Architecture: passive design with climate

7/29/2019 Architecture: passive design with climate

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Politecnico di Torino School of Architecture

Design with Climate

Passive Systems

Fundamentals of Architectural TechnologyProf. Roberto Pagani

Arch. Giulia Bonomi

Arch. Zang Yu


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Heat island


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Wind impact in buildings


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Windspeed and altitude


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Vegetation effect

Vegetation

Reduce wind speed up to 50% until a

distance of 10-20 times their height

Modification of local temperature


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Olgyay: Comfort Zone

Comfort zone


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Thermal balance

Internal Thermal Balance

M = methabolism

E = evaporative thermal losses

R = radiation thermal losses

C = convection thermal losses

S = energy stored in the body

M = E + R + C + S

At 26C and 45% of relative humidity:

M = 110 W S = 0 W E = 40 W R+C = 70 W


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Strategy for winter cold climate


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surface / volume


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What is passive design

is based upon climate considerations

attempts to control comfort (heating and cooling) without consuming fuels

uses the orientation of the building to control heat gain and heat loss

uses the shape of the building (plan, section) to control air flow

uses materials to control heat

maximizes use of free solar energy for heating and lighting

maximizes use of free ventilation for cooling

uses shade (natural or architectural) to control heat gain


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General Rules

1. Conservation Levels: Higher than normal levels of insulation and

airtightness

2. Distribution of Solar Glazing: distributed throughout the building

proportional to the heat loss of each zone

3. Orientation: Optimum within 5 degrees of true south

4. Glazing Tilt: Looking for perpendicular to sun angle in winter, although

vertical efficient where lots of reflective snow cover

5. Number of glazing layers: 3 to 4 for severe climates, less otherwise

6. Night insulation and Low-E glazing: Greatly improves reduction of night

heat losses

7. Mixing passive systems can increase comfort levels.


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MAIN STRATEGIES:

1. Direct Gain

2. Indirect Gain

3. Thermal Storage Wall

4. Convective Air Loop

5. Sunspace

6. Remote Gain Storage

7. Hybrid solutions

8. Atrium

Passive solar strategies


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Direct Gain1


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1 Direct Gain


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1 Direct Gain


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1 Direct Gain


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1 Direct Gain


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Direct Gain needs insulating movable screens1


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Indirect gain2


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Indirect gain2


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3 Thermal storage mass: general rules

8. Mass Distribution: spread it around evenly; 6 times glazing area (3Xminimum)

9. Mass Thickness: thin and spread out better than thick. More than 4 for

masonry or concrete not useful

10. Colour: Floors dark to absorb more heat, walls and ceilings lighter to

reflect light.

11. Surface Covering: insulative coverings greatly decrease performance of

thermal mass

12. Concrete Block Masonry: If used, a high density with cores filled with

grout


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Thermal storage mass: general rules

13. Floor Materials: Concrete or brick preferred. If insulating under, at least 4

thick (100mm). More than 6 (150mm) not useful.

14. Limits on Direct Gain Glazing Area: South facing glazing limited to prevent

large temperature swings. 7% of floor area for low mass buildings, 13% of floor

area for high mass buildings.

15. Glazing orientation: Vertical facing due south preferred. Vertical easiest to

build, and easiest to shade in summer. Performance penalty for 15degrees offdue south is 10% and for 30 degrees is 20% loss; so within 15 degrees

recommended.

16. Night insulation: Really helpful but can be very costly.

17. Thermal Insulation: Insulation located OUTSIDE the thermal mass.

3


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Thermal storage mass

Thermal Storage Wall -- a passive solar heating system consisting of a

south facing wall constructed of heavy masonry (Trombe Wall) or water

filled containers (water wall). The outside south facing surface is glazed to

admit sunlight and reduce heat losses

3


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Thermal storage mass3

l


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Convective air loop4

C i i l T b ll4


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Trombe Wall -- a thermal storage wall system consisting of a dark, south facing

masonry wall covered with vertical glazing.

Convective air loop: Trombe wall4

C ti i l T b ll4


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C ti i l T b ll4


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5 S


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5 Sunspace

5 I di t i


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5 Indirect gain sunspace

Sunspace -- a passive solar heating system type consisting of a glassed-in

room like a greenhouse, atrium or conservatory, located on the south side fo a

building and separated from other building spaces by a common wall.

5 I l t d i


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5 Isolated gain sunspace

Common Wall -- a wall separating a sunspace from other living spaces.

Greenhouse -- a sunspace used primarily for growing plants

Remote g in to ge6


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Remote gain storage6



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Hybrid solutions7


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Hybrid solutions7

7 Hybrid solutions


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7 Hybrid solutions

8 Atrium


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8 Atrium

8 Atrium


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8 Atrium

Architecture: passive design with climate

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