the CDL
and OCBs
including the Chefes das Localidades that offered valuable part
of their short
time to analyze the successes and failures of SCORE as well as
suggesting on
how to improve the situation.
Armindo Tomo Consultant
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ABBREVIATIONS
CARE International Non-Governmental Organization
CCL Local Consultative Council
CDL Local Development Committee
CEDES Ecumenical Committee for Sustainable Development
CTD Technical District Council
FOPROI NGO Forum of the Inhambane Province
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IDPPE Institute for Development of Small Scale Fisheries
OCB Community Based Organisation
OIIL Investment Budget for Local Initiatives
ONG Non-Governmental Organization
OSC Civil Society Organisation
SCORE Strengthening Civil Society Organizations for Rural
Empowerment
SDAE District Department of Economic Activities
SDEJT District Department of Education, Youth and Technology
SDPI District Department of Spatial Planning and
Infrastructures
SDSMAS District Department of Health, Woman and Social
Affairs
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
I ABSTRACT 4
II BACKGROUND 5
A. Evaluation problem 5
B. Key concepts 6-13
C. Stakeholders and their information needs 13-14
D. Participants and their tasks 15
E. Projects objectives 15
F. Gender and HIV/AIDS logical framework 16
G. Location and planned longevity of the project 16-17
H. Resources used to implement the project 18
I. Project expected measurable outcomes 19
III EVALUATION STUDY QUESTIONS 19
IV EVALUATION PROCEDURES
A. Sample 20-21
B. Data collection 22
C. Summary matrix 22
V FINDINGS
A. FINDINGS OF THE INTERVIEWS 23-29
B. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ON THE FINDINGS 29-33
VI CONCLUSIONS 33-34
VII RECOMMENDATIONS 34-35
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I. ABSTRACT
The report hereby presented is the result of the summative
evaluation of the
gender and HIV / AIDS component of the Project CARE-SCORE.
The
evaluation was undertaken in three districts namely Mabote,
Vilankulo and
Inhassoro throughout March 2010.
The assessment intended to measure the degree in which the
project has
attained the planned outcomes and impacts from its conception to
its final
stage. The evaluation comprised six main phases:
1. Develop a conceptual model of the gender component of the
SCORE
project and identify key elements for evaluation
2. Develop evaluation questions and define goals / measurable
outcomes
3. Develop the evaluation design
4. Collection and compilation of the data
5. Analysis and interpretation of data
6. Preparation of the final report
The collection of data was done through open interviews to
entities previously
selected and that was organised in three groups, viz
beneficiaries, partners of
the District Government and other organizations.
Although the SCORE has observed some difficulties in management,
was
noticeable change in the CDL and OCB target group in the field
of gender and
HIV / AIDS.
Women who received support of SCORE showed high levels of
affirmation and
empowerment, especially those that received sub-grants. Thus we
conclude
that the intervention of the project in the three Districts was
in line with most of
the goals outlined in the matrix of the project. By this way the
implementation of
the SCORE has been efficiently exemplary
One recommendation to be stressed is the need to make efforts so
that the
situation of women's empowerment and participation that was
built by the
project intervention will not disappear due to the termination
or change of the
project.
Finally it is recommended to intensify the coordination between
SCORE and
District Governments through timely reports of the measures
planned for each
year.
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II. BACKGROUND
A. EVALUATION PROBLEM
The evaluation of the gender component of the Project SCORE
regarding the
attainment of the expected products and impacts is the way to
cover the deficit
of information about the performance of the project throughout
the period of its
implementation (June 2004 - March 2010). There has been
identified the need
to know:
1. How did the project respond to the challenges faced by women
when
participating in CDL - not only in terms of presence but also
contributing
in ideas that have been implemented?
2. What forms and types of participation of women in particular
can be
observed in the groups supported by the project? And what
differences
are there when compared to other groups who did not receive
support?
3. To what extent women have benefited from the sub-grants
provided to
the OCB under the project?
4. To what extent the training delivered to OCB and CDL have
influenced
the participation of women?
5. What is the perception of the beneficiaries about the
promotion of
citizen participation and women in particular in terms of
achievements
and failures of their inclusion in decision-making in the
planning
process and local public administration?
6. Are the results obtained with the implementation of the plan
reasonable
in relation to the cost of resources used?
7. Are the results and changes achieved lasting and
sustainable?
8. Is the project replicable and transportable?
To answer these questions is in fact necessary to conduct a
summative
assessment or evaluation of products / impacts which consists in
collecting
information about outcomes, outputs and changes resulting from
the
implementation of strategies and activities that make up this
project.
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B. KEY CONCEPTS
SCORE is a project in the field of democratic governance and by
this it aims to
empower organizations in rural communities for better
participation in social and
economic development of their districts, recognizing their
rights in the district
planning process while ensuring effective participation of
communities in the
decentralized planning process. In this situation and to better
establish the
conceptual limits in which the evaluation took place, the key
concepts adopted
for this work are then presented.
Governance
The term governance refers to the process of decision making and
the ways in
which decisions are implemented or not. In any system, the
Government is
leading, but others may influence the process. Non-governmental
actors such
as religious leaders, civil society, trade unions, financial
institutions and
community-based groups can play important roles.
