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Architecture of Life Scientific American by Ingber

May 29, 2018

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    Do`b o{ umb rduohjub b}jhsdb n` knhsdb}ouy ju vnwi! Janwfjao{h$ vmbumbw ou o{ j gjkubworh nw j gjgnna$ eb(pbdns{ umwnrfm ja oakwbeogdy knhsdb} {bwob{ n` oa(ubwjkuona{ oapndpoaf j pj{u arhgbw n` eo``bwbau knhsnabau{!Umb{b knhsnabau{$ nw {rg{y{ubh{$ jwb umbh{bdpb{ hjeb rsn` {hjddbw hndbkrdjw knhsnabau{$ vmokm oaebsbaebaudy b}(mogou umbow nva eyajhok gbmjponw$ {rkm j{ umb jgodouy un kju(jdy|b kmbhokjd wbjkuona{! _bu vmba umby jwb knhgoabe oaun{nhb djwfbw rakuonaoaf raou{rkm j{ j kbdd nw uo{{rbruubwdyabv jae raswbeokujgdb swnsbwuob{ bhbwfb$ oakdreoaf umb jgod(ouy un hnpb$ un kmjafb {mjsb jae un fwnv!

    Jdumnrfm wb{bjwkmbw{ mjpb wbknfao|be umo{ oauwofroaf `jku`nw {nhb uohb$ hn{u eo{knrau ou oa umbow zrb{u un b}sdjoa do`b{`raejhbaujd{! @nw umb sj{u {bpbwjd ebkjeb{$ gondnfo{u{ mjpbjuubhsube un jepjakb nrw raebw{ujaeoaf n` mnv umb mrhjagney vnwi{ gy ebaoaf umb swnsbwuob{ n` do`b{ kwouokjd hjubwo(jd{ jae hndbkrdb{$ {rkm j{ EAJ$ umb {ur`` n` fbab{! Oaebbe$gondnfo{u{ jwb anv {uwopoaf un oebauo`y bpbwy fbab oa umb knh(

    sdbub {bu$ ianva j{ umb fbanhb$ umju bpbwy mrhja gboaf kjw(wob{! Gbkjr{b fbab{ jwb umb gdrbswoau{ `nw umb iby hndbkrdb{n` do`b$ {rkm j{ swnuboa{$ umo{ Mndy Fwjod n` hndbkrdjw gondnfyvodd dbje oa umb abjw `rurwb un j kjujdnfrb n` b{{bauojddy jdd umbhndbkrdb{ `wnh vmokm j mrhja o{ kwbjube! Raebw{ujaeoafvmju umb sjwu{ n` j knhsdb} hjkmoab jwb hjeb n`$ mnvbpbw$enb{ douudb un b}sdjoa mnv umb vmndb {y{ubh vnwi{$ wbfjwedb{{n` vmbumbw umb knhsdb} {y{ubh o{ j knhgr{uona bafoab nw jkbdd! Oa numbw vnwe{$ oebauo`yoaf jae eb{kwogoaf umb hndbkrdjwsr||db sobkb{ vodd en douudb o` vb en anu raebw{ujae umb wrdb{`nw umbow j{{bhgdy!

    Umju ajurwb jssdob{ knhhna j{{bhgdy wrdb{ o{ ohsdobe gyumb wbkrwwbakbju {kjdb{ `wnh umb hndbkrdjw un umb hjkwn(

    {knsokn` kbwujoa sjuubwa{$ {rkm j{ {sowjd{$ sbaujfna{ jaeuwojafrdjube nwh{! Umb{b sjuubwa{ jssbjw oa {uwrkurwb{ wjaf(oaf wnh mofmdy wbfrdjw kwy{ujd{ un wbdjuopbdy owwbfrdjw swnuboa{jae oa nwfjao{h{ j{ eopbw{b j{ powr{b{$ sdjaiuna jae mr(hja{! J`ubw jdd$ gnum nwfjaok jae oanwfjaok hjuubw jwb hjebn` umb {jhb grodeoaf gdnki{< junh{ n` kjwgna$ myewnfba$ n}y(fba$ aouwnfba jae smn{smnwr{! Umb nady eo``bwbakb o{ mnvumb junh{ jwb jwwjafbe oa umwbb(eohba{onajd {sjkb!

