Location Incompability Opposition organization Year Intensity level Europe Azerbaijan Terr (Nagorno- Karabakh) Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia 1 1992–94 War Govt Husseinov military faction 1993 Minor OPON forces (Otryad Policija Osobogo Naznacenija: Special Police Brigade) 1995 Minor Bosnia and Herzegovina Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian irregulars,Yugoslavia 2 1992–93 War 1994–95 Intermediate 3 Terr (Croat) Croatian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian irregulars, Croatia 4 1993 War 1994 Intermediate Armed Conflicts 1946 - 2004 * * The location column lists the governmental party except in the case of extrastate conflicts, which are listed in italics with brackets around the name of the dependent territory, and, with both parties listed in the opposition organization column with the government name in bold. In the case of an interstate conflict, both parties are presented in the location column, with a dash between the two country names. Internationalized internal conflicts have at least one state or or multinational organization listed with the primary parties to the conflict. All other cases are internal conflicts. Minor armed conflict: at least 25 battle-related deaths in a year and fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths during the course of the conflict. Intermediate armed conflict: at least 25 but fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year and an accumulated total of more than 1,000 deaths. War: at least 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year. This document is part of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2004, an update of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2001 as described in Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637. The latest version of this document can always be found at the dataset webpage at http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/ 1 Armenia active in 1992–93. 2 Yugoslavia active in 1992–93. 3 Possibly war in 1994–95. 4 Croatia active in 1993.
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Location Incompability Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Europe
Azerbaijan Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia 1 1992–94 War
Govt Husseinov military faction 1993 Minor
OPON forces (Otryad Policija Osobogo Naznacenija: Special Police Brigade) 1995 Minor
Bosnia and Herzegovina Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia2 1992–93 War
1994–95 Intermediate3
Terr (Croat) Croatian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian irregulars, Croatia4 1993 War
1994 Intermediate
Armed Conflicts 1946 - 2004 *
* The location column lists the governmental party except in the case of extrastate conflicts, which are listed in italics with brackets around the name of the dependent territory, and, with both parties listed in the opposition organization column with the government name in bold. In the case of an interstate conflict, both parties are presented in the location column, with a dash between the two country names. Internationalized internal conflicts have at least one state or or multinational organization listed with the primary parties to the conflict. All other cases are internal conflicts. Minor armed conflict: at least 25 battle-related deaths in a year and fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths during the course of the conflict. Intermediate armed conflict: at least 25 but fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year and an accumulated total of more than 1,000 deaths. War: at least 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year.
This document is part of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2004, an update of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2001 as described in Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637. The latest version of this document can always be found at the dataset webpage at http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/
1 Armenia active in 1992–93.2 Yugoslavia active in 1992–93.3 Possibly war in 1994–95.4 Croatia active in 1993.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Terr (Bihača Krajina) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia 1993–95 Minor
Croatia Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Krajina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia5 1992–93 Minor
1995 Minor6
(Cyprus) Terr (Cyprus) United Kingdom vs. EOKA (Ethniki organosis kiprion agoniston: National Union of Cypriot Fighters) 1955–59 Minor
Cyprus –Turkey
Terr (Northern Cyprus) 1974 War
France Govt OAS (Organisation de l’armée secrète: Secret Army Organization) 1961–62 War
Georgia Govt Anti-government alliance7 1991–92 Minor
Zviadists 1992-93 Minor
Terr (South Ossetia) Republic of South Ossetia 1992 Minor
2004 Minor
Terr (Abkhazia) Republic of Abkhazia 1992 Minor
5 Yugoslavia active in 1992–1993.6 Possibly intermediate in 1995.7 The anti-government alliance in Georgia consisted of a faction of the National Guard, the Forces of Vazha Adamia and Mkhedrioni.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1993 War
Greece Govt DSE (Dimokratikos stratos ellados: Democratic Army of Greece) 1946–49 War
Hungary –Soviet Union Govt 1956 War
Macedonia Govt UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kombëtare: National Liberation Army) 2001 Minor
Moldova Terr (Dniestr) Dniestr Republic 1992 Minor
Romania Govt National Salvation Front 1989 Minor
Russia Govt Parliamentary forces 1993 Minor
Terr (Chechnya) Republic of Chechnya (Ichkeria) 1994 Minor
1995–96 War
1999–2001 War
2002-03 Intermediate
2004 War
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Terr (Dagestan) Wahhabi Movement of the Buinaksk District 1999 Minor
Soviet Union Terr (Estonia) Forest Brothers 1946–48 Intermediate
Terr (Latvia) LTS(p)A (Association of the Latvian Fatherland Guards), LNJS (Latvian NationalYouth of LTS(p)A), LNPA (Latvian National Guerilla Association)
1946–47 Intermediate
Terr (Lithuania) BDPS (Bendras demokratinio pasipriesinimo sajudis: United Democratic Resistance Movement) 1946–47 War
1948 Intermediate
Terr (Ukraine) UPA (Ukraine Partisan Army) 1946–48 War
1949–50 Intermediate
Terr (Azerbaijan) APF (Azerbaijani Popular Front) 1990 Minor
Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Armenia, ANM (Armenian National Movement) 1990–91 Minor
Spain Terr (Basque) ETA (Euskadi ta azkatasuna: Basque Nation and Liberty) 1980–81 Minor
1987 Minor
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1991–92 Minor
UK Terr (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) 1971–77 Minor
1978–91 Intermediate
Real IRA (Irish Republican Army) 1998 Intermediate
UK–Albania Terr (Korfu Channel) 1946 Minor
Yugoslavia Terr (Croatia) Republic of Croatia, Croatian irregulars 1991 War