A good governance system is characterized by the following:
Participated - a stimulating broad participation of citizens in
decision-making;
Consensus oriented - to reach decisions on the basis of general
agreement;
Transparent - open to scrutiny in decision-making;
Effective and efficient - providing adequate basic services to
citizens and;
Fair and inclusive does not exclude sectors of the population,
especially
those who are most vulnerable or marginalized.
The SCORE project when empowering citizens to increase their
capacity to
participate in making decisions on social and economic
development of their
communities, has greatly contributed in creating a fair system
of governance. In
Mozambique the reform of local governance backs 1978. It began
as part of the
process of dismantling the colonial system, which began after
the National
Independence in 1975. The laws on administrative reform replaced
the colonial
administrative structures and built a new system of governance
structured at
central, provincial and local levels. After independence,
Mozambique has
adopted a centralized administration system where each and
every
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development issues were planned and decided at central level.
Nowadays this
policy has been replaced by political openness, and multiparty
economy based
on market laws.
Decentralization
Despite variations in definitions and indicators of good
governance, most
institutions agree that good governance typically includes
efforts at
democratization and decentralization, the introduction of free
and fair elections,
political parties, creating a civil society, free and
independent press. A most
important component of democratization in many parts of the
world is
decentralization. Decentralisation is the process of
transferring the authority,
resources, personnel and responsibility of central government to
provincial and
local levels. Countries seek for decentralization for a variety
of reasons
including a desire to make government more responsive and
accountable to the
needs of the population and / or responding to pressure of
donors to reduce the
budgets of the central government.
Decentralization is based on the notion that various levels of
government have
different knowledge and skills to address the problems. For
example, policies
for national defence and monetary policy are clearly best placed
at the national
level but the policies regarding schools, protection by local
police and some
public services are often better at local level with community
participation.
However, critics of decentralization argue that it weakens parts
of the state
which, for the sake of peace building and human security, need
to be
strengthened. There are three general types of decentralization:
political,
administrative and fiscal. There are also four major forms of
decentralization:
Devolution, Delegation, Deconcentration and Economic
Decentralization.
The political decentralization usually refers to the situation
in which political
power and authority are transferred to the sub-national levels
of government.
The most obvious manifestation of this kind of decentralization
is the existence
of any sub-national elected and empowered governments. These
governments
may exist from the level of Municipalities to States. Devolution
is considered a
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form of political decentralization. Devolution refers to
transfer full and complete
responsibility, decision making, resource management and revenue
for a local
public authority that is autonomous and completely independent
of central
authority. The units that receive the devolution are often
recognized as
independent legal entities and are ideally but not necessarily
elected. Political
decentralization requires a constitutional, legal and regulatory
framework to
ensure accountability and transparency. It is also necessary to
reorganize
institutions and develop links with civil society and private
sector. Also political
decentralization requires universal participation and a new
approach to
community institutions and social capital.
Administrative decentralization aims at transfer of authority in
decision making,
resources and responsibilities for the provision of a certain
amount of public
services that were managed by some institutions of central
government to other
levels of government, agencies and offices.
Administrative decentralization is often simultaneous with the
public sector
reform. There are two major forms of administrative
decentralization:
deconcentration and delegation.
Deconcetration refers to transfer of authority and
responsibility of a central
government level to another lower level but keeping the same
hierarchy of
accountability from units / departments to local agencies or
ministries of the
central government which have been decentralized.
Deconcentration can be seen as the first step toward a
decentralization of
government towards improving the provision of public services
for citizens.
Delegation redistributes authority and responsibility to local
units of government
or agencies that are not necessarily arms or local offices of
the delegating
authority.
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Fiscal decentralization is possibly most understandable degree
of
decentralization since it is directly linked to the budgetary
practices. Fiscal
decentralization refers to the reallocation of resources to
sub-national levels of
government. Typically arrangements are negotiated for allocation
of resources
between central and local authorities based on several factors
including
interregional equity, availability of resources at all levels of
government and
local capacity for monitoring and fiscal management.
Economic decentralization or divestment happens when the
responsibility to
plan and manage or other public functions are transferred from
government to
voluntary institutions, private or non-governmental
organizations with a clear
benefit and public involvement. Usually involves the hiring of
partial provision of
services or administrative functions, deregulation or full
privatization.
In the case of Mozambique, the weak technical and financial
capacity has
resulted in a deterioration of social infrastructure and
economic disability of the
Executive Councils in providing basic public services for
citizens. In 1983 it was
publicly recognized that the Mozambican administrative system
was overly
centralized. Thus, the People's Assembly passed Law 2 / 87 of
January 19
which authorizes the Council of Ministries to make statutes for
the
administrative and financial autonomy in the country.
In 1994 the National Parliament approved the Law 3/94 on the
institutional
framework of Municipal Districts.
In 1997 the National Parliament passed the legislation on Local
Authorities
including the legal and institutional framework of the Local
Authorities (Law 2/
97) and Law on Local Finances (11/97). According to Law 2/97
local authorities
are established as territorial units endowed with
representatives (a municipal
assembly), executive body (municipal council) with
administrative and financial
autonomy.
From now until the present day has been developed new
instruments and / or
reviewed the past to reach by decentralizing better public
services for the
population. Some examples are Law 8/2003 of May 19 on the Local
State
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Organs and its regulation - Decree 11/2005 of June 10; Decree
6/2006 of 12
April on the organic structure of the District Government and
its Organic Statute.