    Umo{ smbanhbana$ oa vmokm knhsnabau{ lnoa unfbumbw un`nwh djwfbw$ {ujgdb {uwrkurwb{ mjpoaf abv swnsbwuob{ umju knrdeanu mjpb gbba swbeokube `wnh umb kmjwjkubwo{uok{ n` umbow oaeo(poerjd sjwu{$ o{ ianva j{ {bd`(j{{bhgdy! Ou o{ ng{bwpbe juhjay {kjdb{ oa ajurwb! Oa umb mrhja gney$ `nw b}jhsdb$ djwfb

    hndbkrdb{ {bd`(j{{bhgdb oaun kbddrdjw knhsnabau{ ianva j{

    nwfjabddb{$ vmokm {bd`(j{{bh(gdb oaun kbdd{$ vmokm {bd`(j{{bhgdboaun uo{{rb{$ vmokm {bd`(j{{bhgdb oaunnwfja{! Umb wb{rdu o{ j gney nwfjao|be mobwjw(kmokjddy j{ uobw{ n` {y{ubh{ voumoa {y{ubh{! Umr{$ o`vb jwb un raebw{ujae rddy umb vjy dopoaf kwbjurwb{ nwh

    jae `rakuona$ vb abbe un raknpbw umb{b gj{ok swoakosdb{umju froeb gondnfokjd nwfjao|juona!

    Eb{soub kbaurwob{ n` {urey$ wb{bjwkmbw{ {uodd ianv wbdjuopbdydouudb jgnru umb `nwkb{ umju froeb junh{ un {bd`(j{{bhgdb oaunhndbkrdb{! Umby ianv bpba db{{ jgnru mnv fwnrs{ n` hndb(krdb{ lnoa unfbumbw un kwbjub dopoaf kbdd{ jae uo{{rb{! Npbw umbsj{u uvn ebkjeb{$ mnvbpbw$ O mjpb eo{knpbwbe jae b}sdnwbeja oauwofroaf jae {bbhoafdy `raejhbaujd j{sbku n` {bd`(j{({bhgdy! Ja j{unraeoafdy voeb pjwobuy n` ajurwjd {y{ubh{$ oa(kdreoaf kjwgna junh{$ vjubw hndbkrdb{$ swnuboa{$ powr{b{$kbdd{$ uo{{rb{ jae bpba mrhja{ jae numbw dopoaf kwbjurwb{$ jwbkna{uwrkube r{oaf j knhhna `nwh n` jwkmoubkurwb ianva j{uba{bfwouy! Umb ubwh wb`bw{ un j {y{ubh umju {ujgodo|b{ ou{bd`

    hbkmjaokjddy gbkjr{b n` umb vjy oa vmokm uba{onajd jae

    Umb Jwkmoubkurwb n` Do`b

    J raopbw{jd {bu n` grodeoaf wrdb{ {bbh{ un froeb

    umb eb{ofa n` nwfjaok {uwrkurwb{`wnh {ohsdbkjwgna knhsnrae{ un knhsdb} kbdd{ jae uo{{rb{

    gy Enajde B! Oafgbw

    5= [kobauo`ok Jhbwokja Ljarjwy :??= Knsywofmu :??6 [kobauo`ok Jhbwokja$ Oak!

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    knhswb{{opb `nwkb{ jwb eo{uwogrube jae gjdjakbe voumoa umb{uwrkurwb!

    Umo{ raejhbaujd aeoaf knrde nab ejy mjpb swjkuokjd js(sdokjuona{ oa hjay jwbj{! @nw b}jhsdb$ abv raebw{ujaeoaf n`uba{bfwouy ju umb kbddrdjw dbpbd mj{ jddnvbe r{ un knhswbmbaegbuubw mnv kbddrdjw {mjsb jae hbkmjaokjd `nwkb{{rkm j{swb{{rwb oa gdnne pb{{bd{ nw knhswb{{ona oa gnaboarbakbumb jkuopouob{ n` fbab{! Ju umb {jhb uohb$ ebbsbw raebw{ujae(oaf n` ajurwjd wrdb{ n` {bd`(j{{bhgdy vodd jddnv r{ un hjib

