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Audit Planning and
Analytical Procedures
Chapter 8
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Learning Objective 1
Discuss why adequate audit
planning is essential.
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Three Main Reasons for
Planning
1. To obtain sufficient appropriate evidence
for the circumstances
2. To help keep audit costs reasonable
3. To avoid misunderstanding with the client
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Risk Terms
Acceptable audit risk
Inherent risk
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Planning an Audit and
Designing an Audit Approach
Accept client and perform initial audit planning.
Understand the clients business and industry.
Assess client business risk.
Perform preliminary analytical procedures.
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Planning an Audit and
Designing an Audit Approach
Set materiality and assess acceptable audit risk
and inherent risk.
Understand internal control and assess control risk.
Gather information to assess fraud risks.
Develop overall audit plan and audit program.
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Learning Objective 2
Make client acceptance decisions
and perform initial audit planning.
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Initial Audit Planning
1. Client acceptance and continuance
2. Identify clients reasons for audit
3. Obtain an understanding with the client
4. Develop overall audit strategy
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Learning Objective 3
Gain an understanding of the
clients business and industry.
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Understanding of the Clients
Business and Industry
Factors that have increased the
importance of understanding the
clients business and industry:
Global operations
Information technology
Human capital
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Understanding of the Clients
Business and Industry
Industry and external environment
Business operations and processes
Management and governance
Objectives and strategies
Measurement and performance
Understand clients business and industry
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Industry and External
Environment
Reasons for obtaining an understanding of the
clients industry and external environment:
1. Risks associated with specific industries
2. Inherent risks common to all clients in
certain industries
3. Unique accounting requirements
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Business Operations
and Processes
Factors the auditor should understand:
Major sources of revenue
Key customers and suppliers
Sources of financing
Information about related parties
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Tour the Plant and Offices
By viewing the physical facilities,
the auditor can asses physical
safeguards over assets and interpret
accounting data related to assets.
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Identify Related Parties
A related party is defined as an affiliated
company, a principal owner of the client
company, or any other party with whichthe client deals, where one of the parties
can influence the management or
policies of the other.
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Management and Governance
Management establishes the strategies and
processes followed by the clients business.
Governance includes the clients organizationalstructure, as well as the activities of the board
of directors and the audit committee.
Corporate charter and bylaws
Meeting minutes
Code of ethics
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Code of Ethics
In response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the SEC
now requires each public company to disclose
whether is has adopted a code of ethics that
applies to senior management.
The SEC also requires companies to disclose
amendments and waivers to the code of ethics.
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Client Objectives and Strategies
Strategies are approaches followed by the
entity to achieve organizational objectives.
Auditors should understand client objectives.
Effectiveness and efficiency of operations
Financial reporting reliability
Compliance with laws and regulations
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Measurement and Performance
The clients performance measurement system
includes key performance indicators. Examples:
market share sales per employee
unit sales growth
Web site visitors
same-store sales
sales/square foot
Performance measurement includes ratio analysis
and benchmarking against key competitors.
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Learning Objective 4
Assess client business risk.
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Assess Client Business Risk
Client business r is kis the risk that the
client will fail to achieve its objectives.
What is the auditors primary concern?
Material misstatements in the financial
statements due to client business risk
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Clients Business, Risk, and
Risk of Material Misstatement
Understand clientsbusiness and industry
Industry and external environment
Business operations and processes
Management and governance
Objectives and strategies
Measurement and performance
Assess client businessrisk
Assess risk of materialmisstatements
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that
management certify it has designed
disclosure controls and procedures to
ensure that material information aboutbusiness risks is made known to them.
It also requires that management certify
it has informed the auditor and audit
committee of any significant deficiencies
in internal control.
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Learning Objective 5
Perform preliminary analytical
procedures.
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Preliminary Analytical
Procedures
Comparison of client ratios to industry
or competitor benchmarks provides an
indication of the companys performance.
Preliminary tests can reveal unusual
changes in ratios.