Empowerment and Participation
The concept of empowerment rises from the idea of giving people
the power,
freedom and information to enable them to make decisions and
actively
participate in the organization.
Empowerment is based on four main bases:
Power - to empower people by delegating authority and
responsibility at all
levels of the organization. It means to give importance and
trust people, give
them freedom and autonomy to decide;
Motivation - providing motivation to the people to encourage
them continually.
This means recognizing the good performance, reward results,
allowing people
to participate in the results of their work and celebrate the
achievement of goals;
Development - provide resources to people in terms of training
and
professional development. That means training continuously,
providing
information and knowledge, teach new techniques continuously
create and
develop talent in the organization and
Leadership - providing leadership in the organization. This
means guiding
people, set goals and targets, opening new horizons, to evaluate
performance
and provide feedback.
Participation includes the involvement of citizens in
decision-making,
implementation of development programs, sharing of the benefits
of these
programs and their involvement in the evaluation of its
efficiency. Participation
may be seen as a mean to the extent that they use various
methods and
techniques to ensure that the ideas and aspirations of citizens
are incorporated
into development plans. While when it empowers people by helping
them
acquire skills, knowledge and experience in order to take more
ownership and
responsibility for its development, is a goal.
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In theory one can distinguish different levels of
participation:
Manipulation - is the lowest level and applies to situations of
lack of
participation;
Information - people are informed about certain actions and
decisions;
Consultation - people are consulted and may decide about certain
issues or
development projects, construction of mutual consent - the
actors interact,
analyze problems and develop solutions in a shared, decision
making - people
make decisions that are legal or binding to all;
Partnership - people working together to achieve joint goals
where each party
has its share and,
Self-management - people take the initiative to carry out
actions which lead to
its development.
Whatever the form or level in which participation takes place,
is advantageous
in that, among other things:
Increase the effectiveness of development projects when the
activities
are based at the local level of knowledge and understanding of
problems;
Develop the skills and local skills to enable them to manage
their own
development;
Increases coverage and responsiveness;
Improves the targeting of benefits for the poor;
Ensure the sustainability of development projects by
increasing
ownership and
In gender perspective, raises the status of women
In Mozambique the participation of citizens in social and local
economic
development is legally recognized by various instruments, one of
them are the
Decree 11/2005 of June 5 which regulates the Law 8 / 2003 of May
19 on the
Local Organs of State. On this matter, the Decree 11/2005 of
June 5 in Article
103 stipulates that the District Development Plans are
elaborated with the
participation of the resident population through the local
consultative councils.
Article 104 of this Decree defines the local community as a set
of individual and
collective entities in a given unit of territorial organization,
namely Province,
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District, Posto Administrativo, Localidade and Povoado,
comprising families that
aim to safeguard common interests such as protection of
residential areas,
agricultural areas, places of cultural importance, pastures,
water sources,
hunting and expansion areas and so on. Further in Article 110,
the Decree sets
out mechanism for community organization, namely local council,
local forum,
community committees, community funds, etc.
The community committees are particularly defined in Article 113
as a
mechanism of organizing people to enable communities in
identifying and
finding solutions to their problems.
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C. STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR INFORMATION NEEDS
In this evaluation the actors are defined as persons or
entities, individuals or
collectives who benefit, provide services, regulate or
contribute in the
implementation of SCORE in its gender component. These actors
were
identified during the workshop with the representatives of SCORE
and were
considered sufficient for the required information. Each of
them, due to its
characteristics that distinguish it from other offers
information of particular
interest for the evaluation. To facilitate the identification
and characterization of
the actors the following table was completed. More important is
to note that in
general each of these actors have different roles and
responsibilities but were
selected only those that have particular relevance for
evaluation
These actors were identified during the workshop with
representatives of
SCORE and were considered sufficient for the required
information. Each of
them, due to its characteristics that distinguish it from other
offers information of
particular interest for evaluation. To facilitate the
identification and
characterization of the actors was completed in the following
table. More
important is to note that in general each of these actors have
different roles and
responsibilities but were selected only those with particular
relevance for the
evaluation.
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Stakeholders Identify contact persons / reference for each actor
and audience
Describe the interests, expectations, etc.. that can play a key
role as a criterion in the phase of analysis and interpretation of
the assessment
1
District Government
District Administrator He/she is the representative of the
central authority of state administration in the district (Art.31
Decree 11/2005 of June 5) and responsible for the
institutionalization of local councils at district and lower levels
(No2 Art.117 of the same Decree)
District Permanent Secretary
He/she is responsible for coordinating the implementation and
monitoring of the district government decisions (No1 Article 53 of
Decree 11/2005 of June 5)
SDEJ His/her function is to ensure the proper functioning of the
institutions of literacy and non formal education (No1 Art.6 Decree
6/2006 of April 12)
SDSMAS His/her function is to promote and guide the
implementation of measures to ensure gender equity (No2 Art.7
Decree 6/2006 of April 12)
SDPI His/her function is to promote the construction and
management of drinking water sources (Art.5 Decree 6/2006 of April
12)
2 Localidade Chief of the Localidade He/She is the
representative of the central authority of the state administration
at the Localidade (Decree 11/05)
3
CDL and
OCB
President CDL representative
Deputy-president Responsible for executive coordinating of the
CDL
Member Provide information as a simple member without leadership
role
4 Other NGO and Cooperation Agencies
They provide information exempt of government scrutiny
People from outside External observation which allows exemption
on critique
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D. PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR TASKS
For this evaluation were basically considered three groups of
stakeholders:
The evaluators with the role of designing and implementing
the
evaluation model;
The SCORE technical team responsible for counselling and
provide
with information on the views and expectations of CARE,
equipment and
guidance in general and the
Respondents to provide information regarding the performance of
the
project.