Terr (Slovenia) Republic of Slovenia 1991 Minor
Terr (Kosovo) UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army) 1998 War
UCK, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)8 1999 War
8 Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK and USA.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Middle East
Egypt Govt Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Association) 1993–98 Minor
Egypt –UK Terr (Suez) 1951–52 Minor
Iran Terr (Azerbaijan) Republic of Azerbaijan, Soviet Union 1946 Minor
Terr (Kurdistan) Republic of Kurdistan/KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran), Soviet Union 1946 Minor
KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran) 1966–68 Intermediate9
1979–80 War
1981 Intermediate
1982 War
1983–88 Intermediate
1990 Intermediate
1993 Intermediate
1996 Intermediate
9 Possibly war in 1966–68.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Terr (Arabistan) APCO (Arab Political and Cultural Organization) 1979–80 Minor
Govt Mujahideen e Khalq 1979–80 Minor
1981–82 War
1986–88 Intermediate
1991–93 Intermediate
1997 Intermediate
1999–2001 Intermediate
Iraq Govt Military faction 1958 Minor
Nationalists 1959 Minor10
Military faction 1963 Minor
SCIRI (Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq) 1982–84 Minor
1987 Minor
1991 War
1992–96 Intermediate11
Al Mahdi Army, Jaish Ansar Al-Sunna (Army of the protectors of the faith), TQBR (Tanzim Qa’idat al Jihad fi Bilad al Rafidayn: Organization of of Jihad’s Base in the Country of the Two Rivers)12 2004 War
10 Possibly war in 1959.11 Possibly war in 1992.12 Until November 2004, the group was called Jama’at Al-Tawhid wa Al-Jihad.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Terr (Kurdistan)13 KDP (Al-hizb al dimuqraati al-kurid: Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq), PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)14 1961–63 War
1964 Intermediate
1965–66 War
1967–68 Intermediate
1969 War
1970 Intermediate
1973 Intermediate
1974–75 War
1976–87 Intermediate
1988 War
1989–90 Intermediate
1991 War
1992–93 Intermediate
PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) 1996 Intermediate
Iran – Iraq Terr (Various)15 1974 Minor
1980–88 War
13 Possibly war in the years 1968, 1970 and 1979–87.14 PUK active from 1975.15 Notably the Shatt-al-Arab, but also islands in the Strait of Hormuz as well as territory along their common land border. By 1982, the stated incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in
addition to the territorial dispute.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Iraq–USA, UK, Australia Government 2003 War
Iraq –Kuwait16 Terr (Kuwait) 1990 Minor
1991 War
(Israel) Terr (Israel) United Kingdom vs. IZL [Etzel] (Irgun zwai leumi: National Military Organization) 1946 Minor
Israel Terr (Palestine) Palestinian insurgents 1949–54 Minor
PFLP (Al-Jabna Al-Shabiyya li Tahrir Falastin: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) PFLP-GC (PFLG-General Command), Fatah (Harakat Tahrir Falastin: Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine), Hezbollah (Party of God), PIJ (Al-Jihad al-Islami fi Filastin: Palestinian Islamic Jihad), PNA (Palestinian National Authority), Hamas (Harakat al-muqawarna al-islamiyya: Islamic Resistance Movement), AMB (Kataeb al-Shaheed al-Aqsa: al-Aqsa Martyr’s Brigade), Harakat Amal (Hope Movement) 1989–2004 Intermediate
16 In 1991, Kuwait supported by the Multinational Coalition comprising troops from: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Syria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and USA.
17 It is unclear when the conflict changed from minor to intermediate.18 E.g. Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP-GC, Hizbollah and al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. For the period after 1988 it has been possible to be more exact in the coding, and more precise information is thus given
for these years.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Israel – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan Terr (Palestine) 1948 War
1949 Intermediate
Israel,UK, France –Egypt Terr (Suez) 1956 War
Israel –Egypt Terr (Suez/Sinai) 1967 War
1969–70 Intermediate19
1973 War
Israel –Jordan Terr (West Bank) 1967 War
Israel –Syria Terr (Golan Heights) 1967 War
1973 War
Lebanon Govt Independent Nasserite Movement /Mourabitoun militia 1958 War
19 Possibly war in 1970.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity levelVarious organizations20, Syria, Israel 1975 Minor
1976 War
1977–79 Intermediate21
1980–82 War
1983–88 Intermediate
Lebanese Army (Aoun), Lebanese Forces, Syria 1989–90 War
Muscat andOman/Oman22 Terr (Oman) State of Oman/Free Oman 1957 Minor
Govt PFLOAG (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arab Gulf)23, South Yemen 1972–75 Minor
N. Yemen 24 Govt Opposition coalition 1948 War
Royalists 1962–64 War
1965 Intermediate
1966–67 War
20 Some of the main groups being Progressive Socialist Party/Lebanese National Movement, Phalangist militia (Lebanese Forces), Lebanese Front, PLO, Mourabitoun, Lebanese Army, Amal, Hizbollah, SLA (South Lebanese Army), LCP (Lebanese Communist Party), PFLP-GC (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command), SSNP (Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party), Lebanese National Resistance Front, Popular Nasserite Organization, Lebanese Baath Party, Syria, Israel and Iran (Revolutionary Guard); all active during all or part of the conflict. Due to the chaotic situation from 1976 and the problems of identifying a governmental party, no governmental party representing Lebanon can be identified.
21 Possibly war in the years 1977–79 and 1983–84.22 Supported by troops from United Kingdom in 1957. Supported by troops from Iran, Jordan and the United Kingdom in 1972–75.23 Renamed PFLO (Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman) in 1974. 24 Supported by troops from Egypt in 1962–70.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1968–70 Intermediate
National Democratic Front 1980–82 Minor25
N. Yemen –S. Yemen
Govt/Terr (Common border) 1972 Minor
1978–79 Minor
Saudi Arabia Govt Juhayman movement 1979 Minor
(S. Yemen) Terr (Aden/South Yemen)
United Kingdom vs. NLF (National Liberation Front), FLOSY (Front for the Liberation of South Yemen) 1964–67 Minor
S. Yemen Govt Faction of Yemenite Socialist Party 1986 War
Syria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor
Muslim Brotherhood 1979–81 Minor
1982 War
Turkey Terr (Kurdistan) PKK (Partiya karkeren Kurdistan: Kurdistan Worker’s Party)26 1984–86 Minor
1987–91 Intermediate
25 Possibly intermediate or war in 1980–82.26 In 2002, the PKK changed its name to Kadek (Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress). In 2003, the name was changed again, this time to KONGRA-GEL (People’s Congress of Kurdistan).
