80% 80% 80% 80% 7% 7% 7% 7% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 3% 3% 3% 3% MAIN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MAIN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MAIN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MAIN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN 2011. IN 2011. IN 2011. IN 2011. 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 100 100 100 100 120 120 120 120 140 140 140 140 160 160 160 160 1996 1996 1996 1996 1998 1998 1998 1998 2000 2000 2000 2000 2002 2002 2002 2002 2004 2004 2004 2004 2006 2006 2006 2006 2008 2008 2008 2008 2010 2010 2010 2010 SOYA; 73,3 CORN; 46,8 COTTON; 21 RAPESEED; 7 Million Hectares HECTARES CULTIVATED WITH MAIN GENETICALLY HECTARES CULTIVATED WITH MAIN GENETICALLY HECTARES CULTIVATED WITH MAIN GENETICALLY HECTARES CULTIVATED WITH MAIN GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS. EVOLUTION. MODIFIED CROPS. EVOLUTION. MODIFIED CROPS. EVOLUTION. MODIFIED CROPS. EVOLUTION. 49% 49% 49% 49% 31% 31% 31% 31% 14% 14% 14% 14% 5% 5% 5% 5% 1% 1% 1% 1% MAIN GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS MAIN GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS MAIN GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS MAIN GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS IN IN IN IN 2011 2011 2011 2011. . . SOYA SOYA SOYA SOYA CORN CORN CORN CORN COTTON COTTON COTTON COTTON RAPESEED RAPESEED RAPESEED RAPESEED BEET ROOT, LUCERNE, PAPAYA AND OTHERS BEET ROOT, LUCERNE, PAPAYA AND OTHERS BEET ROOT, LUCERNE, PAPAYA AND OTHERS BEET ROOT, LUCERNE, PAPAYA AND OTHERS WHAT ARE WHAT ARE WHAT ARE WHAT ARE GENETICALLY MODIFIED GENETICALLY MODIFIED GENETICALLY MODIFIED GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS FOODS FOODS FOODS? ? ? Genetically Modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms modified through genetic engineering. In other words, GM foods have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering in order to produce foods with a specific characteristic. HOW HAS THE PRODUCTION HOW HAS THE PRODUCTION HOW HAS THE PRODUCTION HOW HAS THE PRODUCTION INCREASED INCREASED INCREASED INCREASED? ? ? China was the first country to grow a commercial genetically modified crop-transgenic tobacco in 1992. In 1994, the transgenic Flavr Savr tomato was grown genetically engineered for human consumption. In 1995, 200,000 hectares of genetically modified food were grown. In 1996, the number increased to 1,7 millions hectares. Since then, it has not stopped increasing. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Million Hectares PRODUCTION INCREASE PRODUCTION INCREASE PRODUCTION INCREASE PRODUCTION INCREASE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE ODS ARE BANNED. ODS ARE BANNED. ODS ARE BANNED. ODS ARE BANNED. 24,12% 24,12% 24,12% 24,12% 1,48% 1,48% 1,48% 1,48% 11,04% 11,04% 11,04% 11,04% 0,26% 0,26% 0,26% 0,26% BOLIVIA BOLIVIA BOLIVIA BOLIVIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES MYANMAR MYANMAR MYANMAR MYANMAR … … … % % % % GM CROPPED BY COUNTRY GM CROPPED BY COUNTRY GM CROPPED BY COUNTRY GM CROPPED BY COUNTRY 80% 80% 80% 80% Monsanto Monsanto Monsanto Monsanto Aventis Aventis Aventis Aventis Syngenta Syngenta Syngenta Syngenta BASF BASF BASF BASF DuPont DuPont DuPont DuPont ARE ARE ARE ARE GENETICALLY GENETICALLY GENETICALLY GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS MODIFIED FOODS MODIFIED FOODS MODIFIED FOODS HELPFUL HELPFUL HELPFUL HELPFUL? ? ? DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OF GM FOODS OF GM FOODS OF GM FOODS OF GM FOODS MILLIONS HECTARES GROWN I MILLIONS HECTARES GROWN I MILLIONS HECTARES GROWN I MILLIONS HECTARES GROWN IN 2011. N 2011. N 2011. N 2011. THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF PROBLEM OF PROBLEM OF PROBLEM OF HUNGRY IN THE WORLD HUNGRY IN THE WORLD HUNGRY IN THE WORLD HUNGRY IN THE WORLD According to Greenpeace, it is a matter of unfairness both in the distribution and in the acces to the foods. It is also a matter of culture and human rights. Some of the food exporting and importing countries are those with a significant rate of extreme poverty and hunger. For instance: Argentina Second producing and exporting country of soybean in the world. 