Among those interviewed are the direct beneficiaries and
indirect beneficiaries.
The direct beneficiaries are the members of the CDL and OCB
particularly
women. Indirect beneficiaries include officials from the
District Government,
Chefes das Localidades and representatives of cooperation
partners.
E. PROJECTS OBJECTIVES
The main purpose of the SCORE project is to develop and promote
models of
decentralized service delivery, locally recognized that can
enhance the security
of rural livelihoods while doing the mainstreaming of HIV / AIDS
and gender. It
is, therefore, a capacity building project whose main target
group are members
of civil society organizations such as the Local Development
Committees
(CDL), Local Consultative Councils (CCL), groups and
associations of
producers with a focus on women, youth and vulnerable groups. In
preliminary
discussion with the technical team of SCORE was possible to
identify the
objectives of the gender component and HIV-AIDS SCORE which,
translated in
the form of results are:
Improved knowledge on the existing links between gender, HIV /
AIDS
and providing decentralized services in rural areas in
Mozambique;
Increased capacity of CSO, local government and the private
sector to
have access and to provide quality services to citizens and,
Strengthened links between CSO, government and private sector
to
facilitate the provision of effective public services.
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F. GENDER AND HIV/AIDS LOGICAL FRAMEWORK
To begin the evaluation of the project a seminar has been
organized where one
of the objectives was to develop in a participatory way the
conceptual model of
the project. The conceptual model serves on the one hand to
ensure a common
understanding of the structure of the project, the main
connections between
actors and results or expected outcomes and, on the other hand,
this
conceptual model allows focusing on the critical elements of the
project. In this
order the project gender and HIV/AIDS log frame has been created
(Annex 1:
Logical Matrix for the SCORE gender and HIV / AIDS
component).
G. LOCATION AND PLANNED LONGEVITY OF THE PROJECT
SCORE is a CARE Mozambique project implemented in three
districts of
northern Inhambane, Vilankulo, Inhassoro and Mabote June 2004 to
March
2010. At the level of districts, the project supports organized
communities in
CDL or OCB. Following the first seminar with the SCORE project's
technical
team, it was recognized that there are differences in the
characterization of the
geographic areas where the project operates and even in the
target group. The
diagrams that follow illustrate these situations.
Localidade of Belane
CDL of Chiculecule CDL of Chipanela
Povoado of Chiculecule
Povoado of Mangove Povoado of
Massango
Povoado of Ngongane
Povoado of Chipanela-Sede
Povoado of Huluquela
District of Vilankulo
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In the case of the District of Vilankulo a CDL corresponds to a
Povoado also
known as Crculo Povoado and comprises various Clula Povoado.
The
Crculo Poviado is headed by a community leader of 1o escalo
while the Clula
Povoado is headed by a community leader of 2o escalo. In the
Localidade
there is always a chief to represent the state
administration.
In Inhassoro Povoados often coincide with the CDL in terms of
geographic area
and the leaders vary from rgulos, cabos de terra to community
leaders.
In Mabote, where the aldeias are predominant often coincides
with the CDL and
the chief of the aldeia is the chief of the Localidade as
well.
H. RESOURCES USED TO IMPLEMENT THE PROJECT
For the implementation of SCORE there is a team of technicians
and logistics
including transport. It is likely that the materials (vehicles,
office equipment, etc.)
are reasonably available and accessible to the project but was
not examined in
this evaluation.
Localidade X
Povoado of Y= CDL Povoado of Z = CDL
District of Inhassoro
Localidade of Chitanga
Povoado of Macurra= CDL= Aldeia Povoado of Chitanga = CDL=
Aldeia
District of Mabote
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I. PROJECT EXPECTED MEASURABLE OUTCOMES
Through Annex 1, it is possible to observe that the project had
established both
quantitative and qualitative goals. The columns of indicators
and the results
provide evidence of it. It is important, however, to stress that
the evaluation is
not concerned to check whether the log frame is properly
designed or not.
III. EVALUATION STUDY QUESTIONS
The issues of study or evaluation that had been previously
agreed with the
SCORE project are:
1. How the project has responded to the major challenges faced
by
women when participating in CDL - not only in the presence but
also
contributing ideas that have been implemented?
2. What forms and types of participation of women in particular
can be
observed in groups supported by the project? And what
differences
are there compared with other groups without support?
3. To what extent women have benefited from the sub-grants
provided
to OCB under the project? Should not have received a
satisfactory
manner, why?
4. How the capabilities of the OCB and CDL have influenced
the
participation of women in those organisations?
5. What is the perception of the beneficiaries about promotion
of citizen
participation and women in particular (achievements and
failures)?