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1992–97 War
1998–2004 Intermediate
Govt Devrimci sol (Revolutionary Left) 1991–92 Minor
Yemen Terr (South Yemen) Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 War
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Asia
Afghanistan27 Govt PDPA (People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan), Mujahideen (Afghanistan-based), Mujahideen (Pakistan-based), Mujahideen (Iran-based), Military faction, Taleban, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami, Jami’at-i-Islami, UIFSA (United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan)28, Multinational Coalition29 1978–2001 War
Taleban 2003-04 Intermediate
Bangladesh Terr (Chittagong Hill Tracts)
JSS/SB (Parbattya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti: Chittagong Hill Tracts People’s Coordination Association)/ Shanti Bahini (Peace Force) 1974–86 Minor
1987–92 Intermediate
(Brunei) Terr (North Borneo) United Kingdom vs. North Kalimantan Liberation Army 1962 Minor
Burma/Myanmar30 Govt BCP (Burmese Communist Party), leftist organizations31
1948–53 War
1954–67 Intermediate
27 Supported by troops from the Soviet Union in 1979–88. Supported by troops from Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, United Kingdom and the USA in 2003 and by troops from Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, UK and USA in 2004.
28 UIFSA was formed by Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami and Jami’at-i-Islami in 1996. 29 The Multinational Coalition, active in 2001 comprises troops from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, United Kingdom and USA.30 Due to the complex situation that has existed in Burma since independence, it is hard to find any reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on Burma 1948–1988 are
estimates. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact.31 Various factions of the Burmese Communist Party have developed over the years, such as the Red Flag and White Flag movements, Parliamentary Democracy Party, People’s Liberation Front,
National Democratic United Front, Nationalities Liberation Alliance. There are also several organizations operating along ethnic divisions, such as the Palung National Front and Palung State Liberation Organization.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1968–78 War
1979–88 Intermediate
ABSDF (All-Burma Students Democratic Front) 1990–92 Minor
1994 Minor
Terr (Arakan) Arakan insurgents32 1948–88 Minor
RSO (Rohingya Solidarity Organisation), ARIF (Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front) 1991–92 Minor
1994 Minor33
Terr (Mon) Mon insurgents34 1948–63 Minor
NMSP (New Mon State Party) 1990 Minor
BMA (Beik Mon Army) 1996 Minor
Terr (Shan) SSA (Shan State Army), SSIA (Shan State Independence Army) 1960–63 Minor
1964–70 War
SSNPLO (Shan State Nationalities People’s Liberation Organization), SSRA (Shan State Revolutionary Army), MTA (Mong Tai Army), PSLO (Palung State Liberation Organization) 1976–88 Intermediate
MTA (Mong Tai Army) 1993 Intermediate
32 APLP (Arakan People’s Liberation Party), ANLP (Arakan National Liberation Party), CPA (Communist Party of Arakan, AIO (Arakan Independence Organization), ALP/ALA (Arakan Liberation Party/Arakan Liberation Army), MLO (Moslem Liberation Organization of Burma), NUFA (National United Liberation Front of Arakan).
33 This conflict is coded as being a minor armed conflict for more than 40 years in total. This is contrary to our coding criteria. To date we have not succeeded in establishing when the accumulated death toll exceeded 1000 battle-related deaths.
34 Various organizations including MNDO (Mon National Defence Organisation), MPF (Mon People’s Front) and NMSP (New Mon State Party).
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1994 War
1995 Intermediate
SSA/s (Shan State Army/south command) 1996–2002 Intermediate
Terr (Kachin) PNDF (Pawngywng National Defense Force) 1949 Minor
KIO (Kachin Independence Organization) 1961–75 War
1976–92 Intermediate
Terr (Karenni) KNPP (Karenni National Progressive Party) 1957 Minor
1992 Minor
1996 Minor
Terr (Karen) KNU (Karen National Union), God’s Army35 1948–49 War
1950–91 Intermediate36
1992 War
1995 Intermediate
1997–2003 Intermediate
Terr (Wa) UWSA (United Wa State Army) 1997 Minor
35 God’s Army only active in 2000.36 Possibly war in 1991.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
(Cambodia) Terr (Cambodia) France vs. Khmer Issarak 1946–53 Minor37
Cambodia38 Govt Khmer Rouge 1967 War
1968–69 Intermediate
FUNK (Front uni national du Kampuchéa: National United Front of Kampuchea)39, North Vietnam 1970–75 War
KNUFNS (Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation), Vietnam 1978 War
Khmer Rouge, FUNCINPEC (Front uni national pour un Cambodge indépendent, neutre, pacifique et coopératif: United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia)40, KPNLF (Khmer People’s National Liberation Front) 1979–88 Intermediate41
1989 War
1990–98 Intermediate
Cambodia –Thailand
Terr (Common border) 1966 Minor
1977–78 Minor
37 Possibly intermediate or war in 1946–53.38 Supported by troops from South Vietnam and the USA 1970–73. Supported by troops from Vietnam in 1979–89.39 Coalition of KCP (Khmer Communist Party), Khmer Rouge and Sihanoukists.40 Formed in 1981.41 Possibly war 1979–88.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Cambodia –Vietnam
Terr (Common border) 1975–77 Minor42
China Govt People’s Liberation Army 1946–49 War
Terr (Taiwan) Taiwanese insurgents43 1947 War
Terr (Tibet) Tibet 1950 Minor
1956 War
1959 War
China –Taiwan44
Govt/Terr (Taiwan strait) 1949 War
1950 Intermediate
1954 War
1958 War
China – India Terr (Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh) 1962 War
1967 Intermediate
42 Possibly intermediate or war 1975–77.43 Note that this separatist insurgency involves Taiwanese aborigines and is unrelated to later China–Taiwan conflicts.44 Supported by troops from the USA from 1954 and on.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
China –Burma
Terr (Common border) 1969 Minor
China –Soviet Union Terr (Ussuri river) 1969 Minor
China –Vietnam Terr (Various)45 1978 Minor
1979 War
1980–81 Intermediate
1983–84 Intermediate
1986–88 Intermediate
Hyderabad Govt CPI (Communist Party of India) 1947–48 War
Hyderabad –India Terr (Hyderabad) 1948 War
India46 Govt CPI (Communist Party of India) 1948–51 War
CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Marxist)47 1967–72 Minor
45 Including their common land border, the Gulf of Tonkin, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.46 Due to the complex situation that has existed in India since independence, it is hard to find reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on India 1948–1988 are
estimates. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact.47 The CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Marxist) split in 1969 into CPI-ML (Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist) and MCC (Maoist Communist Centre). The CPI-ML has since then split into
numerous factions, one of the most important being People’s War Group (PWG).
