Architecture and Industrial revolution

BRIEF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BEFORE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

-BAROQUE AND ROCOCO were the International Architecture styles that were present before the Industrial Revolution

• Arguably the first truly International Architectural Style.• First emerged in Rome• Emerged during the first years of Seventeenth Century• Spread to Spain, France, Germany and later England• Reached as far as Scandinavia, Russia and even Latin America• Illusion and Drama are traditionally seen as its principal characteristics• Characteristics of Baroque Architecture:o Bold and powerful massingo Sweeping Curveso Dramatic Effects of Light and Shadeo Highly decorated interiors that blurred the boundaries between Architecture, Painting and Sculpture

Baroque Architecture

• Italian Baroque• German and Eastern European Baroque• Spanish and Latin American Baroque• French Baroque• English Baroque• Rococo

Different Styles of Baroque Architecture

Oblique Angles

Italian Baroque

Synthesis of Architecture and Sculpture Ovals

Curving Facades

Italian Baroque

Illusions

Giant Order

German and Eastern Europe

Gothic Influence

Synthesis of Classical and Sacred Architecture Spatial Complexity

German and Eastern Europe

Italian Influence

Onion Dome

Spanish and Latin America

Moorish Influence

Defiance of Structure

Indigenous American Influence

Heavy Mouldings

French Baroque

Dome

Mansard Roof

Landscape Design

Heavy Rustication

Sumptuous Interiors

English Baroque

Plainness

Medieval Influence

Animated Skyline

Exaggerated keystones

Rococo

Plainness

Decoration

Foliate Decoration

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Introduction •The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.• The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century.• Industrial Revolution as a widespread replacement of manual labour by machines that began in Britain in the 18th century.• Radical changes at every level of civilization throughout the world.

Impact Affected a lot of Industries like:1. Textile manufacturing2. Metallurgy3. Steam Power4. Chemicals5. Glass Industry6. Agriculture7. Mining8. Transportations etc

Invention of steam engine, growth of mechanised cotton factory and Iron making industry contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Also the invention of Portland Cement during this phase also contributed to it

IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE • Forged Iron and Milled Steel Began to Replace Wood, Brick and Stone as primary materials for large buildings. Usage of glass too impacted Architecture.

• A much more urbanised society was forming and the society called out for new larger buildings. Mass production of steel was the main driving force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid 1880s.

•The invention of Cement also contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Cement was used on a large scale in the construction industry.

• It led to the creation of the factories. Led to the growth of Urban Areas as large number of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories. Housing was provided to the workers at the site.

Impact on Architecture

•It was an age of Enlightenment. • The idea was to reform society using reason, to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance knowledge through the scientific method. • Promoted scientific thought, scepticism, and intellectual interchange.• The Enlightenment was a revolution in human thought. • This new way of thinking was that rational thought begins with clearly stated principles, uses correct logic to arrive at conclusions, tests the conclusions against evidence, and then revises the principles in the light of the evidence.• Disenchantment with Baroque and Rococo turned late 18th-century designers and patrons toward the original Greek and Roman prototypes. • Some famous examples of the structures are Eiffel Tower in Paris, France and Crystal Palace in London

NEO -CLASSICISM• The conceptual approach, with a little basis in the historical fact was the key innovation of Neoclassicism.• It emphasized the values of order, reason and civility. • In some instances it came with an aristocratic slant; in other cases with a progressive emphasis on science and egalitarianism for which it was viewed as a corrective aimed at the excesses of aristocratic culture. • A turn away from the curves, inventiveness and mysteriousness of the Baroque toward a more rectilinear and transparent organization of space. • Unlike Baroque, Neo Classical buildings were designed according to the precedents from classical antiquity; which served as a proof of the continuity of history and the legitimacy of civil society.•In England, Neo Classicism developed primarily in the domain of private sector, with the great houses for the elite. In France, Neoclassicism was associated wit the Enlightenment and the French Revolution and thus has a civic component. • In Germany, it was used for the institutions like schools, museums and theatre.

Temple Front Natural landscaped Gardens

Public Buildings Classical Revival-Columns

NEO -CLASSICISM

Interpretation Picturesque-Asymmetric

MonumentalityPicturesque-Rustic

Greek Doric Order

Further Reads

•https://thearchiblog.wordpress.com/2011/06/02/impact-of-industrial-revolution-on-architecture/

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution

•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture

•http://www.domusweb.it/en/editorial/2017/01/10/for_a_theory_of_design.html

•http://science.jrank.org/pages/1073/Building-Design-Architecture-Industrial-Revolution-new-materials.html

Further Reads

•http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/bridges-and-buildings-the-structures-the-industrial-revolution

•http://humanities.uwe.ac.uk/bhr/Main/Architecture/indust_rev.htm

•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#The_nineteenth_century:_Industrial_Revolution

Assignment 1-10 Marks

1. Write a detailed note on the evolution of new building typologies and the increasing user requirement with the influence of Industrial Revolution.

2. Industrial Revolution resulted in socio economic changes and brought in new materials and the construction technology, which led to a new trend in architecture called modern movement. Explain the context in which modern architecture emerged.

3. Write a brief note on the images shown for the Baroque Architecture(Italian Baroque). Write a short notes on the Architecture works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Explain briefly the important features of his style.

4. How did Age of Enlightenment impact Neoclassical Movement? Write short notes on Neo Classical Architecture. Name few Architects of this era.

5. Write brief notes on Crystal Palace and Eiffel Tower. What is the relation between Industrial Revolution and these structures.

Last date of submission of the Assignment: 26-01-2016 by 9 am.

ARCHITECTURE BEFORE THE WORLD WAR

ECLECTICISM

• Eclecticism is a nineteenth and twentieth-century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original.

• In architecture and interior design, these elements may include structural features, furniture, decorative motives, distinct historical ornament, traditional cultural motifs or styles from other countries, with the mixture usually chosen based on its suitability to the project and overall aesthetic value.

• Eclecticism came into practice during the late 19th century, as Architects sought after a style that would allow them to retain previous historic precedent, but create unseen designs.

• From a complete catalogue of past styles, the ability to mix and combine styles allowed for more expressive freedom and provided an endless source of inspiration.

• Eclecticism differed, as the main driving force was creation, not nostalgia and there was a desire for the designs to be original.

• Gothic Revival• Orientalism• Beaux-Arts• Arts and Crafts• Art Nouveau• Art Deco

Different Styles in Eclecticism

Eclectic Gothic

Gothic Revival

Restitutive Gothic Structural Gothic

Natural Gothic

Modern Gothic

Orientalism

Indian Egyptian

Mayan Moorish

Orientalism

Imperialist

Chinese

Beaux-Art• Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.

• The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture, Italian Renaissance, and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models.

• Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, and knowledgeable detailing.

• Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism.

Characteristics • Flat roof• Rusticated and raised first story• Arched windows• Arched and pedimented doors• Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism; fluently in a number of "manners"• Symmetry• Statuary, sculpture (bas-relief panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building• Classical architectural details: balustrades, pilasters, garlands, cartouches, acroteria, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps, brackets and supporting consoles• Subtle polychromy.

Characteristics

Modern Building TypesCivic Buildings

Iron Structures

Characteristics

Imbricated Facades

High Facades