6. Are the results obtained with the implementation of the
plan
reasonable in relation to the cost of resources used?
7. Are the results and changes achieved lasting and
sustainable?
8. Is the project replicable and transportable?
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IV. EVALUATION PROCEDURES
A. SAMPLE
After identifying the major stakeholders and relevant
information to the study,
we defined the sample for evaluation. The SCORE project is
qualitative in
nature, intended to introduce changes in the area of governance
and
particularly in the women empowerment. The assessment questions
are also
qualitative and thus the predominant method in evaluation is
qualitative. At the
level of district government all the actors were considered for
the interview
because their number (13 elements) is feasible in terms of
resources and time
available for evaluation. Differently the CDL have between 12-17
members. It is
not feasible to interview all of them not only due to scarcity
of resources but
because does not make sense given that the answers seek
explanation for the
study questions. Then, for each CDL a maximum of 5 (five)
elements were
considered for interview. Among them is Chefe da Localidade,
president and
vice-president of the CDL, one woman and one man members of a
working
committee within the CDL or OCB. The reasons for this selection
are that they
are able to describe objectively the organization under study,
due to its position
of leadership. Then in the group of CDL and OCB were found 45
people for
interviews.
In the group of other organizations were considered three (3)
elements to
interviews with two (2) of FOPROI and 1 (one) of the
Decentralization Program
of the German Cooperation. The final sample was 71 (seventy-one
elements)
(46.5% women) (Annex 2: List of respondents).
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1. CDL and OCB
District Place Target Interviewed Sample Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat
Sun 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
VILANKULO
Macuhane CDL President of the CDL/OCB; Deputy-president of the
CDL/OCB; Chefe da Localidade; 1 woman e 1 man both heading a
working committee in the CDL or OCB /
5 X
We
eken
d
We
eken
d
Machoco CDL 5 X
Mapie OCB - horticulture 5 X
MABOTE
Sede CDL 5 X
Chitanga CDL e OCB-subgrant 5 X
Maloca CDL 5 X
INHASSORO
Cachane CDL e OCB-subgrant 5 X
Mabime CDL 5 X
Vulanjane CDL 5 X
2. DISTRICT PARTNERS
VILANKULO
Sede Office of the Administrator Administrator 1 X
Sede District Secretary Permanent Secretary 1 X X
Sede SDPI Director 1 X
Sede SDMAS Director 1 X
MABOTE
Sede Office of the Administrator Administrator 1
Sede District Secretary Permanent Secretary 1
Sede SDEJT Director
Sede SDMAS Director 1
INHASSORO
Sede Office of the Administrator Administrator 1
Sede District Secretary Permanent Secretary 1
Sede CTD/IDPPE Mr. Horcio 1
Sede SDAE Director 1
X
Sede SDEJ Representative of the Director 1 X
Sede SDSMAS Director 1 X
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B. DATA COLLECTION
The data for this evaluation were obtained through discussion in
a seminar with
the technical team of the project, interviews with District
Government members,
CDL and OCB members and external stakeholders. The interviews
were
conducted based on a list of general questions previously
prepared. The
procedure adopted allowed the interviewee to explain whatever
he/she wants
about the topic of the interview. The respondent uses the list
of general
questions to guide him or herself during the interview but not
to use that to ask
direct questions to the interviewee. The general questions that
guided the
interviews are presented in form of evaluation questions in the
following
summary matrix.
C. SUMMARY MATRIX
As mentioned before, the collection of data did not used
questionnaire with strict
formulation. It privileged open discussion. Each of the general
questions is
linked to variable (s) of study as follows:
General Question Interview Corresponding study variable
1 Gender equity in training and leadership of the CDL and
OCB
Direct participation
2 Women's participation in training / training oriented to
women
Empowerment
3 Activities of CDL / OCB versus performance of women and
decision making
Decision making
4 Meetings to discuss gender issues and HIV / AIDS (discussion
forums)
Empowerment
5 Training sessions containing topics of gender and HIV /
AIDS
Empowerment
6 Involvement of women in managing funds and income or
participation in savings and credit
Access to resources and means
7 Participation in literacy courses / literacy course
content
Empowerment
8 Role of local leaders in promoting gender equality and actions
to combat and prevent HIV/AIDS
Behaviour changing
9 Existence, operation and leadership of water committees and
working committees of the CDL
Resource management
10 Knowledge regarding HIV and government institutions that
provide services in that sector
Empowerment
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21
V. FINDINGS
A. FINDINGS OF THE INTERVIEWS
The interviews took place in the communities covered by the
intervention of
SCORE in the districts of Mabote (Mabote-Sede, Chitanga and
Maloca)
Vilankulo (Macuhane, Machoco and Mapinhane) and Inhassoro
(Mabime,
Vulanjane and Cachane). The list of respondents is attached
(Annex 2).
Before going into details, a general appreciation from the
district government is
presented:
In Mabote has been established a government focal point to
coordinate
activities regarding orphans and vulnerable children;
Partners including CARE do not send in advance their annual
plans to the
District government. This situation weakens the coordination and
leads to
duplication of activities;
In HIV/AIDS campaigns are differences between the strategies of
each
involved. CARE and SDEJ-Mabote for instance, focus on prevention
through
the use of condom while Samaritans Purse favours abstinence.