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
PWG (People’s War Group), MCC (Maoist Communist Centre) 1990–94 Minor
1996–2004 Minor
Terr (Punjab/Khalistan) Sikh insurgents48 1983–86 Minor
1987 Intermediate
1988–92 War
1993 Intermediate
Terr (Nagaland) NNC (Naga Underground Rebels) 1956–59 Minor
1961–68 Minor
NSCN (I-M) (Naga Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isaac-Muivah faction) 1992–97 Minor
2000 Minor
Terr (Manipur) PLA (People’s Liberation Army), UNLF (United National Liberation Front), KNF (Kuki National Front) 1982–88 Minor
1992–2000 Minor
2003-04 Minor
Terr (Tripura) TNV (Tripura National Volunteers) 1978–88 Minor
48 A large number of groups have been active, reportedly more than 24 organizations and splinter groups in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been the KLF (Khalistan Liberation Force) and the KCF (Khalistan Commando Force).
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
ATTF (All Tripura Tiger Force), NLFT (National Liberation Front of Tripura) 1992-93 Minor
1995 Minor
1997-2004 Minor
Terr (Mizoram) MNF (Mizo National Front) 1966–68 Minor
Terr (Kashmir) Kashmir insurgents49 1989 Minor
1990–93 War
1994–98 Intermediate
1999–2004 War
Terr (Assam) ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) 1990-91 Minor
1994-2004 Minor
Terr (Bodoland) ABSU (All Bodo Student’s Union), NDFB (National Democratic Front for Bodoland) 1989-1990 Minor
1993–2004 Minor
India –Pakistan Terr (Kashmir) 1948 War
49 A large number of groups have been active. 60 groups were reported active in 1990, 140 in 1991 and 180 in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been JKLF (Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen and, in recent years, also the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jesh-e-Mohammad.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1964 Intermediate
1965 War
1971 War
1984 Intermediate
1987 Intermediate
1989–1992 Intermediate
1996–98 Intermediate
1999 War
2000–03 Intermediate
2004 War
(Indonesia) Terr (Indonesia) Netherlands vs. Indonesian People’s Army 1946–49 Minor
Indonesia Terr (South Moluccas)
Republic of South Moluccas1950 War
Terr (West Papua) OPM (Organisasi Papua merdeka: Organization for a Free Papua) 1965 Minor
1967–69 Minor
1976–78 War
Terr (East Timor) Fretilin (Frente revolucionária de Timor Leste independente: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) 1975–78 War
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1979–89 Intermediate
1992 Intermediate
1997–98 Intermediate
Terr (Aceh) GAM (Gerakan Aceh merdeka: Free Aceh Movement) 1990–1991 Minor50
1999–2002 Minor
2003-04 Intermediate
Govt Darul Islam Movement 1953 War
Darul Islam Movement, PRRI (Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic), Permesta movement 1958–61 Intermediate
Indonesia –Netherlands
Terr (West New Guinea) 1962 Minor
(Laos) Terr (Laos) France vs. Lao Issara 1946–49 Minor
1950–53 Intermediate51
Laos52 Govt Pathet Lao53, Neutrals 1959–61 War
Pathet Lao, North Vietnam 1963–73 War
50 Possibly war in 1990. Possibly Intermediate from 1991.51 Possibly war in 1950–53.52 Supported by troops from Thailand in 1960–61 and 1969. Supported by troops from the USA, South Vietnam in 1963–7353 Possibly supported by troops from North Vietnam.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
(Malaya) Terr (Malaya) United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand vs. Communist Party of Malaya 1948-57 War
Malaysia55 Govt CPM (Communist Party of Malaya) 1958–60 Minor
1974–75 Minor56
1981 Minor57
Terr (North Borneo) CCO (Clandestine Communist Organization) 1963–66 Minor
Malaysia58 –Indonesia Terr (North Borneo) 1963–66 Minor
Nepal Govt Nepali Congress 1960–62 Minor
CPN-M (Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist)/UPF (United People’s Front) 1996–2000 Minor
54 LRM, also known as NLF (National Liberation Front), was a loose umbrella organisation, consisting of e.g. the former Chao Fa (“soldiers of the sky”) organisation and the LNLA (Lao National Liberation Army). 55 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 1958–60.56 Possibly intermediate in 1974–75.57 Possibly intermediate in 1981.58 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
2001 Intermediate59
2002-04 War
N. Korea60 –S. Korea61 Terr (Korea) 1949 Minor62
1950–53 War
Pakistan Terr (East Pakistan) Mukti Bahini (Liberation Force) 1971 War
Terr (Baluchistan) Baluchi separatists 1974 War
1975–77 Intermediate63
Govt MQM (Mohajir Qaumi Movement) 1990 Minor
1995–96 Minor
Papua NewGuinea Terr (Bougainville) BRA (Bougainville Revolutionary Army) 1989–90 Minor
1992–96 Minor
59 Possibly war in 2001.60 Supported by troops from the Soviet Union and China in 1950-53.61 Supported by UN Alliance comprising troops from: United States, Australia, Canada, France, Greece, New Zealand, United Kingdom, the Philippines, Thailand, South Africa and Turkey from 1950, and
the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia and Ethiopia from 1951.62 Possibly war in 1949.63 Possibly war in 1975–77.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Philippines Govt HUK (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan: People’s Liberation Army) 1946–54 War
CPP (Communist Party of the Philippines), Military faction64 1969–80 Minor
1981 Intermediate
1982–86 War
1987–88 Intermediate
1989 War
1990 Intermediate
1991–92 War
1993–95 Intermediate
1997 Intermediate
1999–2004 Intermediate
Terr (Mindanao) MIM (Mindanao Independence Movement) 1970–71 Minor
MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front) 1972–77 Intermediate
1978 War
1979–80 Intermediate
1981 War
MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front), MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front), ASG (Abu Sayyaf Group), MNLF faction 1982–1990 Intermediate
1993–99 Intermediate
2000 War
64 Military faction only active 1989-1990.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
2001–04 Intermediate
S. Korea65 Govt Leftist insurgents (e.g. Inmin-gun: People’s Army, Military faction) 1948–50 War