    gbuubw r{boa jssdokjuona{ wjafoaf `wnh ewrf eb{ofa un uo{{rbbafoabbwoafn` umb wjsoedy jkkrhrdjuoaf ejuj vb mjpb jgnruhndbkrdb{$ kbdd{ jae numbw gondnfokjd knhsnabau{! Ja b}sdj(ajuona n` vmy uba{bfwouy o{ {n rgozrounr{ oa ajurwb hjy jd{nswnpoeb abv oa{ofmu oaun umb pbwy nwkb{ umju ewopb gondnfokjdnwfjao|juonajae sbwmjs{ oaun bpndruona ou{bd`!

    Vmju O{ Uba{bfwouy>

    Hy oaubwb{u oa uba{bfwouy ejub{ gjki un hy raebwfwjerjubybjw{ oa umb hoe(:?63{ ju _jdb Raopbw{ouy! Umbwb hy{ureob{ n` kbdd gondnfy jae jd{n n` {krdsurwb dbe hb un wbjdo|bumju umb zrb{uona n` mnv dopoaf umoaf{ `nwh mj{ db{{ un envoum kmbhokjd knhsn{ouona umja voum jwkmoubkurwb! Umb hnd(bkrdb{ jae kbdd{ umju `nwh nrw uo{{rb{ jwb knauoarjddy wbhnpbe

    jae wbsdjkbe9 ou o{ umb hjoaubajakb n`sjuubwa jae jwkmoubkurwb$ O wbj(

    {nabe$ umju vb kjdd do`b!Uba{bfwouy {uwrk(

    urwb{ jwb hbkmjaokjddy {ujgdb anu gbkjr{b n` umb {uwbafum n`oaeopoerjd hbhgbw{ gru gbkjr{b n` umb vjy umb bauowb {uwrk(urwb eo{uwogrub{ jae gjdjakb{ hbkmjaokjd {uwb{{b{! Umb {uwrk(urwb{ `jdd oaun uvn kjubfnwob{! [uwrkurwb{ oa nab kjubfnwy$ vmokmoakdreb{ umb fbneb{ok enhb{ n` Grkihoa{ubw @rddbw$ jwb gj{okjd(dy wjhbvnwi{ hjeb rs n` wofoe {uwru{$ bjkm n` vmokm kja gbjwuba{ona nw knhswb{{ona! Umb {uwru{ umju hjib rs umb `wjhb(vnwi jwb knaabkube oaun uwojafdb{$ sbaujfna{ nw mb}jfna{$ jaebjkm {uwru o{ nwobaube {n j{ un kna{uwjoa bjkm lnoau un j }be

    sn{ouona$ umbwbgy j{{rwoaf umb {ujgodouy n` umb vmndb {uwrkurwb!Umb numbw kjubfnwy n` uba{bfwouy {uwrkurwb{ baknhsj{{b{umn{b umju {ujgodo|b umbh{bdpb{ umwnrfm j smbanhbana ianvaj{ swb{uwb{{! Umo{ uysb n` {uwrkurwb vj{ w{u kna{uwrkube gyumb {krdsunw Ibaabum [abd{na! Oa [abd{na{ bdbfjau {krdsurwb{${uwrkurwjd hbhgbw{ umju kja gbjw nady uba{onajwb eo{uoaku wnhumn{b umju gbjw knhswb{{ona! Bpba gb`nwb nab n` umb{b {uwrk(urwb{ o{ {rglbkube un ja b}ubwajd `nwkb$ jdd umb {uwrkurwjd hbh(gbw{ jwb jdwbjey oa uba{ona nw knhswb{{onaumju o{$ umby jwbswb{uwb{{be! Voumoa umb {uwrkurwb$ umb knhswb{{ona(gbjwoafwofoe{uwru{ {uwbukm$ nw uba{b$ umb b}ogdb$ uba{ona(gbjwoaf hbhgbw{$vmodb umn{b uba{ona(gbjwoaf hbhgbw{ knhswb{{ umb wofoe {uwru{!Umb{b knraubwjkuoaf `nwkb{$ vmokm bzrodogwjub umwnrfmnru umb{uwrkurwb$ jwb vmju bajgdb ou un {ujgodo|b ou{bd`!

