Architecture Macau | am N16

1

2www.cialp.org

3Architectural Society of China

4EDITORIAL

CIALP 2010

5The Architects Association of Macau will host the XII CIALP Council Meeting & Seminar (Conselho Internacional de Arquitectos de Lngua Portuguesa) in Macau from the 3rd to 5th December 2010. Previously, in 1999, AAM was the host of the VII CIALP Council Meeting, prior to the handover of Macau to the PRC.

It is our understanding that, bringing the network of architects from the Portuguese speaking countries to Macau after 10 years of the handover will be a highly signifi cant gesture of enhancing how Macau prioritizes the importance of Architecture in the realm of our uniqueness: A city of Sino Portuguese origin and development on the shores of the South China Sea and facing the great Archipelago of South East Asia.

The seminar and council meeting will be an opportunity to enhance a refl ection on the city and on its current urban and cultural challenges. The occasion to host the CIALP council meeting and a seminar on the city, comes at a very appropriate moment, combining a decade of SAR governance of Macau, Shanghai world EXPO`s better Cities better Life and also the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Foundation of Brasilia as Brazils national Project of founding a new state capital.

CIALP and the UIA (International Union of Architects) signed a Memorandum of Understanding, a benchmark event that took place in Macau in late April 2010. This has been a signifi cant networking effort made through AAM on behalf of our international and intercontinental counterparts, and it will be the fi rst time that a CIALP meeting has its proceedings followed by a UIA offi cial representative.

The relation between Macau and the Portuguese speaking countries could be more developed around the cultural, academic and scientifi c sphere in order to build a stronger economical bridge founded on common knowledge and values, and thus Macau would and could be further understood and developed as a cultural interface city between these realms. Institutions like CIALP can contribute in strengthening Macau`s role as a Portuguese-language vector and a functional part of China.

Cities of Portuguese origin share not only their history but also their intrinsic aspects and modes of development and so, the case studies and lessons learned on development, heritage and social issues related to Architecture and urbanism can be shared as operational tools for both professionals and governance in the universe of cities from CPLP.

EDITORIAL

in MacauRui Leo Vice-President of AAMVice-President of CIALP

www.cialp.org

6

7PHOTO ESSAY

8

9 um tema vasto mas podemos circunscrev-lo s questes locais mais pertinentes.

1. A legislao que regula as reas mnimas de uma habitao acaba por espartilhar o conceito de habitao. Veremos porqu. Cabe tambm ao investidor, o efeito de espartilho.

2. A evoluo da habitao em Macau, desde os anos 80, foi forada por dois factores. Por um lado, a Administrao, na habitao social, viu por bem incluir, nos concursos pblicos, aquilo que chamou equipamento social, por outro lado, o investidor, pressio-nado pela concorrncia, alindou os espaos comuns na parte do edifcio que se designou por pdio. O pdio a alma do edifcio. l que o investidor v aumentados os seus dividendos pelas reas comerciais e de estacionamento.

3. Outra questo que se impe, ao analisarmos a concepo que se faz da habitao, a integrao do edifcio, seu suporte mais directo, no lugar, no quarteiro, no bairro, na cidade.

4. Finalmente, para sustentarmos um investimento com to pesados efeitos sobre os moradores, a sociedade, a cidade e sobre o errio pblico, no podemos deixar de abordar a qualidade da construo.

Pensar a habitao

Por mtodo, analisemos ento estas quatro questes:

O arquitecto Nuno Portas, numa publicao do LNEC (Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia Civil) Funes e Experincias de reas da Habitao 1969, elabora um estudo exaustivo e actual, apesar dos 40 anos que nos separam.

Faamos alguns extratos, pela sua pertinncia.

No mbito de um plano de estudos tendente melhoria de con-cepo da habitao urbana em geral e neste, em particular, do sector com fi nalidade social, justifi ca-se uma cuidada programao das exigncias humanas, a traduzir em qualidade do espao utilizvel, sua organizao e equipamento.

Jos Joaquim Dias *

Refl ections on housing1. Housing is a broad topic but we can narrow it down to the

most relevant local issues. The legislation that stipulates the minimum in-house areas eventually constricts the concept of a residence. Well see why. Property developers are also partially responsible for this corset effect.

2. Since the 1980s, residence upgrading in Macao has been spurred on by two factors. On one hand, the government took the so-called public facilities into the scope of public bidding for the construction of social housing; on the other hand, property developers, pressured by competition, gar-nished the communal areas of their building projects that, as the soul of a building, would attract attention. By means of accommodating commercial spaces and parking lots in communal areas, developers increase their project profi t.