S. Vietnam66 Terr (South Vietnam) Communist forces (developing into FNL [Front national de libération: National Liberation Front]) 1955–64 War
S. Vietnam67 –N. Vietnam68 Terr (South Vietnam) 1965–75 War
Sri Lanka Terr (Eelam) LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), TELO (Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization), PLOTE (People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam) 1983–84 Minor
65 Supported by troops from the USA in 1949-1950.66 Supported by troops from the USA from 1962.67 Supported by troops from the USA, Australia, New Zeeland, Thailand, South Korea and the Philippines 1965-1975.68 Supported by troops from North Korea 1965-1975.69 Possibly war in 1985–88.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Tajikistan70 Govt UTO (United Tajik Opposition) 1992–93 War
1994–96 Intermediate
Movement for Peace in Tajikistan 1998 Minor
Thailand Govt Military faction (Navy) 1951 Minor
CPT (Communist Party of Thailand) 1974–82 Intermediate71
Thailand –France
Terr (Northern Cambodia) 1946 Minor
Uzbekistan72 Govt IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) 2000 Minor
JIG (Jihad Islamic Group) 2004 Minor
(Vietnam) Terr (Vietnam) France vs. Viet Nam doc lap dong minh hoi (Vietnam Independence League) or Viet minh 1946–54 War
70 Supported by troops from Russia/CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) in 1993–96 and troops from Uzbekistan in 1993–94.71 Possibly war in 1977–79.72 Supported by troops from Kyrgyzstan in 2000.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Africa
(Algeria) Terr (Algeria) France vs. FLN (Front de libération nationale: National Liberation Front), MNA (Mouvement nationale algérien: Algerian National Movement) 1954 Minor
1955–61 War
1962 Intermediate
Algeria Govt Takfir wa’l Hijra (Exile and Redemption), MIA (Mouvement Islamique Armée; Armed Islamic Movement), FIS (Front Islamique du Salut / Islamic Salvation Front), GIA (Groupe islamique armé: Armed Islamic Group), GSPC (Groupe salafiste pour la prédicationet le combat: Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat) 1991–92 Minor
1993–2001 War
2002-04 Intermediate
Algeria –Morocco
Terr (Common border) 1963 Minor
(Angola) Terr (Angola) Portugal vs. MPLA (Movimento popular de libertação de Angola: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola)73 1960–65 Minor
1966–74 Intermediate74
73 Active from 1966.74 Possibly intermediate earlier than 1966, and some of the years 1966–74 should possibly be classified as war.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Angola75 Govt76 UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), South Africa77, FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), MPLA faction78, Zaire79 1975–94 War
1995 Intermediate80
1998–2001 War
2002 Intermediate
Terr (Cabinda) FLEC-R (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda-Renovada: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Renewed), FLEC-FAC (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda-Forças armadas de Cabinda: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda) 1991 Minor
1994 Minor
1996–98 Minor
2002 Minor
2004 Minor
Burkina Faso Govt Popular Front 1987 Minor
75 Supported by troops from Cuba until 1989. Supported by troops from Namibia in 1999–02.76 From 1990, only activity involving the government of Angola and UNITA.77 South Africa active in 1975, 1976, 1987 and 1988.78 MPLA faction only active in 1977.79 Zaire active in 1975.80 Possibly war in 1995.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Burkina Faso – Mali Terr (Agacher strip) 1985 Minor
Burundi Govt Military faction 1965 Minor
Palipehutu (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People) 1991-92 Minor
CNDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy), Palipehutu-FNL (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu-Forces nationales de libération: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People-Forces for National Liberation)81, Frolina (Front pour la libération nationale: National Liberation Front), CNDD-FDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy)82 1994–96 Minor83
1997 Intermediate84
1998 War
1999 Intermediate85
2000–02 War
2003-04 Intermediate
81 In 2002, Palipehutu-FNL split into the Palipehutu-FNL/Rwasa faction and the Palipehutu-FNL/Mugabarabona faction.82 In 2001, CNDD-FDD split into the CNDD-FDD/Ndayikengurukiye faction and the CNDD-FDD/Nkurunziza faction.83 Possibly intermediate in 1995–96.84 Possibly war in 1997.85 Possibly war in 1999.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
(Cameroon) Terr (Cameroon) France vs. UPC (Union des populations camerounaises: Union of the Populations of Cameroon) 1957–60 Minor
Cameroon Govt Military faction 1984 Minor
Cameroon –Nigeria Terr (Bakassi) 1996 Minor
CentralAfricanRepublic86 Govt Military faction 2001 Minor
Forces of François Bozize 2002 Minor
Chad87 Govt Various groups88 1965–88 War
1989 Intermediate
1990 War
86 Supported by troops from Libya in 2001.87 Due to the complex situation that has existed in Chad since independence, it is hard to find any reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on Chad until 1991 are
estimates. The data for the early 1990’s is more exact, but still problematic, whereas better precision has been posibble to achieve from the late 1990’s. 88 Some of the main groups being FROLINAT (Front de libération national du Chad: National Liberation Front of Chad), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chadian National Front), FAT (Forces armées
tchadiennes: Chadian Armed Forces), FAN (Forces armeés du Nord: Armed Forces of the North), FAP (Forces armées populaires: People’s Armed Forces), CDR (Conseil démocratique révolutionnaire: Democratic Revolutionary Council), FANT (Forces armies nationales tchadiennes: Chadian National Armed Forces), GUNT (Gouvernement d’union nationale de transition: Transitional Government of National Unity), Libya, Islamic Legion, Military faction developing into Revolutionary Forces of 1 April, MOSANAT (Mouvement pour la salvation nationale tchadienne: Movement for the National Salvation of Chad) and MPS (Mouvement patriotique du salut: Patriotic Salvation Movement). Few groups are active during all years.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