    Uba{bfwouy {uwrkurwb{ n` gnum kjubfnwob{ {mjwb nab kwouokjd`bjurwb$ vmokm o{ umju uba{ona o{ knauoarnr{dy uwja{houube jkwn{{jdd {uwrkurwjd hbhgbw{! Oa numbw vnwe{$ ja oakwbj{b oa uba{onaoa nab n` umb hbhgbw{ wb{rdu{ oa oakwbj{be uba{ona oa hbh(gbw{ umwnrfmnru umb {uwrkurwbbpba nab{ na umb nssn{oub

    [kobauo`ok Jhbwokja Ljarjwy :??= 5?

    UBA[BFWOU_ja jwkmoubkurwjd {y{ubh oa vmokm{uwrkurwb{ {ujgodo|b umbh{bdpb{ gy gjdjakoaf umbknraubwjkuoaf nwkb{ n` knhswb{{ona jae uba{onafopb{ {mjsb jae {uwbafum un gnum ajurwjd jae jwuo`o(kojd `nwh{! Umb kyun{ibdbuna n` j dopoaf kbdd -gjki(

    fwnrae/ o{ j wjhbvnwi knhsn{be n` oaubwknaabku(be hokwnurgrdb{ jae `odjhbau{! Umb eyajhok wb(djuona n` umb{b {uwrkurwjd bdbhbau{ o{ wbhoao{kbau n`j {krdsurwb -ju kbaubw/ gy Ibaabum [abd{na$ oavmokm dnaf {uwru{ jwb lnoabe voum kjgdb{! IB

    AABUM[ABD[NA-`nwbfwnrae/9

    I J U B A N G B [ J A E J D J A M J D D - g

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    Knsywofmu :??6 [kobauo`ok Jhbwokja$ Oak!

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    23 [kobauo`ok Jhbwokja Ljarjwy :??=

    {oeb! Umo{ fdngjd oakwbj{b oa uba{ona o{ gjdjakbe gy ja oakwbj{boa knhswb{{ona voumoa kbwujoa hbhgbw{ {sjkbe umwnrfmnru umb{uwrkurwb! Oa umo{ vjy$ umb {uwrkurwb {ujgodo|b{ ou{bd` umwnrfm jhbkmjao{h umju @rddbw eb{kwogbe j{ knauoarnr{ uba{ona jae dn(kjd knhswb{{ona! Oa knauwj{u$ hn{u grodeoaf{ ebwopb umbow {ujgodo(uy wnh knauoarnr{ knhswb{{ona gbkjr{b n` umb nwkb n` fwjpouy!

    Umb uba{ona(gbjwoaf hbhgbw{ oa umb{b {uwrkurwb{vmbumbw@rddbw{ enhb{ nw [abd{na{ {krdsurwb{hjs nru umb {mnwub{usjum{ gbuvbba jeljkbau hbhgbw{ -jae jwb umbwb`nwb$ gy ebao(uona$ jwwjafbe fbneb{okjddy/! Uba{onajd `nwkb{ ajurwjddy uwja{(hou umbh{bdpb{ npbw umb {mnwub{u eo{ujakb gbuvbba uvn snoau{${n umb hbhgbw{ n` j uba{bfwouy {uwrkurwb jwb swbko{bdy sn{o(uonabe un gb{u voum{ujae {uwb{{! @nw umo{ wbj{na$ uba{bfwouy{uwrkurwb{ n``bw j hj}ohrh jhnrau n` {uwbafum `nw j fopbajhnrau n` grodeoaf hjubwojd!

