Architettura pc - Slide - Ing. Cristian Randieri -

Ing. Cristian Randieri Università Degli Studi di Catania


Scheda madre generica di un PC


Scheda madre “all on board”


Scheda Madre con Bus PCI/ISA disposto verticalmente


Fase di installazione di una scheda audio


BUS TERMINOLOGY


Architettura tipica di un sistema a microprocessore moderno


Scheda madre reale


Scheda madre con ZIF Socket



Architettura tipica di un sistema basato su processore AMD ATHLON





BUS A CONFRONTOStandard Typical uses Burst DTR Outlook

ISA Sound cards, modems

2 MBps to 8.33 MBps

Expected to be phasedout by late 1999

EISA Network, SCSI adapters

33 MBps Almost entirely phasedout; superseded by PCI

PCI Graphics cards, SCSI adapters, new generation sound cards

266 MBps Standard add-inperipheral bus for the foreseeable future

AGP Graphics cards 528 MBps Standard in all Intel-based PCs from the Pentium II; co-exists withPCI


Diagramma di un processore reale di ultima generazione


Processori moderni a confronto


Type/Generation

Year Data/Address

bus width

Level 1 Cache(KB)

Memorybus speed

(MHz)

Internalclockspeed(MHz)8088/

First 1979 8/20 bit None 4.77-8 4.77-8

8086/First

1978 16/20 bit None 4.77-8 4.77-8

80286/Second

1982 16/24 bit None 6-20 6-20

80386DX/Third

1985 32/32 bit None 16-33 16-33

80386SX/Third

1988 16/32 bit 8 16-33 16-33

80486DX/Fourth

1989 32/32 bit 8 25-50 25-50

80486SX/Fourth

1989 32/32 bit 8 25-50 25-50

80486DX2/Fourth

1992 32/32 bit 8 25-40 50-80

80486DX4/Fourth

1994 32/32 bit 8+8 25-40 75-120

Pentium/Fifth

1993 64/32 bit 8+8 60-66 60-200

MMX/Fifth

1997 64/32 bit 16+16 66 166-233

Pentium Pro/Sixth

1995 64/36 bit 8+8 66 150-200

Pentium II/Sixth

1997 64/36 bit 16+16 66 233-300

Pentium II/Sixth

1998 64/36 bit 16+16 66/100 300-450

Pentium III/Sixth

1999 64/36 bit 16+16 100 450-600

AMD Athlon/Seventh

1999 64/36 bit 64+64 100-200+ 500-600+


Date Codename Transistors Fabrication (µm) Speed (MHz)

1993 P5 3,100,000 0.80 60/66

1994 P54 3,200,000 0.50 75/90/100/120

1995 P54 3,300,000 0.35 120/133

1996 P54 3,300,000 0.35 150/166/200

Date Codename Transistors L2 Cache Fabrication (µm) Speed (MHz)

1995 P6 5,500,000 256/512KB 0.50 150

1995 P6 5,500,000 256/512KB 0.35 160/180/200

1997 P6 5,500,000 1MB 0.35 200


1997 P55 4,500,000 0.28 166/200/233

1998 P55 4,500,000 0.25 266


1997 Klamath 7,500,000 0.28 233/266/300

1998 Deschutes 4,500,000 0.25 333/350/400


1998 Covington 7,500,000 0.25 266/300

1998 Mendocino 19,000,000 0.25 300A/333

1999 Mendocino 19,000,000 0.25 366 to 500

2000 Mendocino 19,000,000 0.18 566 to 700


TIPICO MODULO SDRAM


Memory Controller


PC100 PC133 DDRSDRAM

SLDRAM BaseRambus

Concurrent

Rambus

DirectRambus

Announced

Frequency(MHz)

100 133 200/266 800 700 700 600/800

MaximumBandwidth

(GBps)

0.80 1.00 1.6/2.1 1.60 0.70 0.70 1.2/1.6

ExpectedBandwidth

(GBps)

0.50 1.00 0.9/1.2 unknown 0.40 0.50 1.1/1.5

Efficiency(%)

65 60 60 unknown 60 80 97

Data Width(bits)

