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Audit of the Acquisition and Payment Audit of the Acquisition and Payment Cycle: Tests of Controls, Substantive Cycle: Tests of Controls, Substantive Tests of Transactions, and Accounts Tests of Transactions, and Accounts
Payable.Payable.
Chapter 18Chapter 18
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Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1
Identify the accounts and theIdentify the accounts and the
classes of transactions in theclasses of transactions in the
acquisition and payment cycle.acquisition and payment cycle.
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Transactions in the Acquisition Transactions in the Acquisition and Payment Cycleand Payment Cycle
1. Acquisitions of goods and services
2. Cash disbursements
3. Purchase returns and allowancesand purchase discounts
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Accounts in the AcquisitionAccounts in the Acquisitionand Payment Cycleand Payment Cycle
Cash in Bank
Purchase Returnsand Allowances
PurchaseDiscounts
Cashdisbursements
Purchasereturns andallowances
Purchasediscounts
Acquisitionsof goods andservices
Raw MaterialPurchases
Property, Plantand Equipment
PrepaidExpenses
Accounts Payable
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Accounts in the AcquisitionAccounts in the Acquisitionand Payment Cycleand Payment Cycle
Acquisitionsof goods andservices
Accounts Payable
Manufacturing Expense Control Account
Subsidiary accountsRepair and maintenanceTaxes, SuppliesFreight in, Utilities
Administrative Expense Control Account
Subsidiary accountsSupplies, Officers’ travelLegal feesAuditing fees, Taxes
Selling Expense Control Account
Subsidiary accountsCommissionsTravel, delivery expensesRepairs, Advertising
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Learning Objective 2Learning Objective 2
Describe the business functionsDescribe the business functions
and the related documents andand the related documents and
records in the acquisition andrecords in the acquisition and
payment cycle.payment cycle.
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Classes of TransactionsClasses of Transactionsand Accountsand Accounts
Inventory Property, plant, and equipment Prepaid expenses Leasehold improvements Accounts payable Manufacturing expenses Selling and administrative expenses
Acquisitions:
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Classes of TransactionsClasses of Transactionsand Accountsand Accounts
Cash in bank (from cash disbursements) Accounts payable Purchase discounts
Cash disbursements:
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Business Functions in the CycleBusiness Functions in the Cycle
Processing purchase orders
Receiving goods and services
Recognizing the liability
Processing and recording cash disbursements
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Related DocumentsRelated Documentsand Reportsand Reports
Purchase requisition
Purchase order
Receiving report
Processing purchase orders:
Receiving goods and services:
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Related DocumentsRelated Documentsand Reportsand Reports
Vendor’s invoice
Voucher
Debit memo
Recognizing the liability:
Acquisitions transaction file
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Related DocumentsRelated Documentsand Reportsand Reports
Acquisitions journal or listing
Accounts payable master file
Accounts payable trial balance
Vendor’s statement
Recognizing the liability:
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Related DocumentsRelated Documentsand Reportsand Reports
Cash disbursements transaction file
Check
Cash disbursements journal or listing
Processing and recording cash disbursements:
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Learning Objective 3Learning Objective 3
Understand internal control, andUnderstand internal control, and
design and perform tests ofdesign and perform tests of
controls and substantive testscontrols and substantive tests
of transactions for the acquisitionof transactions for the acquisition
and payment cycle.and payment cycle.
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Methodology for Designing Controls Methodology for Designing Controls and Substantive Testsand Substantive Tests
Understand internal control –acquisitions and cash disbursements
Assess planned control risk –acquisitions and cash disbursements
Determine extent of testing controls
Audit procedures
Sample size
Items to select
Timing
Design tests of controls andsubstantive tests of transactions
for acquisitions and cashdisbursements to meet
transaction-related audit objectives
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Understand Internal ControlUnderstand Internal Control
Perform walk-through tests
Study the client’s flowcharts
Review internal control questionnaires
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Assess Planned Control RiskAssess Planned Control Risk
Authorization of purchases
Separation of asset custody fromother functions
Timely recording and independentreview of transactions
Authorization of payments
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Determine Extent of TestingDetermine Extent of Testingof Controlsof Controls
The auditor identifies the key internal controlsand weaknesses and assesses control risk
The auditor performs tests of controls to obtainevidence that controls are operating effectively
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Controls and Substantive TestsControls and Substantive Testsof Transactions for Acquisitionsof Transactions for Acquisitions
Recorded acquisitions are for goodsand services received (occurrence)
Existing acquisitions are recorded(completeness)
Acquisitions are accurately recorded(accuracy)
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Controls and Substantive TestsControls and Substantive Testsof Transactions for Acquisitionsof Transactions for Acquisitions
Acquisitions are correctly includedin the master files (posting andsummarization)
Acquisitions are correctly classified(classification)
Acquisitions are recorded on thecorrect dates (timing)
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Attributes SamplingAttributes Sampling
Because of the importance of tests of controlsand substantive tests of transactions foracquisitions and cash disbursements, the useof attributes sampling is common in thisaudit area.