3. When analyzing the concept or design of residence, an-other question that automatically arises is about a buildings physical and functional integration with its surroundings, its neighborhood and the city as a whole.

4. Finally, in funding residence projects that affect the people of the community and society as well as the public fi nance, we must address the issue of construction quality.

Jos Joaquim Dias *

Let us cite some passages for their relevance:

A design that emphasizes a buildings social function, based on a concept which is conducive to improving housing in a city as a whole, should deal carefully with any design detail that concerns people, e.g. the quality of usable areas, the struc-ture and function of a building.

Therefore, it should be avoided to treat different orders of needs and a buildings envisioned functional expansion in isola-tion. Minimum in-house area that most directly affects building costs tends to be stipulated fi rst and given priority over the evidence of everyday needs of a household.

ESSAY

10

ESSAY

2

3

4

ESSAY

11

Procura-se assim no isolar do conjunto das diferentes ordens de necessidades e da previso da sua evoluo, o problema das reas mnimas de habitao, que pela sua mais directa repercusso nos custos, se tende a antecipar e sobrepor evidncia resultante da anlise da vida quotidiana de um agregado.

......justifi cava-se desde j uma tentativa de interpretao das inmeras fontes alheias, disponveis, e de elaborao de propostas que podero, naturalmente, vir a ser corrigidas ou completadas pelas sucessivas concluses de estudos aplicados.

Ver Bibliografi a: PEKING INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING DESIGN Architectural Design Data Sheets (Housing) inJianzhu Xue-bao, Peking 6, 1963.

A, o espao mnimo exigido no pode corresponder ao simples somatrio das reas parcelares determinadas para cada funo,......

......facto bem evidenciado em larga parte das realizaes de habitao de tipo econmico dos ltimos lustros as quais, irremedia-velmente acanhadas devido s pequenas economias pretendidas, esto agora parcialmente obsuletas, sem possibilidade de acompan-har um acrscimo de exigncias real, devido sobretudo, como se ver, alterao do papel da mulher, ao acrscimo de escolaridade e de independncia dos jovens e ao aparecimento de novas motivaes para o lazer em grupo dentro da habitao.

Para o caso da Gr-Bretanha foi avaliado em 9,3m2/habitante o incremento dos standardsde superfcie habitvel nos ltimos 40 anos- 1963

Aqui de salientar:9,3m2x6 pessoas =55,8m2T4 = 54m2 (Decreto-Lei n.13/1993,Macau) (T4, tipologia para 4 qurtos).Donde se conclui que 55,8m2 > 54m2, 30 anos depois.

Mas aps este sensvel aumento de rea, consagrado no Relatrio Parker Morris, de 1963, pode observar-se uma relativa esta-bilizao do factor rea para aparecer outro tipo de melhoramentos com o isolamento acstico e controle trmico, o desdobramento de instalaes sanitrias, melhor equipamento de cozinha e tratamento de roupas, etc..

Aps a realizao do presente estudo e dos somatrios feitos no quadro de reas, constatou-se no entanto a necessidade de tomar como rea til mnima de uma habitao durvel, no evolutiva, um nmero da ordem dos 70m2,......

Quando dizemos que a legislao espartilha o conceito de

...... What follow are an endless series of interpretation by numerous outside parties, and the formulation of proposals that would in their natural courses be corrected or supplemented by subsequent fi ndings of follow-up studies.

See Reference: PEKING INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING DESIGN Architectural Design Data Sheets (Hous-ing) in Jianzhu Xuebao, Peking 6, 1963.

Therefore, the minimum space stipulated would not be the simple sum of partial areas determined for each function ...

...... it clearly showed that large-scale development of economical housing in small economies in the past 20 or 30 years is now partially obsolete, because such housing is ill-equipped to meet the needs arising from the changing roles of women, the increase of peoples study hours, the increasing independence of young people and new needs arising from the collective leisure that is getting popular in a residential com-munity.

In Great Britain, the standard per-capita living area has been upgraded to 9.3m2 in the last 40 years 1963

It is important to note:9.3m2 x 6 persons = 55.8m2T4 = 54m2 (Decree-Law no.13/1993, Macau) (T4 refers to

4-bedroom suite)It would mean that 55.8m2 > 54m2, in 30 years.

But after the sensitive area discussed in the Parker Morris Report (1963) was increased, we can observe that the area factor remained relatively stable while other improvements remain to be desired, as in sound insulation, thermal control, enlargement of health facilities, betterment of kitchen equip-ment and increase in garment care quarter, etc.

Upon completion of this study and taking into account the sum of those functional segments, it was noted that the minimum fl oor area of a durable residence that does not need expansion would approximately be 70m2.....