This
situation if not well coordinated may result in confusion in the
target group to
whom the messages are prepared to;
In Mabote the crculos de interesse at school make difference in
children's education but unfortunately are not equipped. Therefore
it is recommended that partners support the revitalization and
expansion of these initiatives;
The District Governments call for more intense coordination and
reporting on the progress of the partners activities;
Communication still to be a challenge in that the technicians
based at the
Districts are not interlocutors between the District Government
and CARE sub-office in Vilankulo. In this situation when the
Government is to communicate to CARE has to direct the message to
specific project and sometimes they dont know which project deals
with such issue.
The interview results are then presented according to the
general issues that
formed the guide of the interviewer.
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22
District of Inhassoro
1. Gender equity in training and leadership of the CDL and
OCB
In the OCB of Chichocana 65% are women (55 women and 30 men),
women assume leadership with a president and treasurer
In the CDL of Cachane 65% are women (9 men and 8 women), women
assume leadership with a vice-president, treasurer and one
counsellor
Over 50% the public servants in the District of Inhassoro are
women, and women assume positions of Chefe da Localidade, director
of schools, heads of departments among others
60% of the members of CDL Vulanjane are women (12 women and 8
men), women assume leadership with Vice-president and secretary
In the CDLof Mabime women represent 20% (3 women and 12 men).
Women take the lead with secretary and assistant secretary
2. Women's participation in training / training oriented to
women
Over five sessions a year on gender equity at each OCB and
CDL
3. Activities of CDL / OCB
versus performance of women and decision making
Association for promotion of agriculture: Increasing of
cultivation areas, acquisition of agriculture materials and inputs;
Women contribute with ideas and work to local economic
development
There is community organization that facilitate involvement in a
range of activities such as management of natural resources, fire
control, water management; education and health
4. Meetings to discuss issue of gender and HIV / AIDS
Role of women in local development Preventing and combating HIV
/ AIDS Stigma against people infected by the virus HIV / AIDS
Training on OIIL; Organization and functioning of CBOs and CDLs;
Gender
5. Training sessions containing topics of gender and HIV /
AIDS
Prevention and combat of HIV/AIDS and stigmatization against
people infected by HIV. Training on OIIL, organization and
functioning of CBO and CDL and gender
6. Involvement of women in managing funds and income or
participation in savings and credit
OIIL funded projects for women; Monitoring indicated that women
have fewer cases of funds mismanagement; Women involved in xitique
(saving); women head households; women engaged in commercial
activities, firewood cutting, coal production and sale of fish,
agriculture, chickens and selling stones
7. Participation of women in literacy courses / literacy course
content
More women participate in literacy than men, men seem to be very
busy
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8. Role of local leaders in promoting gender equality and
actions to combat and prevent HIV/AIDS
Leaders support and integrate CBO and CDL; they encourage
communities and CBO to join the CDL and to engage in various
economic activities
9. Existence, operation and leadership of water committees and
working committees of the CDL
There are several in almost all localities, especially the water
committees
10. Knowledge regarding HIV and government institutions that
provide services in that sector
Knowledge about HIV / AIDS prevention and combat, CARE, German
Agro Action, CEDES
District of Vilankulo
1. Gender equity in training and leadership of the CDL and
OCB
The CDL of Machoco has 13 members of which 5 are women and eight
are men; Women assume leadership with a vice president and
executive secretary. All members were elected to the positions they
occupy. They were also presented to the population. One women
interviewed said they were elected because the community recognizes
her to have responsibility and respect.
In the CDL of Macuhane five members are women and eight are men.
The vice-president and secretary are women. A women interviewed
said that with the CDL already have opportunity to discuss major
issues such as water, health and education of children in the
community. In some cases there are power struggles between the
various community leaders
The OCB of Mapihe is said to have 17 members but at the day of
the meeting were only 6 persons (1 man and 5 women). It was not
clear how this OCB is managed
2. Women's participation in training / training oriented to
women
In all locations visited it was reported trainings delivered by
SCORE on HIV-AIDS, gender and associations to all members not only
for women. The people interviewed reported that the CDL is a school
for them.
3. Activities of CDL / OCB
versus performance of women and decision making
In all places visited the CDL works on agriculture, water
supply, preventing and fighting HIV-AIDS. They also reported to
have received training on the prevention of malaria and cholera.
The CDL is attached to the management of water sources especially
in relation to contributions, improved procedures for management
and procurement of spare parts. The contributions vary from 25 to
50.00 MT in each quarter or semester
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4. Meetings to discuss issue of gender and HIV / AIDS
There was revealed the existence of any organization or forum
created to discuss only aspects of gender and HIV / AIDS
5. Training sessions containing topics of gender and HIV /
AIDS
The issues of gender and HIV / AIDS are, according to
respondents, cross-cutting issue in any training
6. Involvement of women in managing funds and income or
participation in savings and credit
It was noted that women are engaged in commercial production of
pineapples and xitique.
7. Participation of women in literacy courses / course content
literacy
In all CDL visited women were confirmed to participate in
literacy courses. In CDL Machoco are 3 women attending literacy
classes.