64 64 64 16 8/9 8/9 16/18


Controller EIDE


TECNOLOGIA ATA/ATAPI

Specification ATA ATA-2 ATA-3 ATA/ATAPI-4 ATA/ATAPI-5

Max Transfer Modes

PIO 1 PIO 4DMA 2

PIO 4DMA 2

PIO 4DMA 2

UDMA 2

PIO 4DMA 2

UDMA 4

Max Transfer Rate

4 MBps 16 MBps 16 MBps 33 MBps 66 MBps

Max Connections

2 2 2 2 per cable 2 per cable

Cable Required 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin, 80-conductor

CRC No No No Yes Yes

Introduced 1981 1994 1996 1997 1999


Architettura SCSI


TECNOLOGIA SCSISCSI version Signalling

rate (MHz)Bus width

(bits)Max. DTR

(MBps)Max.

devicesMax. cablelength

SCSI-1 5 8 5 7 6m

SCSI-2 5 8 5 7 6m

Wide SCSI 5 16 10 15 6m

Fast SCSI 10 8 10 7 6m

Fast Wide SCSI 10 16 20 15 6m

Ultra SCSI 20 8 20 7 1.5m

Ultra SCSI-2 20 16 40 7 12m

Ultra2 SCSI 40 16 80 15 12m

Ultra160 SCSI 80 16 160 15 12m


INTERFACCE HD A CONFRONTO

Max. DTR Max. Distance Max. Device

s

RAID support

IDE 66.6 MBps 1m 4 per controll

er

Possible but rare

Ultra WideSCSI

40 MBps 1.5m (25m using more expensive high-voltagedifferential termination)

15 per controll

er

Yes

Ultra2 LVD SCSI

80 MBps 12m 15 per controll

er

Yes

Fibre Channel

100 MBps(200 MBps

with full-duplex)

30m over copper, 500m over multinode fibre, 10km

over single-mode fibre)

127 per arbitrated loop

Yes, withindependentattachment to

multiple servers


Tipico schema di un Hard Disk


Hard Disk Reale


SETTORI E TRACCE


Tecnologie CD a confronto


Funzionamento di un lettore CD-Rom


Principio di funzionamento di un lettore CD-ROM


Struttura di un CD-ROM


Struttura di un CD-ROM RE


Particolare al microscopio di una traccia CD-ROM


Supporti CD-ROM e DVD a confronto


TESTINA DI LETTURA HD


Tipica unità di memorizzazione a nastro


UNITA’ NASTRO 8mm


UNITA’ DAT


TESTINA DI MAGNETICA UNITA’ NASTRO


STANDARD DATStandard Capacity Max. DTR

DDS 2GB 55 KBps

DDS-1 2/4GB 0.55/1.1 MBps

DDS-2 4/8GB 0.55/1.1 MBps

DDS-3 12/24GB 1.1/2.2 MBps

DDS-4 20/40GB 2.4/4.8 MBps


STANDARD DLT

Standard

Capacity(n/c)

Interface

MaximumDTR

DLT2000 15/30GB SCSI 2.5 MBps

DLT4000 20/40GB SCSI 3 MBps

DLT7000 35/70GB SCSI 20 MBps


INTERFACCE STANDARD A CONFRONTO

Standard Typical uses Burst DTR Outlook

ATA/IDE Hard disks, CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives

3.3 MBps to 66.6 MBps

Standard hard disk bus for the foreseeablefuture

SCSI Hard disks, removable drives, scanners

5 MBps to 80 MBps

Standard high-end hard disk bus for the foreseeable future

USB Pointing devices, scanners, digitalcameras

12 Mbit/s Could eventuallyreplace serial and parallel ports

IEEE 1394 Digital video cameras, high-speed storagedrives

400 Mbit/s Expected to emerge in 2000


TECNOLOGIE A NASTRO A CONFRONTO

DLT7000

ExabyteMammoth

SonyAIT

DDS-3 Travan8GB/TR-4

NativeCapacity

35GB 20GB 25GB 12GB 4GB

CompressedCapacity

70GB 40GB 50GB 24GB 8GB

NativeDTR

5 MBps 3 MBps 3 MBps 1.2 MBps 1.0 MBps

Tape Life(years)