When we say that the law confi nes the concept of resi-dence, we mean that it stipulates the area of bedroom, living room, kitchen and bathroom in order to ensure their minimum area. This approach results, however, in the choking of resi-dence itself, because of the involuntary speculation between the designer and property developers.

ESSAY

12

ESSAY

*

13

Residence design needs primarily to take into account the relationship and the alternatives between various existing func-tions and new functions of a dwelling.

Eating, sleeping and personal hygiene are mandatory func-tions of a house.

A house should also serve the purposes of conversation, reading and entertainment (as in music, sewing or other hob-bies) by a functional living space.

The storage room or pantry, corridor or entrance hall, as functions of a house are forgotten or removed in order to reduce the fl oor area, without considering its consequences.

Housing has multifarious important effects on its residents as well as on the development of a community.

Of course other things of equal importance are expected of a housing project. For example natural lighting and ventila-tion, adequate spacing between buildings and the urban service roads, streets not only for cars, parks and gardens, supplies and equipments such as urban schools, health services and many others services that complete our lives in a city, and at reason-able distances.

For these reasons, today, with the latest technologies and resources, it is not diffi cult to build a house with all remov-able interior walls, except the walls in which water supply and discharge pipes are installed, as in bathrooms and kitchens. The water supply installation should be given adequate attention to ensure easy maintenance, simple and effi cient operations.

These functions prove to be needed by every household, apart from other specifi c functions that may be needed by each.

Let us discuss what happens in our city. We will look at two major categories of buildings: the high-rise buildings and those known as low buildings up to 7-8 fl oors including houses built on terraces.

A quick survey of the quality of low buildings and their maintenance status can reveal that a satisfactory exterior ap-pearance is not always consistent with a buildings general state of repair.

The interior of these buildings is often deplorable.The exterior wall is about 15cm thick and, consequently, on

the interior side, the walls get moisture and fungi. The window sealing is so substandard as to let in the wind

and water.A building like this has a common chimney connecting

kitchens on all fl oors, with a single pipeline that conducts the scents and oil droplets from one fl at to another.

habitao, queremos dizer que ela formaliza os espaos em quartos, sala, cozinha e sanitrios para lhes fi xar as reas mnimas. Este um recurso para acautelar o dimensionamento insufi ciente dos espa-os para as diferentes funes mas que conduz, pela passividade e especulao do projectista versus investidor, ao estrangulamento da habitao.

Conceber a habitao sobretudo pensar no relacionamento e nas alternativas para as vrias funes e de novas funes do habitar.Comer, dormir e cuidar da higiene pessoal, so funes obrigatrias numa habitao.

Conversar, ler, ter uma ocupao, seja na msica, na costura ou em qualquer outro hobby, acontece nos espaos da habitao, dis-ponveis para esse efeito.

O quarto de arrumos ou a despensa, o corredor ou o vestbulo de entrada, so especifi cidades da habitao que esto esquecidas ou foram amputadas para reduzir reas sem pensar nas suas consequn-cias.

Os efeitos da habitao sobre os seus moradores so mltiplos e importantes para o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade.

Claro que se esperam da habitao outras condies no menos importantes como a ventilao e iluminao naturais, o afastamento adequado entre construes e as serventias urbanas, desde os arrua-mentos pensados no s para carros, como os parques e jardins, os abastecimentos e os equipamentos urbanos como estabelecimentos de ensino, servios de sade e tantos outros que completam a vida numa cidade, e a distncias compatveis.

Por estas razes, hoje, com as tecnologias mais sufi sticadas e os recursos existententes, no difcil conceber uma habitao com todas as paredes interiores amovveis, salvo os blocos de gua de sanitrios e cozinhas. Os blocos de gua devem merecer a ateno necessria para assegurarem fcil reparao, alm de funcionamento simples e efi caz

O agregado familiar teria assim vrias alterntivas j estudadas e outras da sua iniciativa.

Vejamos agora o que acontece na nossa cidade. Consideremos partida dois grandes grupos: os edifcios em altura e os edifcios ditos baixos, a partir dos 7/8 pisos, para incluir as habitaes nos terraos.

Analisemos muito por alto a qualidade dos edifcios baixos, o seu estado de conservao. A sua aparncia exterior razovel, nem sem-pre condiz com o estado geral de conservao.

O interior destes edifcios com frequncia, deplorvel.As paredes exteriores tm cerca de 15 cm de espessura o que

ESSAY

14

ESSAY

traz como consequncia as paredes interiormente hmidas e cobertas de fungos.

As janelas vedam mal o frio e a entrada de gua.