MDD (Mouvement pour la démocratie et le dévelopment: Movement for Democracy and Development), CSNPD (Conseil de salut national pour la paix et la démocratie: Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy), CNR (Comité national de redressement: National Council for Recovery), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chad National Front), FARF (Forces armées pour la République fédérale: Armed Forces of the Federal Republic), MDJT (Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad: Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad) 1991–94 Minor
1997–2002 Minor89
Chad –Libya Terr (Aozou strip) 1987 War
Chad –Nigeria Terr (Lake Chad) 1983 Minor
Comoros Govt Presidential guard 1989 Minor
Terr (Anjouan) MPA (Mouvement populaire anjouanais: Anjouan People’s Movement)/Republic of Anjouan) 1997 Minor
CongoBrazzaville90 Govt Ninjas, Cobras, Angola91, Cocoyes, Ntsiloulous 1993–94 Minor
1997–98 War
89 Possibly intermediate by 2001.90 Supported by troops from Angola and Chad in 1998–99 and by troops from Angola in 2002.91 Angola only active in 1997.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1999 Intermediate
2002 Intermediate
Democratic Republic of Congo92 Terr (Katanga) Katanga 1960–62 Minor
Terr (South Kasai) Independent Mining State of South Kasai 1960–62 Minor
Govt CNL (Conseil national de libération: National Liberation Council) 1964–65 War
Opposition militias93 1967 Minor
FLNC (Front de libération nationale congolais: Congolese National Liberation Front) 1977 Minor
1978 Intermediate94
AFDL (Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Kinshasa: Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Kinshasa), Rwanda 1996 Minor
RCD (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie: Congolese Democratic Rally), RCD-ML (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie-Mouvement de libération: Congolese Democratic Rally-Liberation Movement), MLC (Mouvement de libération congolais: Congolese Liberation Movement), Angola95, Rwanda, Uganda 1997–2000 War
92 The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) previously called Congo (1960–1971) and Zaire (1971–1997). Government of DRC supported by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia and Chad in 1998–99, and by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia in 2000–01.
93 Including Katangese gendarmes and mercenaries.94 Possibly war in both 1977 and 1978.95 Angola active in 1997.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
2001 Intermediate96
Djibouti Govt FRUD (Front pour la restauration de l’unité et de la démocratie: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) 1991–94 Minor
FRUD faction 1999 Minor
EquatorialGuinea Govt Military faction 1979 Minor
Eritrea Govt EIJM (Harakat al Jihad al Islami: Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement) - Abu Suhail faction 1997 Minor
Terr (Ogaden)98 WSLF (Western Somali Liberation Front)99 1975–76 Minor
1977–78 War
1979–83 Intermediate
ONLF (Ogaden National Liberation Front) 1996 Minor
1998–2002 Minor100
2004 Minor
Terr (Afar) ALF (Afar Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor
ARDUF (Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front) 1996 Minor
Terr (Somali) al-Itahad al-Islami (Islamic Union) 1996–97 Minor
1999 Minor
Terr (Oromiya) OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor
98 Ethiopia supported by troops from Cuba in 1975–83.99 Backed by Somali “volunteers” that were likely to have been regular troops from the Somali National Army.100 Possibly intermediate by 2001.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1999–2004 Minor101
Ethiopia –Somalia Terr (Ogaden) 1960 Minor
1964 Minor
1973 Minor
1983 Minor
1987 Minor
Gabon102 Govt Military faction 1964 Minor
Gambia103 Govt SRLP (Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party) 1981 Minor
Ghana Govt Military faction (National Liberation Council) 1966 Minor
Military faction (Provisional National Defence Council) 1981 Minor
Military faction 1983 Minor
Guinea Govt Military faction 1970 Minor
101 Possibly intermediate by 2001. Possibly war in 2002.102 Supported by troops from France.103 Supported by troops from Senegal in 1981.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
RFDG (Rassemblement des forces démocratiques de Guinée: Rally of Democratic Forces of Guinea) 2000–01 Minor104
(GuineaBissau)
Terr (Guinea-Bissau) Portugal vs. PAIGC (Partido africano da independência da Guiné e do Cabo Verde: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde) 1963–64 Minor
1965–73 Intermediate
GuineaBissau105 Govt Military Junta for the Consolidation of Democracy, Peace and Justice 1998 War
1999 Intermediate
Ivory Coast Govt MPCI (Mouvement patriotique de la Côte d’Ivoire: Patriotic Movement of Ivory Coast), MJP (Mouvement pour la justice et la paix: Movement for Justice and Peace), MPIGO (Mouvement populaire ivorian du Grand Ouest: Ivorian Movement for the Greater West) 2002-03 Minor
Forces Nouvelles106 2004 Minor
(Kenya) Terr (Kenya) United Kingdom vs. Mau Mau 1952 Minor
1953–56 War
Kenya Govt Military faction 1982 Minor
104 Possibly intermediate in 2001.105 Supported by troops from Senegal and Guinea in 1998–99.106 Formed by MPCI, MJP and MPIGO in 2003.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Lesotho107 Govt Military faction 1998 Minor
Liberia Govt Military faction (People’s Redemption Council) 1980 Minor
NPFL (National Patriotic Forces of Liberia), INPFL (Independent NPFL) 1989 Minor
1990 War
1991 Intermediate
1992 War
1993–95 Intermediate108
LURD (Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy) 2000–02 Minor109
2003 War
(Madagascar) Terr (Malagasy) France vs. MDRM (Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache: Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renewal) 1947 War