    @wnh [ibdbuna un Kyun{ibdbuna

    Vmju enb{ uba{bfwouy mjpb un en voum umb mrhja gney>

    Umb swoakosdb{ n` uba{bfwouy jssdy ju b{{bauojddy bpbwyebubkujgdb {o|b {kjdb oa umb gney! Ju umb hjkwn{knsok dbpbd$ umb730 gnab{ umju kna{uourub nrw {ibdbuna jwb srddbe rs jfjoa{uumb nwkb n` fwjpouy jae {ujgodo|be oa j pbwuokjd nwh gy umb srddn` uba{odb hr{kdb{$ ubaena{ jae dofjhbau{ -{ohodjw un umb kj(gdb{ oa [abd{na{ {krdsurwb{/! Oa numbw vnwe{$ oa umb knhsdb}uba{bfwouy {uwrkurwb oa{oeb bpbwy nab n` r{$ gnab{ jwb umb knh(swb{{ona {uwru{$ jae hr{kdb{$ ubaena{ jae dofjhbau{ jwb umbuba{ona(gbjwoaf hbhgbw{! Ju umb numbw bae n` umb {kjdb$ swn(uboa{ jae numbw iby hndbkrdb{ oa umb gney jd{n {ujgodo|b umbh({bdpb{ umwnrfm umb swoakosdb{ n` uba{bfwouy! Hy nva oaubwb{udob{ oa gbuvbba umb{b uvn b}uwbhb{$ ju umb kbddrdjw dbpbd!

    J{ j fwjerjub {urebau vnwioaf voum Ljhb{ E! Ljhob{na ju

    _jdb$ O `nkr{be na mnv umb knhsnabau{ n` gondnfokjd {y{(ubh{b{sbkojddy n` kbdd{oaubwjkube hbkmjaokjddy! Ju umo{uohb$ oa umb djub :?63{$ gondnfo{u{ fbabwjddy pobvbe umb kbdd j{j po{knr{ roe nw fbd {rwwnraebe gy j hbhgwjab$ hrkm doibj gjddnna ddbe voum hndj{{b{! Kbdd{ vbwb ianva un knaujoaja oaubwajd `wjhbvnwi$ nw kyun{ibdbuna$ knhsn{be n` umwbbeo``bwbau uysb{ n` hndbkrdjw swnuboa sndyhbw{$ ianva j{ ho(kwndjhbau{$ oaubwhbeojub djhbau{ jae hokwnurgrdb{! Gruumbow wndb oa knauwnddoaf kbdd {mjsb vj{ snnwdy raebw{unne!

    Janumbw hy{ubwy oa umn{b ejy{ knakbwabe umb vjy o{ndjube

    kbdd{ gbmjpb vmba sdjkbe na eo``bwbau {rw`jkb{! Ou mje gbba dnafianva umju kbdd{ {swbje nru jae juuba vmba umby juujkm un jwofoe fdj{{ nw sdj{uok krdurwb eo{m! Oa :?=3$ mnvbpbw$ Jdgbwu I!Mjwwo{ n` umb Raopbw{ouy n` Anwum Kjwndoaj ju Kmjsbd Modd{mnvbe umju vmba j`}be un j b}ogdb wrggbw {rg{uwjub$ kbdd{knauwjku jae gbknhb hnwb {smbwokjd! Umo{ knauwjkuona grakm(b{ rs$ nw srkibw{$ umb raebwdyoaf wrggbw!

    Ou nkkrwwbe un hb umju j pobv n` umb kbdd j{ j uba{bfwouy{uwrkurwb knrde bj{ody b}sdjoa {rkm gbmjponw! O hnebdbe j kbddj{ {rkm j {uwrkurwb9 ou kna{o{ube n` {o} vnne envbd{ jae {nhbbdj{uok {uwoaf! O jwwjafbe umb envbd{vmokm gnwb umb knh(swb{{opb {uwb{{oa umwbb sjow{! Bjkm sjow vj{ sbwsbaeokrdjw unumb numbw uvn$ jae anab n` umb vnne {uwru{ jkurjddy unrkmbenab janumbw! J uba{ona(gbjwoaf bdj{uok {uwoaf knaabkube un umbbae{ n` jdd umb envbd{$ srddoaf umbh oaun j {ujgdb$ umwbb(eo(hba{onajd `nwh! O jd{n sdjkbe j {hjddbw$ {smbwokjd uba{bfwouyhnebd$ wbswb{bauoaf umb arkdbr{$ voumoa umb djwfbw nab umjuwbswb{baube umb wb{u n` umb kbdd! Umba$ un hohok kyun{ibdbujdknaabkuona{ gbuvbba umb arkdbr{ jae umb wb{u n` umb kbdd$ O

    {uwbukmbe bdj{uok {uwoaf{ wnh umb {rw`jkb n` umb djwfb uba{bfwouy{uwrkurwb un umb {hjddbw nab oa{oeb Y{bb oddr{uwjuona ju uns wofmuna nssn{oub sjfbX!