A chamin comum s cozinhas sobrepostas em altura tm uma nica conduta o que leva os cheiros e os leos a escorrerem de uma casa para outra.

As condutas de esgotos, dos sanitrios e da cozinha, entopem com frequncia. De um modo geral h muitos problemas com as redes de es-gotos e por vezes com a prpria rede de abastec-imento de gua.

frequente as salas e os quartos abrirem para sagues estreitos de 2 a 4 metros de lado.

A rede elctrica primria.De um modo geral estas casas antigas, at

aos anos 70 (?) esto sem defesas do frio, do calor e mal servidas de ventilao e iluminao natural.

Quanto aos edifcis em altura, esto mais de-fendidos pelas empresas de condomnio que zelam pela manuteno.

Contudo, a qualidade da construo destes edifcios, sobretudo da habitao econmica, muito defi ciente. Os materiais de acabamento so de muito fraca qualidade com graves consequn-cias na manuteno.

A ttulo de exemplo as banheiras de ferro es-maltado foram substitudas por mosaico cermico com um murete de 20 cm volta. J o mosaico de fraca qualidade pelo que no estanque e as juntas so focos de fungos e bactrias, alm das impurezas que se acumulam. Deixou de ser possvel tomar banhos de imerso. As crianas, os idosos e os doentes so as maiores vtimas.

O nmero actual de fraces habitacionais cerca de 230 000.

A parte velha da cidade deveria ser objecto de estudo aprofundado. Para isso necessrio criar um banco de dados que permita conhecer de imediato cada edifcio nos aspectos considerados essenciais, desde a propriedade do terreno, para avaliao seja de um edifcio, seja de um quar-teiro.

S deste modo seria possvel ter intervenes expeditas que obedecessem a um planeamento urbano, desde a recuperao demolio.

Como dissemos no princpio, este um tema vasto, h muito mais para acautelar, mas hoje fi camos por aqui.

* Arquitecto

15

The bathroom and kitchen sewage gets clogged frequently. In general the sewage systems in such building tend to have problems, as the water supply systems sometimes do.

Living rooms and bedrooms tend to open onto narrow halls of 2-4m2.

Electrical grids in these buildings are usually rudimentary.

Generally, those old houses built around the 1970s do not afford good protection against the cold and heat, nor do they have suffi cient ventilation and natural lighting.

In the case of high-rise build-ings, these aspects are usually better because the property owners com-mittees demand for better building maintenance.

However, construction quality of these buildings, especially of afford-able houses (economic housing), is very poor. Poor-quality materials used in such buildings have serious conse-quences for maintenance.

For example, iron bathtubs are replaced by bathrooms spaced with 20cm- sidewalls covered with ceramic mosaic. However, the mosaic is poor in quality so it is not waterproof and the seams are hotbeds for fungi, bac-teria and impurities. Long baths are not possible anymore. Children, the elderly and the sick are the greatest victims.

Currently, there are about 230 000 residential fl ats in Macao.

The old town quarters should be studied in depth, which would require the creation of a database to ascertain and document the data of every build-ing, including land ownership and the assessment of a building or a block.

This is the only approach in which effective urban planning would be possible, whether by demolition or rehabilitation.

As we said in the beginning, housing is an encompassing topic; there is much more to it, but the above is what we would discuss for now. * Architect

16

Rui Leo

Like in a trauma process, post-Colonial societies present particular patterns that block its` immediate emancipation: the erasure of memory is a typical post-colonial syndrome. It is a fact totally beyond the sphere of intentionality: there is a shift in elite and language, that the simple preservation of memory becomes an impossible struggle.

From the 70`s until the 90`s there was a signifi cant collective refl ection on Housing in Macau. It happened for a set of reasons: Social housing and the CDH (housing scheme at controlled price) were two common government strategies to deal with the big fl uctuations of population in an unstable region and other social shifts. The Governments` investment in housing schemes was crucial in producing both the quality of the housing standards and the extension of an urban realm that was seen as a cultural continuum of Macau.

It was Architecture that established the city as a sequence of meaningful and articulated spaces, both representing its time and scale of investment and technology, and as representing its Portuguese Universalist cultural model. This attitude of investing in housing was well matched by a new generation of Architects who arrived in the territory from Portugal, where there had been a strong a recent emphasis on socially responsible planning for housing.

Architects in the period had a good deal of professional freedom as managers of the

ESSAY

17

CTT Housing complexArchitect: Manuel Vicente

Date: 1962-1964

ESSAY

latest models of social and urban patterns and solutions, and thus started designing for Macau a series of housing schemes that not only dealt with the consolidation of new areas, but most importantly integrated the social programs into the city, avoiding the phenomenon of mass gentrifi cation, and taking to these new urban areas a vision of humanist dimension. Several small to medium scaled schemes started in the 70`s and 80`s in new areas mostly located in the northern districts of Macau introduced novelty and interesting solutions on how to integrate the housing program with the public realm.

