Armaments Policy 12 A rmaments policy is embedded into the overall framework of actions developed by the “country system” to meet its own needs in terms of security and defence. Such poli- cy is aimed at meeting the operational require- ments of the Italian Armed Forces as far as mate- rials are concerned, safeguarding and developing the intellectual, technological and production heri- tage of the domestic defence industry, promoting its presence on the export market and developing international cooperation (especially in the EU and NATO context) in the field of armament materials so as to decrease development, production and support costs through sharing operational require- ments, standardisation of procurement rules and harmonization of the legislative framework for armaments export.In Italy the requirements for systems and equipment of the Armed Forces are defined – accordingly to policy guidelines provided by the Minister of Defence – by the Chief of Defen- ce Staff (CDS), who takes into consideration the requests from the Armed Forces Staffs, sets priori- ties, identifies the necessary financial resources and, after having requested Ministerial approval, plans their allocation. It is then the mission of the Secretary General of Defence/National Armaments Director (SGD/NAD) to define a suitable procure- ment strategy, submit it (jointly with the CDS) to the Minister for approval and implement it. Other than using funds planned for armament programmes through the Ministry of Defence’s General Directorates, the Secretary General of Defence/NAD is responsible for directing and coor- dinating technological research through the defini- tion and management of the National Military Rese- arch Plan (PNRM). Furthermore, the Secretary General of Defence/NAD represents Italy in inter- national fora (first and foremost in Europe and NATO) with the aim of ensuring, according to the Government guidelines, the management of coope- ration initiatives, preserving the interest of the “country system” and the domestic defence indu- stry. RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY The growing technological content of modern weapon systems and the high cost of the research needed for their development highlight the impor- Sopra: il Segretario alla Difesa Robert Gates (a sinistra) e il Ministro della Difesa on. Ignazio La Russa firmano a Washington il Reciprocal Defense Procurement Memorandum fra USA e Italia, il 20 ottobre 2008. In basso: un’unità della Forza da Sbarco impegnata in Libano. Nella pagina accanto in basso: un VBC 8x8 esposto a Eurosatory dal Consorzio Iveco-OTO Melara. Above: the US Secretary of Defence Robert Gates (left) and the Ministry of Defence of Italy, Hon. Ignazio La Russa, sign the Reciprocal Defence Procurement Memorandum in Washington on 20 October 2008. Right: a vessel of the Italian Navy’s Landing Force deployed in Lebanon. Opposite page, bottom: an 8x8 armoured combat vehicle exhibited at Eurosatory by the Iveco-OTO Melara consortium.
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Armaments Policy
12
Armaments policy is embedded into the
overall framework of actions developed
by the “country system” to meet its own
needs in terms of security and defence. Such poli-
cy is aimed at meeting the operational require-
ments of the Italian Armed Forces as far as mate-
rials are concerned, safeguarding and developing
the intellectual, technological and production heri-
tage of the domestic defence industry, promoting
its presence on the export market and developing
international cooperation (especially in the EU and
NATO context) in the field of armament materials
so as to decrease development, production and
support costs through sharing operational require-
ments, standardisation of procurement rules and
harmonization of the legislative framework for
armaments export.In Italy the requirements for
systems and equipment of the Armed Forces are
defined – accordingly to policy guidelines provided
by the Minister of Defence – by the Chief of Defen-
ce Staff (CDS), who takes into consideration the
requests from the Armed Forces Staffs, sets priori-
ties, identifies the necessary financial resources
and, after having requested Ministerial approval,
plans their allocation. It is then the mission of the
Secretary General of Defence/National Armaments
Director (SGD/NAD) to define a suitable procure-
ment strategy, submit it (jointly with the CDS) to
the Minister for approval and implement it.
Other than using funds planned for armament
programmes through the Ministry of Defence’s
General Directorates, the Secretary General of
Defence/NAD is responsible for directing and coor-
dinating technological research through the defini-
tion and management of the National Military Rese-
arch Plan (PNRM). Furthermore, the Secretary
General of Defence/NAD represents Italy in inter-
national fora (first and foremost in Europe and
NATO) with the aim of ensuring, according to the
Government guidelines, the management of coope-
ration initiatives, preserving the interest of the
“country system” and the domestic defence indu-
stry.
RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY
The growing technological content of modern
weapon systems and the high cost of the research
needed for their development highlight the impor-
Sopra: il Segretario alla
Difesa Robert Gates
(a sinistra) e il Ministro della
Difesa on. Ignazio La Russa
firmano a Washington
il Reciprocal Defense
Procurement Memorandum
fra USA e Italia,
il 20 ottobre 2008.
In basso: un’unità della
Forza da Sbarco impegnata
in Libano.
Nella pagina accanto in
basso: un VBC 8x8 esposto a
Eurosatory dal Consorzio
Iveco-OTO Melara.
Above: the US Secretary of
Defence Robert Gates (left)
and the Ministry of Defence
of Italy, Hon. Ignazio La
Russa, sign the Reciprocal
Defence Procurement
Memorandum in Washington
on 20 October 2008.
Right: a vessel of the
Italian Navy’s Landing Force
deployed in Lebanon.
Opposite page, bottom:
an 8x8 armoured combat
vehicle exhibited at
Eurosatory by the
Iveco-OTO Melara
consortium.
La Politica degli Armamenti
13
La politica degli armamenti si inquadra nel-
l’insieme delle azioni che il “sistema Paese”
sviluppa per far fronte alle proprie esigen-
ze nel campo della sicurezza e difesa, ed è rivolta a
soddisfare le esigenze operative delle Forze Armate
in termini di materiali, a tutelare ed accrescere il
patrimonio intellettuale, tecnologico e produttivo
dell’industria nazionale per la Difesa, a promuover-
ne la presenza sui mercati dell’esportazione e svi-
luppare la cooperazione internazionale (soprattutto
in ambito UE e NATO) nel campo dei materiali d’ar-
mamento, al fine di ridurne i costi di sviluppo, pro-
duzione e supporto attraverso la condivisione dei
requisiti operativi, la standardizzazione delle regole
del procurement e l’armonizzazione delle leggi che
regolano l’esportazione.
In Italia le esigenze relative ai mezzi e ai mate-
riali per le Forze Armate vengono definite – in linea
con gli indirizzi di policy espressi dal Ministro della
Difesa – dal Capo di SMD, che recepisce le richieste
degli Stati Maggiori di Forza Armata, le filtra e le
armonizza al fine di soddisfare le esigenze globali
dello strumento militare, stabilisce le priorità, indi-
vidua le risorse finanziarie necessarie e, una volta
ottenuta l’approvazione del Ministro, ne pianifica
l’assegnazione. Spetta a questo punto al Segretario
Generale della Difesa/Direttore Nazionale degli
Armamenti definire la strategia di acquisizione otti-
male, sottoporla (d’intesa col Capo di SMD) all’ap-
provazione del Ministro e attuarla.
Oltre a provvedere, attraverso le Direzioni
Generali del Ministero della Difesa, all’impiego dei
fondi destinati ai programmi d’armamento, il Segre-
tario Generale della Difesa/DNA è responsabile del-
l’indirizzo e del coordinamento della ricerca tecno-
logica, cui provvede attraverso la definizione e la
gestione del Piano Nazionale della Ricerca Militare
(PNRM). Egli rappresenta inoltre l’Italia nei conses-
si internazionali (a partire da quelli europei e NATO)
con l’obiettivo di contribuire, sulla base degli indiriz-
zi del Governo, a favorire la cooperazione, tutelan-
do gli interessi del “sistema Paese” e dell’industria
nazionale per la Difesa.
LA RICERCA
Il crescente contenuto tecnologico dei moderni
sistemi d’arma e i rilevanti costi della ricerca colle-
gata al loro sviluppo concorrono a sottolineare l’im-
portanza della funzione svolta dal SGD/DNA nel
settore della ricerca e dell’innovazione tecnologica,
che si esplica attraverso la sensibilizzazione degli
organi istituzionali circa l’importanza della ricerca,
l’analisi delle idee e delle proposte relative ai pro-
grammi di R&T e il coordinamento dei programmi
da attuare, per ciascun esercizio finanziario, sia in
ambito nazionale nel quadro del già citato PNRM,
sia in ambito internazionale (soprattutto EDA e
NATO).
Il PNRM attiva su base annua, da parte della
sola Amministrazione Difesa, investimenti del valo-
re di oltre 50 milioni di euro, rivolti ad aree di ricer-
ca di particolare importanza in relazione al poten-
ziale delle tecnologie coinvolte e al consolidamento
del know-how e delle posizioni di eccellenza dell’in-
dustria nazionale. Un quadro più dettagliato delle
iniziative in corso in questo settore e dei soggetti
coinvolti è fornito dal capitolo dedicato al V Repar-
to (Ricerca Tecnologica) di SGD/DNA.