    Un raebw{ujae mnv hy b}sbwohbau vnwibe$ ou o{ abkb{{jwyun ianv umju sr{moaf enva na j uba{bfwouy hnebd n` umb ioaeO grodu nwkb{ ou oaun vmju jssbjw{ un gb j juubabe sodb n` {uoki{jae {uwoaf! J{ {nna j{ umb swb{{rwb o{ wbhnpbe$ umb babwfy{unwbe oa umb uba{be djhbau{ kjr{b{ umb hnebd un {swoaf gjkiun ou{ nwofoajd$ wnrfmdy {smbwokjd {mjsb! Un {ohrdjub mnv kbdd{gbmjpb vmba sdjkbe na j {rw`jkb$ O hohokibe j {ndoe krdurwb{rg{uwjub n` fdj{{ nw sdj{uok gy {uwbukmoaf j sobkb n` kdnum ujrujae soaaoaf ou whdy un j sobkb n` vnne gbdnv! O j`}be umb

    DOPOAF KBDD[ kwoaidb j umoa wrggbw {rg{uwjub gb(

    kjr{b umby b}bwu uwjkuonajd `nwkb{ vmbwb umby jembwb!

    JDDBFWJ@RD

    DBW[A_EBWGrkihoa{ubw@rddbwOa{uourub$[

    jaujGjwgjwj

    FBNEB[OK ENHB kjwwob{j fopba dnje voum j hoaohrhjhnrau n` grodeoaf hjubwojd{!

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    Knsywofmu :??6 [kobauo`ok Jhbwokja$ Oak!

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    uba{bfwouy hnebd un umb {rg{uwjub gyjuubaoaf ou jae {bvoaf umb bae{ n`{nhb n` umb envbd{ un umb kdnum!Umb{b juujkmhbau{ vbwb jajdnfnr{un umb kbdd({rw`jkb hndbkrdb{$ anvianva j{ oaubfwoa{ nw jemb{ona wb(kbsunw{$ umju smy{okjddy knaabku j kbddun ou{ jakmnwoaf {rg{uwjub!

    Voum umb envbd bae{ {bvbe un umb

    uofmudy soaabe kdnum$ umb hnebd wb(hjoabe ju$ lr{u j{ j wbjd kbdd enb{ naj mjwe {rg{uwjub! Vmba O do`ube umbsoa{ un wbb umb kdnum wnh umb vnne$ mnvbpbw$ umbwbgy hji(oaf umb kbdd{ jakmnwoaf {rw`jkb b}ogdb$ umb uba{bfwouy hnebdsnssbe rs oaun ou{ hnwb {smbwokjd `nwh$ srkibwoaf umb kdnumraebwabjum! @rwumbwhnwb$ O anuokbe umju vmba O {uwbukmbe umbhnebd `dju gy knaabkuoaf ou un umb kdnum {rg{uwjub$ umb kbdd jaearkdbr{ oa{oeb ou b}ubaebe oa j knnweoajube hjaabw! Umb ar(kdbr{ hnebd jd{n hnpbe unvjwe umb gnuunh n` umb {ohrdjubekbdd! [nna umbwbj`ubw$ O {mnvbe b}sbwohbaujddy umju dopoaf kbdd{jae arkdbo {swbje jae sndjwo|b oa j {ohodjw hjaabw vmbaumby jembwb un j {rg{uwjub! Umr{$ voum hy mofmdy {ohsdobekna{uwrkuona$ O {mnvbe umju uba{bfwouy {uwrkurwb{ hohok umbianva gbmjponw n` dopoaf kbdd{!

    Mjwe(Vowoaf oa Kbdd{

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  • 8/9/2019 Architecture of Life Scientific American by Ingber

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  • 8/9/2019 Architecture of Life Scientific American by Ingber

    10/10

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