In Portugal, after the democratic revolution of 74 there were a series of Government sponsored programs of re-housing that were implemented by the fi rst post-revolution governments. Noteworthy was the SAAL (Servio Ambulatrio de Apoio Local).

The SAAL was a very successful housing and re-housing national scheme of support for the most precarious population, where architects and inhabitants of informal neibourhoods or shantytowns worked directly and together, fi nding solutions for social dilemma and struggle.

The fact that a generation of young Architects arrived in Macau directly from this experience was critical for Macau and the surge in sponsored housing development that followed. Major housing schemes should consciously concern themselves with dealing with the realm of the public space that is defi ned by these macro-structures and the real meaning of minimal areas and communal space.

Housing should be central to the concerns of Architecture and public policy. It cannot be delegated to private investment on one side and vertical storage of the underprivileged or the poor at the opposite end. It should be the object of a serious policy where architects are given a decisive role, and new solutions for housing and social interaction are tested.

20

Os ensaios sobre arquitectura moderna so hoje um importante tema de debate arquitectnico, tal como o eminente e actual problema sobre a habitao urbana. Refl ecte-se sobre esta dualidade temtica seguindo os passos de arquitectos portugueses, responsveis directos da chegada da modernidade a pases to dspares como Portugal ou Brasil, Angola e Moambique em frica ou o caso de Macau. O fi o condutor justamente a cultura arquitectnica portuguesa e a sua capacidade de adaptao a cada Lugar na era moderna.

A arquitectura moderna tinha como

pretenso criar um mundo no qual os homens vivessem melhor. A sua inteno geral era proporcional ao homem uma nova casa. Esta nova casa devia satisfazer a necessidade de identifi cao e, portanto, ser expresso de uma renovada amizade entre o homem e o seu entorno.1 O problema da casa escrevia Le Corbusier em 1923 o problema de uma poca. O equilbrio das sociedades depende actualmente dele. O primeiro dever da arquitectura de uma poca de renovao, consiste em rever os valores e os elementos que constituem uma casa. 2

Um mundo aberto e global j est aqui e veio

para fi car. Os tempos modernos so um facto: existem indiferentes ao nosso sim ou no, dizia Mies van der Rohe em 1930. 3

Estes ideais debatidos nos famosos e infl uentes CIAM4 ganhavam fora por toda a Europa, no entanto em Portugal a sua implantao era de difcil e lenta aceitao. Nos fi nais da dcada de 40, vivia-se um tempo de contestao ao regime de Oliveira Salazar e neste contexto surge o grande acontecimento da dcada: O 1 Congresso Nacional de Arquitectura em 1949. Marca o incio de um novo perodo da arquitectura moderna em Portugal, onde se conclui por

algumas consideraes e trs obras em Macau

A habitao e a cidade moderna de expresso portuguesa: Ins Lima

2121

unanimidade que a arquitectura deve exprimir uma linguagem internacional que aliada ao urbanismo moderno deve encontrar a soluo para o gravssimo problema da habitao. Assim, defi nia-se pouco a pouco, uma gerao de arquitectos marcados pela dimenso humana da profi sso, com a coragem para enfrentar o regime procuram responder da melhor maneira aos problemas da cidade e por conseguinte da sociedade.

Foi sob estes fundamentos que alguns arquitectos formados em Portugal realizaram um trabalho notvel em diferentes territrios do mundo. Delfi m Amorim no Recife, Pancho Guedes e Jos Tinoco em Maputo, o brilhante Vasco Vieira da Costa em Luanda, Choro Ramalho, Manuel Vicente em Macau so alguns dos nomes que conseguiram afi rmar a linguagem internacional e moderna, de to difcil aceitao na Metrpole. Tinham por objectivo: reunir o moderno ao tradicional, o internacional ao local, interesses econmicos e funcionais s necessidades reais da populao.

Manuel Vicente, Choro Ramalho e Vicente Bravo, ainda jovens arquitectos realizam em Lisboa importantes projectos na rea da habitao colectiva.

Em 1951, Choro Ramalho realiza o Centro Comercial do Restelo, onde valoriza o quarteiro e d signifi cado unidade de vizinhana criando galerias comerciais contnuas ao longo da pendente da rua e protegidas pelo volume das varandas. Desde ento e at aos dias de hoje, este conjunto vive com a qualidade de vida nas cidades que os arquitectos modernos tanto procuravam dar sociedade. No se pode deixar de realar as intervenes no particular bairro dos Olivais: com Santiago Pinto ou com Manuel Vicente e Vicente Bravo.