IL PROCUREMENT
Una volta che l’area tecnico-operativa ha defi-
nito caratteristiche e quantità dei mezzi e materiali
da acquisire e individuato le risorse necessarie,
spetta all’area tecnico-amministrativa avviare e
gestire l’iter di acquisto, avvalendosi del “braccio
operativo” costituito dalle Direzioni Generali. Si trat-
Sopra: il Sottosegretario di
Stato alla Difesa
on. Crosetto e il SGD/DNA
Gen. Cinelli si intrattengono
con i rappresentanti di
AgustaWestland e Tata Sons
in occasione della firma
dell’accordo per
l’assemblaggio finale in
India dell’AW119.
Above: the Under Secretary
of State for Defence,
Hon. Guido Crosetto and the
SGD/NAD Lt. General Aldo
Cinelli with representatives
of AgustaWestland and Tata
Sons after the signature of
the agreement for the final
assembly of the AW119 in
India.
14
tance of the function performed by SGD/NAD in the
field of research and technological innovation. This
function implies to make aware the institutional
organisations of the importance of research, the
analysis of ideas and proposals related to R&T pro-
grammes and the coordination of future program-
mes: these are implemented, for each financial
year, in the framework of the National Military
Research Plan at national level and, as well as
within NATO and EDA at internationl level.
The PNRM triggers on a yearly basis about 50
millions Euros of investments from the Defence
budget. They are devoted to peculiar research
areas, in accordance with involved technologies,
know-how consolidation and excellence niches of
national industry. A more detailed picture of the
current initiatives in this field and the involved sta-
keholders is provided in the chapter dedicated to
the 5th Department (Technological Research) of
the SGD/NAD.
PROCUREMENT
After the Defence technical-operational area
has defined characteristics and quantity of systems
and equipment to be procured, and has identified
the resources needed, the technical-administrative
area starts and manages the procurement process,
using its “operational arm”, i.e. the General Direc-
torates. Procurement is a complex activity, charac-
terised – before, during and after the definition of
a contractual relationship – by an intense and con-
tinuous interaction between the Ministry of Defen-
ce and industry. In this context, the SGD/NAD’s
tasks include:
• promoting and executing technical and mar-
ket analysis to identify practicable solutions for sati-
sfying the operational requirement (off-the-shelf
procurement, modification of existing systems, new
developments);
• assessing the possibility of cooperation with
other countries, on either a bi- or multilateral basis,
for the common development and production of
systems;
• defining administrative, financial and schedu-
le parameters that regulate the procurement.
The steps required to perform these tasks puts
the SGD/NAD at the core of an information network
that involves Armed Forces Staffs, Ministries, indu-
stries and organizations, even at international level,
having competence in cooperation and procure-
ment. Accordingly to the efforts performed by
European countries to rationalise demands, arma-
ments market and industry, a key role is played by
OCCAR, LoI and the European Defence Agency
(EDA).
EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
The European Union is for Italy the main refe-
rence to pursue, in a framework of shared vision, a
greater effectiveness and competitiveness of the
defence industry, by fostering rationalisation, opti-
misation and development of strategic capabilities.
These objectives are pursued through initiatives
aimed at creating a true European Defence Equip-
ment Market (EDEM) and consolidating the Europe-
an Defence Technological and Industrial Base
(EDTIB).
Strengthening the EDTIB requires the identifi-
cation of key strategic industrial capabilities to be
safeguarded, which have to take into account key
strategic activities indicated by military staffs, and
involves several issues:
• security of procurement for the EU Members
states, through a reduction of restrictions for arma-
Sopra: il Direttore Generale
dell’Agenzia Industrie
Difesa, on. Marco Airaghi,
in visita all’Arsenale
di Messina.
Accanto: la cerimonia del
varo del primo di tre
cacciamine per la Marina
Finlandese presso
l’Intermarine di Sarzana, il
16 giugno 2009.
Sotto: il velivolo da
trasporto C-27J è stato
acquisito dalle Forze Aeree
di numerosi paesi.