30 30 30 n/a n/a

MediaPasses

1 million 20,000 20,000 1,500 10,000


Scheda video VGA tipica


Risoluzioni tipiche di un monitor


RISOLUZIONI SUPPORTATE

800x600 1024x768 1152x882 1280x1024

1600x1200 1800x1440

15in YES YES

17in YES YES YES YES

19in YES YES YES

21in YES YES


PROFONDITA’ DEL COLORE

Colourdepth

Description No. of colours

Bytes per pixel

4-bit Standard VGA 16 0.5

8-bit 256-colour mode 256 1.0

16-bit High colour 65,536 2.0

24-bit True colour 16,777,216 3.0


SCHEDE VIDEO E MEMORIA

Video memory Resolution Colour depth No. colours

1Mb 1024 x 768800 x 600

8-bit16-bit

25665,536

2Mb 1024 x 7681280 x 1024

800 x 600

8-bit16-bit24-bit

25665,536

16.7 million

4Mb 1024 x 768 24-bit 16.7 million

6Mb 1280 x 1024 24-bit 16.7 million

8Mb 1600 x 1200 32-bit 16.7 million


MEMORIE DELLE SCHEDE VIDEO

EDO VRAM WRAM SDRAM SGRAM RDRAM

Max.throughput(MBps)

400 400 960 800 800 600

Dual- orsingle-ported

single dual dual single single single

TypicalData Width

64 64 64 64 64 8

Speed(typical)

50-60ns 50-60ns 50-60ns 10-15ns 8-10ns 330MHz clock speed


STANDARD VIDEO A CONFRONTO

Date Standard Description Resolution No. colours

1981 CGA Colour GraphicsAdapter

640 x 200160 x 200

None16

1984 EGA Enhanced GraphicsAdapter

640 x 350 16 from 64

1987 VGA Video GraphicsArray

640 x 480320 x 200

16 from 262,144256

1990 XGA Extended Graphics Array 800 x 6001024 x 768

16.7 million65,536

SXGA Super Extended GraphicsArray

1280 x 1024 65,536

UXGA Ultra XGA 1600 x 1200 65,536


STANDARD CODIFICA VIDEO

MPEG-2 MPEG-1

PAL/SECAM resolutions 720 x 576704 x 576352 x 576352 x 288

352 x 576352 x 288

NTSC resolutions 720 x 480704 x 480352 x 480352 x 240

352 x 480351 x 240

Variable Bit Rate (VBR), Constant Bit Rate (CBR) VBR or CBR CBR

PAL/SECAM frame rate 25fps

NTSC frame rate 24 or 30fps


Cinescopio Tipico


Cinescopio in dettaglio


MONITOR CON TECNOLOGIA DIGITALE


NORME SULL’EMISSIONETCO95 TCO99

Luminance uniformity >1.7:1 >1.5:1Luminance contrast Measured at 10% of the

diagonal to the edgeMeasured at 5% of the diagonal to the edge

Magnetic field requirementsFront frame reflectance No standard At least 20%Measured 30cm in front of and 50cm around the screen

5Hz to 2kHz at <200nT Same standard measured at maximum brightness/contrast

Measured 50cm around the screen

2kHz to 400kHz at <25nT Same standard measured at maximum brightness/contrast

Alternating electric field requirementsMeasured 30cm and 50cm in front of screen

5Hz to 2kHz at <10V/m (Volts per metre)

Same standard measured at maximum brightness/contrast

Measured 30cm in front of and 50cm around the screen

2kHZ to 400kHz at <1.0V/m Same standard measured at maximum brightness/contrast

Power saving Suspend mode at < or = 30W

Suspend at < or = 15W (forUSB hub monitors), < or = 5W (for non-USB monitors)