Seguindo caminho diferentes, estes arquitectos voltam a encontrar-se em Macau numa poca da supremacia dos princpios modernos e em pleno crescimento da cidade. Procuram o esprito do lugar portugus no Oriente num pequeno territrio no Esturio do Rio das Prolas, aplicando toda

2

3

22

a sua formao e o saber fazer arquitectura.

Para situar e entender o caso particular de Macau inevitvel remeter a duas referncias indispensveis: por um lado a forte potncia de Hong Kong e por o outro a cidade de Canto, uma das cidades chinesas mais antigas. O planeamento e a arquitectura de Macau uma consolidao da sua histria 5 , so mais de 500 anos de interligao cultural Euro-asitica e que, por si prprio, conseguiu transpor na arquitectura e no urbanismo, quer os padres chineses quer os portugueses, o que lhe confere um carcter original e nico a nvel mundial. Actualmente uma pequena cidade portuguesa do Oriente, onde j no se fala portugus, mas que conserva a histria cultural comum entre dois pases to distantes.

A paz mundial assinada em 1945, a dimenso interna e externa da revoluo chinesa e o desenvolvimento econmico de Hong Kong so alguns dos fenmenos que enquadram o desenvolvimento econmico de Macau, onde inevitvel fazer referncia ao poder da explorao do jogo. A acompanhar este surto econmico assistiu-se a um forte crescimento urbano, o que se traduziu na ocupao dos aterros e na substituio dos tecidos urbanos antigos, onde os pequenos edifcios deram lugar s novas tipologias de vrios pisos. Na dcada de 60, seguindo o passo das modifi caes polticas e econmicas a nvel mundial, Macau reabilita o seu territrio, dando continuidade s estruturas de raiz portuguesa e um constante

e prudente ajustamento cultura chinesa.Na Avenida da Praia Grande, um dos

principais eixos virios da cidade, Jos Maneiras projecta em 1964, o brilhante Conjunto Habitacional S. Francisco: uma sequncia de 4 edifcios de 5 pisos (o que segundo a normativa portuguesa no implicava a colocao de elevador) protegidos por uma torre mais alta de 10 pisos, a cargo do governo que pretendia mostrar abertura a maiores desenvolvimentos. Procurando a melhor orientao, a adaptao ao clima e a exposio solar, numa parcela urbana complicada de forma triangular, Maneiras encontra a soluo com a implantao dos edifcios mais baixos em sequncia ao longo da rua principal na

parte sul da parcela. Colocados de modo a no obstruir as brisas suaves no vero ou o sol de inverno na torre habitacional, os volumes do conjunto dilatam-se e contraem-se, em varandas ou recuos, nas palas protectoras ou nas aberturas nas fachadas, de modo a alcanar o melhor funcionamento. Um edifcio sustentvel onde prima o rigor pelo desenho e pelo detalhe arquitectnico.

Hoje o esquecimento e quase abandono ingrato do conjunto, aliado a uma forte alterao de imagem devido ao poder do ar condicionado e principalmente pela enorme sombra causada pela escala desmesurada do moderno Casino Lisboa, abafam a glria merecida de outra poca. E desta tambm.

23

Desenhos Implantao / tipologia tipo da Torre Leal Senado, arq Choro Ramalho, 1962-64fonte: Catlogo da Exposio Choro Ramalho, Casa da Cerca, Almada

5

24

As habitaes devero ser concebidas tomando em considerao o habitat tradicional da Famlia Chinesa. defendeu Choro Ramalho, ao projectar o bairro de casas econmicas na Ilha Verde. Projecta tambm as moradias em banda e a torre habitacional para funcionrios na avenida Sidnio Pais, conhecida como a Torre do Leal Senado, refl ecte uma implantao pensada em relao ao monte que a enquadra, afastando-se do trfego intenso da avenida. Aplica assumidamente os princpios brutalistas, com a estrutura evidente e elementos salientes em beto armado jogam harmoniosamente com o brilhante conjunto plstico dado pelos azulejos. A veracidade dos materiais, a subtileza do detalhe

arquitectnico aplicados numa enorme mestria funcional do programa habitacional. Em tom de promenade, Ramalho liga a rua at entrada do edifcio, atravs de um percurso, ora ventilado ora protegido pelo sol, que incentiva ao convvio e ao encontro dos habitantes.