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Important DifferencesImportant Differences
Larger number of transactions
Significant judgment
Wide range of dollar amount
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Learning Objective 4Learning Objective 4
Describe the methodology forDescribe the methodology for
designing tests of details ofdesigning tests of details of
balances for accounts payablebalances for accounts payable
using the audit risk model.using the audit risk model.
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Identify client businessrisks affecting
accounts payable
Methodology for Designing TestsMethodology for Designing Testsof Balances for Accounts Payableof Balances for Accounts Payable
Set tolerable misstatementand assess inherent risk
for accounts payable
Assess control risk forthe acquisition and
payment cycle
Phase I
Phase I
Phase I
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Methodology for Designing TestsMethodology for Designing Testsof Balances for Accounts Payableof Balances for Accounts Payable
Design and performtests of controls and
substantive testsof transactions
for the acquisitionand payment cycle
Phase II
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Timing
Items to select
Sample size
Audit procedures
Methodology for Designing TestsMethodology for Designing Testsof Balances for Accounts Payableof Balances for Accounts Payable
Design and performanalytical procedures
for accountspayable balanceDesign tests of
details of accountspayable balance to
satisfy balance-related auditobjectives
Phase III
Phase III
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Learning Objective 5Learning Objective 5
Design and perform analyticalDesign and perform analytical
procedures for accounts payable.procedures for accounts payable.
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Analytical Procedures for the Analytical Procedures for the Acquisition and Payment CycleAcquisition and Payment Cycle
Review list of accounts payablefor unusual, nonvendor, andinterest-bearing payables
Classification misstatementfor nontrade liabilities
Analytical procedure
Compare acquisition-relatedexpense account balanceswith prior years.
Misstatement of accountspayable and expenses
Possible misstatement
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Analytical Procedures for the Analytical Procedures for the Acquisition and Payment CycleAcquisition and Payment Cycle
Analytical procedure
Compare individual accountspayable with previous years
Unrecorded or nonexistentaccounts, or misstatements
Calculate ratios, such aspurchases divided by accountspayable, and accounts payabledivided by current liabilities
Unrecorded or nonexistentaccounts, or misstatements
Possible misstatement
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Learning Objective 6Learning Objective 6
Design and perform tests ofDesign and perform tests of
details of balances for accountsdetails of balances for accounts
payable, including out-of-periodpayable, including out-of-period
liability tests.liability tests.
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Out-of-Period Liability TestsOut-of-Period Liability Tests
Examine underlying documentation forsubsequent cash disbursements
Examine underlying documentation for billsnot paid several weeks after the year-end
Trace receiving reports issued beforeyear-end to related vendors’ invoices
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Out-of-Period Liability TestsOut-of-Period Liability Tests
Trace vendors’ statements that show a balancedue to the accounts payable trial balance
Send confirmations to vendors with whichthe client does business
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Cutoff TestsCutoff Tests
Relationship of cutoff to physicalobservation of inventory
Inventory in transit FOB destination
FOB origin
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Learning Objective 7Learning Objective 7
Distinguish the reliability ofDistinguish the reliability of
vendors’ invoices, vendors’vendors’ invoices, vendors’
statements, and confirmationsstatements, and confirmations
of accounts payable as auditof accounts payable as audit
evidence.evidence.
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Reliability of EvidenceReliability of Evidence
Distinction between vendors’ invoicesand vendors’ statements
Difference between vendors’ statementsand confirmations
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Sample SizeSample Size
Sample sizes for accounts payable tests varyconsiderably, depending on many factors.
Statistical sampling is less commonly usedfor the audit of accounts payable thanfor accounts receivable.
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Types of Audit Tests for theTypes of Audit Tests for theAcquisition and Payment CycleAcquisition and Payment Cycle
TOC + STOT + AP + TDB= Sufficient appropriate evidence per GAAS
Cash inBank
AccountsPayable
AcquisitionExpenses
Payments Expenses
Audited byTOC, STOT, and AP
Endingbalance
Endingbalance
Audited byTOC, STOT, and AP
Audited byAP and
TDB
Auditedby AP and
TDB
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Types of Audit Tests for theTypes of Audit Tests for theAcquisition and Payment CycleAcquisition and Payment Cycle
TOC + STOT + AP + TDB= Sufficient appropriate evidence per GAAS
AccountsPayable
AcquisitionAssets
Acquisitionof assets
Endingbalance
Audited byTOC, STOT, and AP
Audited byAP and
TDB
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End of Chapter 18End of Chapter 18