Above: the General Director
of the Defence Industries
Agency, Hon. Marco
Airaghi, visits the Arsenal
of Messina. Top right: the
ceremony for the launch
of the first of three
minehunters for the Finnish
Navy, built at Sarzana by
Intermarine, on 16 June
2009. Below: the C-27J
transport aircraft has been
procured by the armed
forces of many countries.
ments transfers within EU;
• a reduction of the industrial off-sets principle,
so as to avoid market distortions;
• a limitation of public subsidies and public con-
trol of industry;
• the preservation of security information.
In this framework, a key role is played by the
European Defence Agency (EDA), established by
the European Council on 12 July 2004 and based in
Brussels. Among the most important decisions
approved by the Ministries of Defence of the EU
countries participating to EDA there are:
• the Code of Conduct (CoC) for procurement
(21 November 2005), aimed at helping transparen-
cy and European market opening through the gra-
dual removal of barriers that still protect national
suppliers, limiting the “protection” allowed by Arti-
cle 296 of the Treaty of Rome and encouraging
competition on a European basis;
• the strategy for creating the European Defen-
ce Technology Industrial Base (EDITB), agreed on
14 May 2007;
• the directive on intra-EU transfers of military
equipment (16 December 2008).
Similar objectives are pursued by the countries
(France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain
and Sweden) participating to the Letter of Intent-
Framework Agreement (LoI-FA),. signed in 1988 by
the six European countries hosting the most deve-
loped defence industries, with the aim of reorgani-
sing the defence industry through the simplification
and harmonisation of national regulations in major
areas that include, other than those mentioned for
EDA, exports procedures, preservation of technical
information property and harmonization of military
requirements.
OCCAR (Organisation Conjointe de Coopération
en matière d'ARmement), created in 1996 and cur-
rently comprising six Members (Belgium, France,
Germany, Great Britain and Italy), is tasked with
facilitating and managing the European coopera-
tion in the development, production and in-service
support of armaments materials, through the amal-
Sopra: una delegazione
della LoI-FA in visita al
Segretariato Generale
della Difesa; l’Europa è
uno dei punti di
riferimento per la politica
di sicurezza e difesa
dell’Italia.
Above: a LoI-FA
delegation visits the
Secretariat General of
Defence. Europe is one of
the reference points for
the Italian security and
defence policy.
17
ta di un’attività complessa, caratterizzata – prima,
durante e dopo la definizione del rapporto contrat-
tuale – da un’intensa e continua interazione fra
l’Amministrazione Difesa e l’industria. In questo
contesto, rientra fra i compiti del SGD/DNA:
• promuovere ed effettuare analisi tecniche e di
mercato al fine di individuare le soluzioni praticabi-
li per soddisfare il requisito operativo (acquisti off
the shelf, adattamento di prodotti esistenti, svilup-
po ex novo);
• verificare la possibilità di cooperazione con
Paesi terzi, su base bi-o multilaterale, per lo svilup-
po e/o la produzione comune dei materiali;
• definire i parametri amministrativi, finanziari e
temporali che regolano l’acquisizione.
L’insieme dei passaggi a ciò necessari vede il
SGD/DNA al centro di una rete di flussi informativi
e decisionali che coinvolge Stati Maggiori, Ministeri,
Industrie e Organizzazioni, anche internazionali,
competenti in materia di cooperazione e di procu-
rement. Fra queste ultime un posto di primo piano
spetta, in considerazione degli sforzi che i Paesi
europei sono impegnati a compiere per la raziona-
lizzazione della domanda, dei mercati e dell’indu-
stria degli armamenti, all’OCCAR, alla LoI-FA e
all’Agenzia Europea della Difesa.
LA COOPERAZIONE EUROPEA
E INTERNAZIONALE
L’Unione Europea rappresenta per l’Italia il prin-
cipale punto di riferimento per raggiungere, nel
quadro di una visione condivisa, una maggiore effi-
cienza e competitività dell’industria per la difesa,
favorendo la razionalizzazione, l’ottimizzazione e lo
sviluppo delle capacità industriali di importanza
strategica. Tutto questo mediante iniziative rivolte
alla creazione di un vero mercato europeo della
difesa (European Defence Equipment Market,
EDEM) e al consolidamento della base tecnologica
e industriale europea della difesa (European Defen-
ce Technological and Industrial Base, EDTIB).
Il rafforzamento dell’EDTIB richiede anzitutto
l’individuazione delle capacità strategiche industria-
li (key strategic industrial capabilities) da salva-