Manuel Vicente realiza uma vasta obra no campo habitacional em Macau. As habitaes na Travessa da Praia Grande (hoje quase irreconhecveis), a torre para os funcionrios do CTT (hoje um enorme buraco que seguramente dar lugar a mais um gigante e luminoso casino) e entre outras, o fabuloso edifcio na Avenida Almirante Lacerda, junto ao Mercado Vermelho. A implantao soluciona a esquina onde

ncleo vertical das escadas separa os dois edifcios e simultaneamente os une atravs do acesso em galeria. Consolida a frente para as avenidas, abre os espaos colectivos para o interior da parcela e d lugar a 18 apartamentos duplex. A estrutura em beto aparente bem evidenciada nas fachadas, o detalhe sublime dos elementos de proteco solar nas janelas, o recuar do plano de fachada na esquina para ganhar um momento de pausa na rua, afi rmam uma arquitectura para ser vivida, onde sobressaem os elementos do Movimento Moderno aplicados ao lugar.

Trs obras destacadas de um conjunto de muitas outras, que se afi rmaram sem protagonismo gratuitos ou como acidentes de uma poca; que hoje fazem parte da identidade de cada lugar e so simultaneamente testemunhos importantes ao esplio da Arquitectura Moderna, no s portuguesa e macaense, como mundial.

A ateno dada envolvente, a resposta atenta s exigncias do programas, com grande ateno aos aspectos de ordem funcional; o conhecimento das tcnicas e dos materiais, o rigor do desenho desde a concepo espacial at aos pormenores foram factores comuns a esta gerao de arquitectos. Realizavam-se estudos de volumetrias e de insolao para cada lugar na implantao dos projectos; desenhavam-se palas protectoras, aberturas ou varandas de modo a procurar o melhor sombreamento e ventilao, de modo a conseguir a melhor sustentabilidade do edifcio. Convidavam-se artistas plsticos para enaltecer os espaos colectivos dos edifcios, arquitectos paisagsticos para os jardins e ptios, o que hoje se chamaria de inter disciplinariedade.

Macau faz parte desta histria, tal como participam outros pases de expresso portuguesa: em Angola ou Moambique, no Brasil ou nas ilhas atlnticas encontram-se casos signifi cativos de referencia mundial.

A recuperao do patrimnio arquitectnico constitui um sinal positivo de conservao de valores da cultura local e

Fotografi a poca / Desdenho da Tipologia-tipo do Edifcio Torre Funcionrios,

arq. Manuel Vicente, 1964fonte: Arquivo Manuel Vicente

25

no colide, de maneira nenhuma, com novas intervenes mais recentes. O conjunto faz a cidade e d a identidade prpria a cada uma. Actualmente continuam a existir vrios casos de abandono, esquecimento, falta de reconhecimento, degradao em edifcios que deviam ser considerados por todos como Patrimnio, muitas vezes: mundial.

Um ensaio que tenta contribuir defi nio da Forma do habitar moderno, como um conjunto de relaes e signifi cados de modo a caracterizar a melhor arquitectura de raiz portuguesa do sculo XX e simultaneamente registar o marco histrico e terico da sociedade do sculo XXI.

Uma anlise do passado, no presente, para o futuro.

No pretendemos, ainda, ser modernos?

1 Vase Norberg-Schulz, Los Principios de la Arquitectura Moderna, Barcelona: Editorial Revert, 2005.2 Le Corbusier, Por uma arquitectura, So Paulo Brasil: Editora Perspectiva, [1923] 2002. 6 Edio3 Van der Rohe, Mies, Los nuevos tiempos, en Escritos, dilogos y discursos, (Murcia: COATT, 1981), p.41.4 Os CIAM, Congressos Internacionais de Arquitectura Moderna, principalmente os primeiros trs tiveram grande infl uencia no tema, pois debruaram-se essencialmente sobre a problemtica da habitao urbana.5 Gene K. King, in Dialogue n.30, Macau 1999, p.27

26

27

28

29

30

DEVELOPMENT PLAN

FOR TOURISM AT A GLIMPSE

FORUM / DEBATE

31

Macaus tourism efforts has been awakened when it had gained international distinction for its heritage sites and destinations (apart from its Casino and entertainment industry), and by which it is a good jump start for a progressive and sustainable effort and community endeavor.

Though a head on innovation on expansion plans such as diversifi cation, preservation measures, resource planning and market strategy are needed to truly gain the optimal benefi t to the regions economic, social, environmental and cultural sectors and for the local community in general.

What has been done... and need to be done.In most cities, tourism is considered as an

economic activity and incorporated as a sub-sector in the economic plan. Tourism, however, is recognized as a major economic activity that contributes signifi cantly to GNP and creates tremendous employment and livelihood opportunities.