Environmental controls No standard No chlorinated solvents; compulsory list of potentially

hazardous plastics used


Schermo LCD tipico


Tipologie di Touch Screen


TOUCH SCREEN A CONFRONTO

Resistive Infrared SurfaceAcoustic

Wave

Capacitive

Touchresolution

High High Average High

Clarity Average Good Good Good

Operation Finger or stylus

Finger or stylus

Finger or soft-tipped

stylus

Finger only

Durability Can bedamaged bysharp objects

Highlydurable

Susceptibleto dirt and moisture

Highlydurable


REGOLAZIONI DELL’IMMAGINE



Applicazioni grafiche e risorse di calcolo


POSIZIONE ERGONOMICA


Connettori USB



Principio di funzionamento di un MOUSE



Schema di una tipica Sound Card


Tipico sistema MIDI professionale


SUONI E RIFLESSIONI


Principio di funzionamento di uno SCANNER


Standard TWAIN


Digital Camera


Digital Camera


SENSORE DI TIPO CCD


Sistema di acquisizione video


Sistema di acquisizione dati video


FORMATI DELLE IMMAGINIFile format Image size No. of coloursBMP - RGB 1MB 16.7 millionBMP -RLE 83KB 256GIF 31KB 256JPEG - min. compression 185KB 16.7 millionJPEG - min. progressive compression 150KB 16.7 millionJPEG - max. compression 20KB 16.7 millionJPEG - max. progressive compression 16KB 16.7 millionPCX 189KB 16.7 millionTIFF 1MB 16.7 millionTIFF - LZW compression 83KB 16.7 million


Tipica scheda per l’acquisizione di video


COMPRESSIONE VIDEO


FORMATI VIDEO


Principio di funzionamento di una stampante laser


STAMPANTI LASER A COLORI


TECNOLOGIA TERMICA


TECNOLOGIA TERMICA


TECNOLOGIA PIEZOELETTRICA


STAMPANTE AD INCHIOSTRO SOLIDO


STAMPANTI A SUBLIMAZIONE


STAMPANTI TERMAL VAX


TECNICHE DI OCR


MODEM


MODEM STANDARDS

Standard Date Bit/s Bytes/s KB/min MB/hour MinSec/MB

V.32 1984 9,600 1200 70 4 14m 33s

V.32bis 1991 14,400 1800 106 6 9m 42s

V.34 1994 28,800 3600 211 12 4m 51s

V.34+ 1996 33,600 4200 246 14 4m 09s

V.90 1998 42,00050,000

52506250

308366

1822

3m 19s2m 48s


COLLEGAMENTO AD INTERNET TRAMITE MODEM


TECNOLOGIA DSL


TECNOLOGIE DSL A CONFRONTO

Type Upstream Downstream Distance (feet)

RDSL 128 Kbit/s-1 Mbit/s 600 Kbit/s-7 Mbit/s 18000-25000

HDSL 2.048 Mbit/s 2.048 Mbit/s 12000

SDSL 1.544-2.048 Mbit/s 1.544-2.048 Mbit/s 10000

VDSL 1.6-2.3 Mbit/s 12.96 Mbit/s25.82 Mbit/s51.84 Mbit/s

450030001000


CABLE MODEM


TECNOLOGIE DI NETWORKING A CONFRONTOPhoneline Powerline Ethernet Wireless

Speed 100 Kbit/s - 10 Mbit/s 50 Kbit/s - 350 Kbit/s 10 Mbit/s - 100 Mbit/s 700 Kbit/s - 11 Mbit/s

Advantages Convenient, simple(no new wires), secure

Convenient, simple(no new wires)

Fastest, most secureand reliable

Convenient, mobile, simple (no wires), secure

Requirements Need computers and peripherals nearphone jacks on the same phoneline

Need computers and peripherals nearpower outlets on the same power circuit

Requires Ethernet (Category 3 or 5) cabling; best in new home installations or remodels

Network componentsmust be within a 250-foot range

Best use Ideal for sharedInternet access, file sharing and peripheral sharing; good for home gaming

Good for low-bandwidthapplications such ashome security and control

Ideal for home gaming, home officesand shared Internet access

Ideal for laptops, desktopsand handheld connectedorganisers inside and outsidehome or small office wheremobility is required; great forshared Internet access; goodfor home gaming



Rete ad anello


Reti Wireless


Sistemi di comunicazione Wireless



TECNOLOGIA WAP

Architettura pc - Slide - Ing. Cristian Randieri -

Technology