Madagascar Govt Monima (Mouvement National pour l’Independence de Madagascar: National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar) 1971 Minor
Mali Terr (Azawad) MPA (Mouvement populaire de l’Azaouad: Azawad People´s Movement) 1990 Minor
FIAA (Front islamique arabe de l’Azaouad: Islamic Arab Front of Azawad) 1994 Minor
107 Supported by troops from South Africa and Botswana in 1998.108 Possibly war in 1993.109 Possible intermediate by 2001. Possibly war in 2002.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
(Morocco) Terr (Morocco) France vs. Istiqlal (Moroccan Nationalist Party) 1953–56 Minor
(Morocco/Mauritania)
Terr (Morocco/Mauritania) France110 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957–58 Minor
(Morocco/Spanish territories)
Terr (Morocco/Spanish territories) Spain111 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957 Minor
Morocco Govt Military faction 1971 Minor
Morocco, Mauretania112
Terr (Western Sahara)
Polisario (Frente popular de liberación de Saguia el Hamra y Rio de Oro: Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia al Hamra and Rio de Oro) 1975–80 War
1981–89 Intermediate113
(Mozambique) Terr (Mozambique) Portugal vs. Frelimo (Frente de libertação de Moçambique: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) 1964–65 Minor
1966–71 Intermediate
110 Supported by troops from Spain.111 Supported by troops from France.112 Mauritania involved 1975–1979.113 Possibly war in some of the years, e.g. 1987.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level1972–73 War
1974 Intermediate
Mozam-bique114
Govt Renamo (Resistência nacional moçambicana: Mozambican National Resistance, MNR) 1977–80 Minor
1981–92 War
Niger Terr (Air and Azawad) FLAA (Front de libération de l’Aïr et l’Azaouad:Aïr and Azawad Liberation Front) 1992 Minor
CRA (Coordination of the Armed Resistance) 1994 Minor
UFRA (Union des forces de la résistance armée: Union of Forces of the Armed Resistance) 1997 Minor
Terr (Eastern Niger) FDR (Front démocratique pour le renouveau: Democratic Front for Renewal) 1996 Minor
FARS (Forces révolutionnaires du Sahara: Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara) 1997 Minor
Nigeria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor
Terr (Biafra) Republic of Biafra 1967–70 War
Terr (Northern Nigeria)115 Ahlul Sunna Jamaa (Followers of the Prophet) 2004 Minor
114 Supported by troops from Zimbabwe in 1985–90.115 More precisely, Ahlul Sunnah Jamaa aims to establish an Islamic State by carving out areas around Kanamma, Yunusari and Toshiya in northern Nigeria.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Rhodesia Govt ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union), ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People’s Union) 1972–75 Minor
PALIR (Peuple en armes poue la liberation du Rwanda: Armed People for the Liberation of Rwanda)117 1997 Minor
1998 War
1999–2000 Intermediate
2001 War
2002 Intermediate
Senegal Terr (Casamance) MFDC (Mouvement des forces démocratiques de Casamance: Movement of the Democratic Forces of the Casamance) 1990 Minor
1992–93 Minor
1995 Minor
1997-98 Minor118
1999–2001 Intermediate
116 Supported by troops from Zaire in 1990.117 The organisation is often referred to as ex-FAR and Interahamwé in the news media.118 Possibly intermediate in 1998.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
2003 Intermediate
SierraLeone119 Govt
RUF (Revolutionary United Front), AFRC (Armed Forces Revolutionary Council), Kamajors120 1991–93 Minor
SRRC (Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council) 2001–02 Minor
South Africa Terr (Namibia) SWAPO (South West Africa People’s Organization) 1966–78 Minor
1979 Intermediate
119 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 2000.120 AFRC and Kamajors active in 1997–99.121 Somalia is not included as an active armed conflict in 1997–2000 since the fighting did not include the government forces. During those years, most violence involved various groups in southern
Somalia.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1980–83 War
1984–85 Intermediate
1986–88 War
Govt ANC (African National Congress), PAC (Pan Africanist Congress), Azapo (Azanian People’s Organization) 1981–88 Minor
Sudan Govt Sudanese Communist Party 1971 Minor
Islamic Charter Front 1976 Minor
SLA (Sudan Liberation Movement/Army), JEM (Justice and Equality Movement) 2003-04 War
Terr (Southern Sudan)122 Anya Nya123 1963–72 War
SPLM (Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement), SPLM faction, NDA (National Democratic Alliance)124, SAF (Sudan Alliance Forces) 1983–92 War
1993–94 Intermediate125
1995–2002 War
2003-04 Intermediate
122 By 1997 the incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute. 123 Formed Southern Sudanese Liberation Movement in 1970 together with other southern Sudanese opposition organizations.124 NDA includes SPLM as its largest member organization.125 Possibly war in 1993–94.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Togo Govt MTD (Movement togolaise pour la démocratie: Togolese Movement for Democracy) 1986 Minor
Military faction 1991 Minor
(Tunisia) Terr (Tunisia) France vs. National Liberation Army 1953–56 Minor
Tunisia Govt Résistance armée tunisienne (Tunisian Armed Resistance) 1980 Minor
Tunisia –France Terr (Bizerte) 1961 War
Uganda126 Govt Military faction 1971 Minor
UPA (Uganda People’s Army) 1972 Minor
Military faction 1977 Minor
Military faction, UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), Tanzania 1978 Minor
1979 War
126 Supported by troops from Libya in 1978–79.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
NRA (National Resistance Army)127, UFM (Uganda Freedom Movement), UPM (Ugandan Patriotic Movement), UNRF (Uganda National Rescue Front), UFDM (Ugandan Federal Democratic Movement), UPF (Uganda People’s Front), UPDA (Ugandan People’s Democratic Army), UPC (Uganda People’s Congress), UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), FOBA (Force Obote Back Again), UDCA (Uganda Democratic Christian Army), HSM (Holy Spirit Movement), HSM-Severino faction 1981–1988 War