Many sub-regions have tourism as their main economic activity and many more have resources and potentials for major tourism development, these areas therefore are expected to pay more attention to planning their tourism development.

Tourism Planning is a specialized fi eld that is also comprehensive in its approach looking into structure planning, environmental management, land use planning, tourism marketing, tourism product development, human resource planning etc. Tourism Planning should be undertaken correctly to support comprehensive and sustainable development.

A clear objective and goal should be set alongside with its efforts to establish parameters to achieve it. Examples of such are: Optimizing contribution to economic growth from

local to national level Enhance and contribute to social cohesion and

cultural preservation at the local level, Develop tourism on an environmentally

sustainable basis, and Develop a diversity of destinations, attractions,

and markets.With these, good tourism plan therefore is not

limited to its economic dimension but one that cuts across other relevant sectors such as socio-cultural and environmental management.

In this consideration, as a major driver of economic development, tourism has to be planned and given full support in its implementation, and the legislature or the government serving as the main role player, and where policies, ordinances and tourism management arms and agencies should be established and revisited to support tourism initiatives.

Diversifi cation for tourism comes into an important aspect in developing a sustainable effort in the local developmental plan, this will fundamentally consider either ecological, recreational, product innovation, preservation, ethnic-vernacular events and many others enhancing local identity and international honor.

The developmental plan can be revalidated for such issues and concerns specifi cally its medium to long term goals to effectively support and promote a continuous advantage to the local community.

However, previously assessed, practiced and proven to be benefi cial models and plans can be enhanced by expanding its policies for a more fl exible integration to diversifi ed tourism and not just one concentrated tourism activity found in almost all corners in a nutshell.

The rudiments of creating a good developmental plan for tourism is generally based on the local goal (Where are we heading?) and identity of the region (Who we are?) and not of the imitated and reconstructed form and function only improving the regions economic sector but on the other hand depriving the social, cultural and environmental aspects.

Tourism attraction is fundamentally a matter of signifi cance and uniqueness, where generally the basis by which people from local to international origins come to experience.

Now, when we fail to re-examine such and be imbalanced in our interpretation, we can be disoriented in our efforts and claims, and basically will result to a cycle of wrong decisions where the community goals are at stake.

A need can be raised for a dynamic planning and this can only be answered back in coming up with a comprehensive development plan for its tourism sector, that can further capitalize the local resource for sustainable and profi table use.

Eliezer Bandonill Villaruz *UAP AAM

FORUM / DEBATE

* Architect

32

From the photographs of the past, we can see that most parts of the elevation of the Inner Harbour are composed of shop-houses with qilou built in an arch form. The upper fl oor of the qilou is supported by a brick arch. It is quite different from those support-ed by a rigid horizontal concrete beam, which are usually found in the area of south China, such as Guangdong and Hong Kong.

qilou is a typical architectural element in south China and southeast Asia where the climate is hot and rainy. The colonnade walkway in front of the shops can protect the pedestrians from the piercing heat of sunshine and heavy rain. When the houses developed from single fl oor to multi-fl oors, the area above the colonnade walkway became the interior area of the upper fl oors.

The arch form qilou shop-housein Macau

HERITAGE

Jay Ho Pui Kei

33

HERITAGE

34

Then the qilou was formed. The qilou was also introduced and de-veloped in Macao. In certain areas of Macao, such as Almirante Srgio Street, qilou have been obligated by law. In the Offi cial Boletin of 1882, there was an announcement that a developer was fi ned because he vio-lated the regulation of town planning by building a house without qilou on Almirante Srgio Street.

The arch form qilou shop-house is typical in the Inner Harbour. It gives Macao a special image, different from other places in south China where the qilou buildings are rare in arch form. However, the arch form qilou shophouse can be found in some southeast Asian countries, such as Singapore and Malaysia. Thus, it shows that Macao has a par-ticular relationship with these countries. Unfortunately, this special kind of shophouse has not been given suffi cient attention. Little effort has been exerted for their preservation.

Today, there are about twenty-four such kind of arch form qilou shop-houses remaining in Almirante Srgio Street () and Lorchas Street (). New buildings have been erected, breaking the harmo-ny of the continuous arch colonnade, even though the latter is still being obligated by the town planning law for the new buildings in a certain area of Almirante Srgio Street. Those newly constructed colonnades vary in form and scale. The mansion located at the corner between the Ponte e Horta Square () and the Lorchas Street, is a typical build-ing with the arch form qilou. It is included in the heritage list under the category of building with architectural interest. This mansion, so called the Opium House, is an adaptive re-use as a clinic run by Tong Sin Tong (), a local charity.

HERITAGE

35

HERITAGE