8. Role of local leaders in promoting gender equality and
actions to combat and prevent HIV/AIDS
They play a key role in motivating people to address HIV / AIDS
and gender. But they also are not sufficiently informed on these
issues due to lack of training
9. Existence, operation and leadership of water committees and
working committees of the CDL
In each source of water there is always a management committee
and integrates women. Women are not responsible for technical
activities such as replacement of parts. Participate more in
decision making on management in general
10. Knowledge regarding HIV and government institutions that
provide services in that sector
People said that they cannot confirm to have seen one infected
by HIV because they dont have access to the results of HIV test.
But people get sick and die after losing much weight.
District of Mabote
1. Gender equity in training and leadership of the CDL and
OCB
In the CDL of Maloca attended seven elements (3 women and 4
men), women assume leadership with a president
In the OCB of Chitanga all members are women and are dedicated
to production of bread, small livestock and xitique
In the CDL of Chitanga there are 18 members among whom seven are
women
2. Women's participation in training / training oriented to
women
In all places we visited were reported trainings by SCORE on
HIV-AIDS, gender and association oriented to all members not only
for women. Other organizations such as the Samaritans and German
Agro Action have organized training sessions.
3. Activities of CDL / OCB versus performance of women and
decision making
In the CDL of Maloca the most important activities is water
supply. There is also awareness about HIV/AIDS. The OCB of Chitanga
produces bread and has animals (chickens and goats). In the OCB of
Chitanga the concern is with water, community health prevention of
malaria and HIV/AIDS
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4. Meetings to discuss issue of gender and HIV / AIDS
There was revealed the existence of any organization or forum
created to discuss only aspects of gender and HIV/AIDS
5. Training sessions containing topics of gender and HIV /
AIDS
The themes of gender and HIV/AIDS are, according to the
respondents, cross-cutting issue in all training undertaken.
6. Involvement of women in managing funds and income or
participation in savings and credit
In the OCB of Chitanga saving is very advanced. With the selling
of alcoholic beverages and chickens women save through xitique and
they said that it makes difference because they began to acquire
valuables for their families.
7. Participation of women in literacy courses / course content
literacy
In all places we visited women participate in literacy but men
dont. The absence of men in literacy is attributed to a lack of
time but some people are not of the same opinion saying that they
spend free time in drinks.
8. Role of local leaders in promoting gender equality and
actions to combat and prevent HIV/AIDS
They play a key role in motivating the other to address HIV/AIDS
and gender. But they also are not sufficiently informed on these
issues due to lack of training.
9. Existence, operation and leadership of water committees and
working committees of the CDL
In each source of water is a management committee and integrates
women. Women are not responsible for technical activities such as
replacement of parts. Participate more in decision making on
management in general. In the CDL of Chitanga are problems of water
for livestock that is why animals and humans drink water from the
same source.
10. Knowledge regarding HIV and government institutions that
provide services in that sector
There is no access to information on the HIV/AIDS incidence.
Thus people dont have any proof or confirmation about the
disease.
B. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ON THE FINDINGS
The results obtained during the interviews are analyzed by the
method of
content analysis in comparison with the evaluation
questions.
1. How the project responded to the major challenges facing
women's
participation in CDL not only in the presence but also
contributing
ideas that were implemented.
Several times during the interviews it was mentioned that the
CDL is an
excellent opportunity to open a space in which people and
especially women
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26
can participate in social, political and economic development of
their
communities. Before the establishment of the CDL people from the
Povoados
could not efficiently communicate in an organized way with the
structures of the
level of Localidade, Posto Administrativo and District due to
lack of
communication platform. Based on the rules of gender equity for
the constitution
of the CDL, women have assumed greater prominence and leadership
in the
communities. What does matter is the fact that women take a
leading role in the
CDL is indicative of a change of behavior of people in general
in favor of
enhancing the role of women or is it more in compliance with the
guidelines of
the donor. For all intents and purposes, the leadership of women
in CDL can be
an example that will lead to changing people's behaviour in
relation to this
matter.
The lack of young women at the CDL may concentrate women's
participation to
the older women who has traditionally always been a protagonist
in many
community affairs, i.e., it cannot bring behavioural changes in
people with
regard to gender because older women always played a role of
respect even in
the midst of men. The fact that the CDL and OCB women play a
prominent role
enables greater focus of the problems of this social class, e.g.
water supply,
education and community health, etc.
Taking the example of water sources management, women have no
power of
decision on the application of fund contributions even to decide
what should be
the value of contributions. This is due to the fact that the
activity of maintenance
and repair of equipment is dominated by men. Men are tinkerers,
mechanics,
and plumbers and to know how much it costs to repair a pump is
easier for men
than women. There were no reports of women who were trained to
repair the
water holes. This is not to say that is bad that men dominate
this set of jobs and
keeping the water sources as well. But being an area that
requires contributions
of money is easier to bring problems of mismanagement.
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2. What forms and types of participation of women in particular
can
be observed in groups supported by the project? And what
differences are there compared with other groups who did not
receive support?
Women participate in discussions and decision making in the CDL
and OCB.
They participation is most evident in the OCB made up solely by
women or they
are the majority. An example can be found in the OCB of Chitanga
dedicated to
xitique, bread production and animal husbandry, all under the
leadership of
women. In the OCB of Mapihe the situation is different, there
appears to be lack
of instances of participation of women in number but are there
as members.