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Examples of Planning Analytical
Procedures
Liquidity activity ratio:
Inventory turnover 3.36 5.20
Ability to meet long-term obligations:
Debt to equity 1.73 2.51
Profitability ratio:
Profit margin 0.05 0.07
Short-term debt-paying ability:
Current ratio 3.86 5.20
Client IndustrySelected Ratios
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Summary of the Parts
of Auditing Planning
A major purpose is to gain an understanding
of the clients business and industry.
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Key Parts of Planning
Accept client and perform initial planning
New client acceptance and continuance
Identify clients reasons for audit
Obtain an understanding with client
Staff the engagement
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Key Parts of Planning
Understand the clients business and industry
Understand clients industry and external
environment
Understand clients operations, strategies,
and performance system
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Key Parts of Planning
Assess client business risk
Evaluate management controlsaffecting business risk
Assess risk of material misstatements
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Key Parts of Planning
Perform preliminary analytical procedures
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Learning Objective 6
State the purposes of analytical
procedures and the timing
of each purpose.
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Analytical Procedures
1. Required in the planning phase
2. Often done during the testing phase
3. Required during the completion phase
AU 329 emphasizes the expectations
developed by the auditor.
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Timing and Purposes of
Analytical Procedures
(Required)Planning
PhasePurpose
Understand clients
industry and business
Assess going concern
Indicate possible
misstatements(attention directing)
Reduce detailed tests
TestingPhase
(Required)Completion
Phase
Primary
purpose
Secondarypurpose
Primary
purpose
Secondarypurpose
Primarypurpose
Primary
purpose
Secondarypurpose
Secondary
purpose
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Learning Objective 7
Select the most appropriate
analytical procedure from
among the five major types.
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Five Types of Analytical
Procedures
Compare client data with:
1. Industry data
2. Similar prior-period data
3. Client-determined expected results
4. Auditor-determined expected results
5. Expected results using nonfinancial data.
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Compare Client and Industry
Data
Inventory turnover 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.4Gross margin 26.3% 26.4% 27.3% 26.2%
Client Industry
2009 2008 2009 2008
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Compare Client Data with
Similar Prior Period Data
Net sales $143,086 100.0 $131,226 100.0Cost of goods sold 103,241 72.1 94,876 72.3Gross profit $ 39,845 27.9 $ 36,350 27.7Selling expense 14,810 10.3 12,899 9.8Administrative expense 17,665 12.4 16,757 12.8Other 1,689 1.2 2,035 1.6Earnings before taxes $ 5,681 4.0 $ 4,659 3.5Income taxes 1,747 1.2 1,465 1.1Net income $ 3,934 2.8 $ 3,194 2.4
2009
(000)Prelim.
% ofNet sales
2008
(000)Prelim.
% ofNet sales
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Learning Objective 8
Compute common financial ratios.
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Common Financial Ratios
Short-term debt-paying ability
Liquidity activity ratios
Ability to meet long-term debt obligations
Profitability ratios
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Short-term Debt-paying Ability
Current ratio Current assetsCurrent liabilities
=
Cash ratio(Cash + Marketable securities)
Current liabilities=
Quick ratio(Cash + Marketable securities
+ Net accounts receivable)
Current liabilities
=
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Liquidity Activity Ratios
Accounts receivable
turnover
Net sales
Average gross receivables=
Days to collectreceivable
365 daysAccounts receivable turnover
=
Inventory
turnover
Cost of goods sold
Average inventory
=
Days to sell
inventory
365 days
Inventory turnover=
Abilit t M t L t D bt
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Ability to Meet Long-term Debt
Obligation
Debt to equityTotal liabilities
Total equity=
Times interest
earned
Operating income
Interest expense=
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Profitability Ratios
Earnings
per share
Net income
Average common shares outstanding=
Gross profit
percent
(Net sales Cost of goods sold)
Net sales=
Profit margin Operating incomeNet sales
=
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Profitability Ratios
Return oncommon
equity
(Income before taxes Preferred dividends)
Average stockholders equity
=
Return on
assets
Income before taxes
Average total assets=
S f A l ti l
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Summary of Analytical
Procedures
They involve the computation of ratios
and other comparisons of recorded
amounts to auditor expectations.
They are used in planning to understand
the clients business and industry.
They are used throughout the audit to identify
possible misstatements, reduce detailed tests,
and to assess going-concern issues.
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End of Chapter 8