1/2 of its population live in poverty. DIFIED FOODS VS COUNTRIES WHERE GENETICALLY MODIFIED FO DIFIED FOODS VS COUNTRIES WHERE GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOO DIFIED FOODS VS COUNTRIES WHERE GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOO DIFIED FOODS VS COUNTRIES WHERE GENETICALLY MODIFIED FO 42,40% 42,40% 42,40% 42,40% 49,67% 49,67% 49,67% 49,67% 76,45% 76,45% 76,45% 76,45% 6,71% 6,71% 6,71% 6,71% 23,05% 23,05% 23,05% 23,05% 3,50% 3,50% 3,50% 3,50% 71,79% 71,79% 71,79% 71,79% 12,74% 12,74% 12,74% 12,74% 16,05% 16,05% 16,05% 16,05% 69,14% 69,14% 69,14% 69,14% USA USA USA USA BRAZIL BRAZIL BRAZIL BRAZIL ARGENTINA ARGENTINA ARGENTINA ARGENTINA INDIA INDIA INDIA INDIA CANADA CANADA CANADA CANADA CHINA CHINA CHINA CHINA PARAGUAY PARAGUAY PARAGUAY PARAGUAY PAKISTAN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA URUGUAY URUGUAY URUGUAY URUGUAY COUNTRIES WHERE COUNTRIES WHERE COUNTRIES WHERE COUNTRIES WHERE GM FOODS ARE GM FOODS ARE GM FOODS ARE GM FOODS ARE BANNED BANNED BANNED BANNED: : : Ten countries in the EU have banned the planting of GM foods: France, Germany, Austria, Greece, Luxembourg, Ireland, Poland, Hungary, Italy and Bulgaria. Spain is the only European country where the planting of GM foods is allowed. ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES OF GM FOODS OF GM FOODS OF GM FOODS OF GM FOODS Nutrition improvement Greater crops productivity Fresher foods Herbicide resistant crops Increase in the crops productivity Reduction in agricultural cost Preserving natural biodiversity Droght and stress tolerant crops OF GM FOODS OF GM FOODS OF GM FOODS OF GM FOODS New toxins and allergens in food-potential risk of allergy. Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes- reduced effectiveness of certain medicines. Dissemination of diseases across the species barriers. Herbicide-resistance weeds which have been genetically engineered could invade the fields, thus substituting the less competitive traditional plants. Biodiversity loss-Biological Balance Disruption. Increase in the use of chemical products on plants- increase in the levels of water and foods pollution. Transfer to the future generations of artificially induced characteristics with inevitable imperfections. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION It is a fact that GM crops are more productive and cost It is a fact that GM crops are more productive and cost It is a fact that GM crops are more productive and cost It is a fact that GM crops are more productive and cost- - -effective. effective. effective. effective. However, they are not the solution to the world hungry. However, they are not the solution to the world hungry. However, they are not the solution to the world hungry. However, they are not the solution to the world hungry. From an economic point of view, it is the manufacturing From an economic point of view, it is the manufacturing From an economic point of view, it is the manufacturing From an economic point of view, it is the manufacturing industries the ones that benefit from these crops. industries the ones that benefit from these crops. industries the ones that benefit from these crops. industries the ones that benefit from these crops. It can be claimed that the production of GM crops will continue to It can be claimed that the production of GM crops will continue to It can be claimed that the production of GM crops will continue to It can be claimed that the production of GM crops will continue to increase in the next few years, which will enlarge the economic increase in the next few years, which will enlarge the economic increase in the next few years, which will enlarge the economic increase in the next few years, which will enlarge the economic and social differences and social differences and social differences and social differences among people among people among people among people as the world is ruled by as the world is ruled by as the world is ruled by as the world is ruled by capitalism and not by the concepts of justice and equality. capitalism and not by the concepts of justice and equality. capitalism and not by the concepts of justice and equality. capitalism and not by the concepts of justice and equality. SOURCES: SOURCES: SOURCES: SOURCES: Clive James; ISAAA; Greenpeace; Semillas y Salud (Seeds and health); datos.bancomundial.org; PALT(Platform Andalusia free of GM foods); ecoportal.net; www.transgenicos.cl Background Background Background Background : : : : COUNTRIES GROWING GENETICALLY MOD COUNTRIES GROWING GENETICALLY MOD COUNTRIES GROWING GENETICALLY MOD COUNTRIES GROWING GENETICALLY MOD