One can generally say that women's participation has been
through provision of
information, consultation and self-management. The latter form
is manifested in
the case of OCB consisting solely of women. Taking into
consideration that
women are empowered both to have voice at the local authorities
so as to gain
skills and knowledge for life, it can be said that SCORE
addresses women's
participation both as a mean and an end.
3. To what extent women have benefited from sub-grants provided
to
OCB under the project?
From the interviews there are indications that women benefited
from the sub-
grants. It is not yet the time to evaluate the impact of benefit
in these women's
lives because the purchase of goats for instance was made but
the cycle of
reproduction and transmission of offspring has not yet expired.
There are
exceptions to the OCB of Chitanga dedicated to baking because
there are
always dividends on sales. But in this OCB is not clear the
business future of
the bakery since they indicated that they sometimes use the
profits to support
orphans and vulnerable children. In the OCB of Mapihe is even
more worrying
because it was unclear the business future and even the
management of
shares, risks and benefits has not been properly clarified.
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4. To what extent the training delivered to OCB and CDL have
influenced the participation of women?
Due to small failures in SCORE internal coordination, was
limited number of
trainings conducted in this intervention. But the limited that
have been delivered
developed skills and approaches that culminated in empowerment
of women in
communities. Some women argue strongly that are members because
they
have been elected to positions in CDL only by recognition of
their merit. The
sub-grants reinforced the role of women as it was possible to
practice the
theory. Is not yet clear whether the strong participation of
women is coupled
with the fact that most of them are widows or unmarried.
5. What is the perception of the beneficiaries about promotion
of
citizen participation and women in particular (achievements
and
failures)?
The CDL is still new mechanism. Have not done a proper echo at
the level
of Local Councils. Therefore, women who are part of the CDL do
not have
the greatest opportunity to influence decision making within the
Localidade
and higher levels. But in general people say that CDL is the
efficient
mechanism for establishing permanent communication between
citizens and
local governments.
6. Are the results obtained with the implementation of the
plan
reasonable in relation to the cost of resources used?
Given the results observed at the Povoados is fair to say that
is reasonable,
even without knowing how much in terms of budget has been spent.
The
placement of SCORE technicians at Districts was crucial to the
achievement of
success and there are many doubts whether another mechanism
for
implementing the project would have these results.
7. Are the results and changes achieved lasting and
sustainable?
The observations lead to conclusions that OCB are more likely to
survive in the
absence of SCORE than CDL. The difference is that the CDL does
not produce;
coordinate development activities while the OCB produce and may
have funds
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29
for the operation itself. Coordination is often viewed as
additional task, and
spends time of the principal tasks, which does not correspond to
truth but is
the practice. Another situation is that the CDL are not a
provincial approach is
still confined to the three SCORE Districts. This complicates
somewhat the
support of District Governments.
8. Is the project replicable and transportable?
From the observed results can be stated that the constitution of
CDL in
particular is replicable and transportable. It is very clear how
to constitute the
CDL and its place within the institutions of participation and
community
consultation at district level. It can even be said that the
place of the CDL is
empty in most districts in Inhambane.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Under the conditions of implementation of SCORE can be concluded
that
the approach of the CDL and OCB is exemplary in promoting
women's
participation in local development actions. Many women who
assume
leadership in the CDL and CBOs are not part of the leadership of
the
CCL and thus had no opportunity to influence the decisions taken
in the
levels of Localidade and above;
The promotion of gender equity through CDL and OCB has
increased
the possibilities of affirmation of women in social and
economic
development especially for those women who had business
initiatives
such as xitique;
Not having many places in the CCL (10-20 members), the CDL and
OCB
represent opportunities for women to emit their voice to higher
levels to
influence decisions on public investment and governance in
general;
The direct support provided through the SCORE to OCB contributed
to
making the empowerment and participation of women into
something
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30
more effective rather than mere consultation, as provided by
Local
Consultative Councils;
The intervention in the field of gender and HIV / AIDS cannot be
seen as
a complete mainstreaming of these issues to the extent that
action has
not yet realized that help public and private institutions to
integrate
policies, strategies and budgets that reflect the needs and
contributions
of men and women;
The project (SCORE) has not been efficient in coordinating with
other
actors both internal (other CARE projects) or external
(district
governments, other NGOs).
VII. RECOMENDATIONS
The component of gender and HIV / AIDS SCORE has produced
encouraging results in terms of participation and empowerment
of
women. So, to save this progress is recommended to adopt
mechanisms
to ensure continuity of the support;
In order to attract more support for the approach of the CDL and
OCB as
platforms for women's empowerment, it is recommended that
SCORE
engage in divulgation of the approach to other governmental
levels,
cooperation agencies and other ONG.
Is also recommended that the CDL is legalized as a formal
participatory
and consultative groups recognized by the district
government;
With regard to external mainstreaming gender and HIV/AIDS
SCORE
should negotiate its activities in the planning stage with the
internal and
external partners to ensure that they can register activities
and budget on
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31
their plans. This would allow for example that the toolkit that
is mentioned
on the log frame is known and perhaps adopted by other
stakeholders;
The coordination with the District government is positive but
not yet
satisfactory. So if that is possible, the SCORE planning
exercise should
coincide with the preparation of PESOD for along with the other
actors
take a decision on the specific operation of each project. This
could avoid
overlapping of activities and budgets and increase the
confidence level
by the District Governments.