UPDA faction, UPA (Uganda People’s Army), UDCA (Uganda Democratic Christian Army) 1989 War
1990 Intermediate
1991 War
LRA (Lord’s Resistance Army)128, WNBF (West Nile Bank Front), ADF (Alliance of Democratic Forces), UNRF II (Uganda National Rescue Front II) 1994–2003 Intermediate129
2004 War
127 NRA active 1981–1986.128 Note that the LRA was previously called UDCA.129 Possibly war in 2002.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Americas
Argentina Govt Military faction 1955 Minor
Military faction (Azules: Blue) 1963 Minor
ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: Revolutionary Worker’s Party), Montoneros 1973–74 Minor
1975 War
1976–77 Intermediate130
Argentina –UK
Terr (Malvinas/Falkland Islands) 1982 War
Bolivia Govt Popular Revolutionary Movement 1946 War
MNR (Movimiento nacionalista revolucionario: National Revolutionary Movement) 1952 Minor
ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1967 Minor
Chile Govt Military faction 1973 Minor
130 Possibly war in 1976–77.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Colombia Govt FARC (Fuerzas armadas revolucionarias colombianas: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army), EPL (Ejército popular de liberación: People’s Liberation Army), M-19 (Movimiento 19 de Abril: 19 April Movement), FARC faction, ELN faction, MAO (Movimiento de autodefensa obrera: Workers’ Self-Defence Movement), Quintin lame131 1966–79 Minor132
1980–88 Intermediate133
1989–90 War
1991 Intermediate
1992–93 War
1994–97 Intermediate
1998–2002 War
2003 Intermediate
2004 War
Costa Rica Govt National Liberation Army 1948 War
Cuba Govt Military faction 1953 Minor
Movimiento 26 de Julio (26 July Movement) 1957 Minor
1958 War
National Revolutionary Council, USA 1961 Minor
131 Only FARC and ELN active in 1992–2003. In 2004 FARC, ELN and EPL were active.132 It is unclear when the conflict changed from minor to intermediate.133 Possibly war in several of the years.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
DominicanRepublic Govt Military faction 1965 Minor134
Ecuador –Peru
Terr (Cordillera del Condor) 1995 Minor
El Salvador Govt Military faction 1972 Minor
ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: People’s Revolutionary Army), FAL (Fuerzas armadas de liberación: Armed Liberation Forces), FARN (Fuerzas armadas de resistencia nacional: Armed Forces of National Resistance), FPL (Fuerzas populares de liberación farabundo Marti: Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces), PRTC (Partido revolucionario de trabajadores centroamericanos: Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers), FMLN (Frente farabundo Marti para la liberación nacional: Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation)135 1979–80 Minor
1981–90 War
1991 Intermediate
El Salvador –Honduras
Terr (Common border) 1969 War
Grenada –USA Govt 1983 Minor
134 Possibly war in 1965.135 In 1980, FMLN was formed by ERP, FAL, FARN, FPL and PRTC
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Guatemala Govt Military faction 1949 Minor
Forces of Carlos Castillo Armas 1954 Minor
MR-13 (Movimiento revolucionario trece de noviembre: 13 November Revolutionary Movement), FAR (Fuerzas armadas rebeldes: Rebel Armed Forces), EGP (Ejército guerilleros de los pobres: Guerilla Army of the Poor), PGT (Partido guatemalteco del trabajo: Guatemalan Worker’s Party), ORPA (Organización del pueblo en armas: Organization of Armed People), URNG (Unidad revolucionaria nacional guatemalteca: Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity)136 1965–67 Minor
1968 Intermediate
1969–87 War
1988–95 Intermediate
Haiti Govt Leopard Corps 1989 Minor
Tonton Macoute (Uncle Knapsack), Engin Lourd 1991 Minor
RARF (Front de Résistance Artibonite; Revolutionary Arbonite Resistance Front), OP Lavalas 2004 Minor
Honduras –Nicaragua
Terr (Common border) 1957 Minor
Mexico Govt EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de liberación nacional: Zapatista National Liberation Army) 1994 Minor
EPR (Ejercito Popular Revolucionario: Popular Revolutionary Army) 1996 Minor
136 In 1980, URNG was formed by FAR, EGP, PGT and ORPA.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
Nicaragua Govt FSLN (Frente Sandinista de liberación nacional: Sandinista National Liberation Front) 1978–79 War
Contras137 1981–82 Minor
1983–88 War
1989 Intermediate
Panama Govt Military faction 1989 Minor
Panama –USA Govt 1989 Minor
Paraguay Govt Opposition coalition138 1947 War
Military faction 1954 Minor
Military faction 1989 Minor
Peru Govt MIR (Movimiento de la izquierda revolucionaria: Movement of the Revolutionary Left), Túpac Amaru [Guillermo Lobatón], ELN (Ejército de la liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1965–66 Minor
SL (Sendero luminoso: Shining Path), MRTA (Movimiento revolucionario Tupac Amaru: Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement) 1981–85 War
137 Various groups, mainly FDN (Fuerzas democráticas nicaraguenses: Nicaraguan Democratic Forces).138 The Opposition coalition consisted of Febreristas, Liberals and Communists
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level
1986–87 Intermediate
1988–93 War
1994–99 Intermediate
(Puerto Rico) Terr (Puerto Rico) USA vs. Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1950 Minor
Surinam Govt SLA (Surinamese Liberation Army)/Jungle Commando 1986–88 Minor
Trinidad andTobago Govt Jama’at al-Muslimeen (Society of Muslims) 1990 Minor
Uruguay Govt MLN (Movimiento de liberación nacional: Movement of National Liberation)/Tupamaros 1972 Minor
USA139 Govt al-Qa’ida (The Base) 2001 War
2002 Intermediate
2004 Intermediate
Venezuela Govt Military faction 1962 Minor
Military faction (Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement for National Salvation) 1992 Minor
139 Supported by a Multinational Coalition. For information on the countries contributing troops to the coalition, see http://www.pcr.uu.se/database.
Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level