Architecture

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Organization of ArchitectureIA0407

May 7, 2014Introduction Egyptian ArchitectureTrinity ChurchWhat Architecture Is?ArchitectureIs described as the most functional of all the art forms.It is defined as an art form that merges not only the requisites of aesthetics, beauty and taste.It unites with it concerns of science, technology, techniques, tectonics, architectonics and engineering.As a decorative toolIt reflects the individuality of people through their creativity in how space and shelter is used.How Architecture Is Done?A structures design is determined by its function or purpose, who and how many will use it.

Architecture in the modern era is best reflected by numerous changes in society.

Elements of ArtSize is the relation of form to the size of the human body.

Scaleis used in design and architecture to describe a rather subtle consideration related to size.It also refers to the proportion of an object or space to all other objects, to human beings, and to the space to which it belongs.

Principles of OrganizationEmphasisEnsures that important elements look significant while minor or rival elements look subordinate.This is achieve through the balance of size, placement, value, color, and selection of materials.

Pattern and ornamentWhere the smooth surfaces are defined only by their limits, edges, or corner.Structural Systems Employed to Fabricate ArchitecturePost and Lintel System

It also referred to as trabeated or column and beamThe system employs a very fundamental analogy of supports and free falling weights, where beams or trabs, (horizontal members carrying a load or weight) are suspended or supported by vertical supports (columns) thereby allowing a system of serviceable spaces to be created beneath for human occupancy or habitation.This system of construction, which is universal, is inspired by nature.Structural Systems Employed to Fabricate ArchitectureArcuated FormEmploys the use of arches instead of columns and beams.

ArchesMay be ascribed to nature with cave opening as its natural prototype.Have the added pushing force employed on the outer curvature of the arch.Results in the opening up of space from the multitude of columns as well as the wider opening which the shortness of beams cannot allow.Structural Systems Employed to Fabricate ArchitectureTruss SystemIs a structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and is composed of linear members subject only to axial tension or compression.

Trussesuse smaller pieces a wood set in a lattice or brace from allowing the spanning of wider space possible.Is made of smaller cuts of wood attached and formed into system of supports allowing loads and spans to be covered or bridged.

The Aesthetic Qualities of Selected Architecture

The Use of the Classic Orders and Arches in the ColiseumsColiseums

is designed with an oval plan with tiers of seat that accommodated approximately 50,000 spectators in various levels. The seats were supported by vaults and arches. Each arch was supported by a column.

It is defined by the use of Travertine cladding, though much of the buildings structural mass is made of Tufa infill on a bed of cement.

Arches supported by columns and entablatures define the architecture of the Colosseum, a style that was prominent and popular in the Roman Empire.

The merging of the two structure systems (trabeated andarcuated) characterizes and defines the rather decorative nature of Roman architecture as compared to the purer and more purposeful construction principles employed by the Ancient Greeks.

The Revival of the Classical Orders, Magnitude and Layout in the Palais de Versailles

Palais de VersaillesFine example of Baroque architecture in FranceBuilt from 1661 to 1756 for Louis XIV by Louis le Vau who designed a palace around the old hunting chateau erected originally by Salomon de Brosse fo Louis XIII, it was later expanded by Jules Hardouin Mansart by extending the building north and south forming a building 402 meters long.The park faade has a rusticated ground storey supporting an order of pilasters, high attic and balustrade, producing a monotonous effect with unbroken skyline.The great garden designs of Andre le Notre were among Frances finest contribution to European culture.The latter, laid out with a low-level topiary and colored earths, produce the patierre de broiderie (pattern and embroidery), a geometrical pattern resembling Genose velvets when seen from the upper windows of the chateaux.Nature and the Use of Concrete and Rough Stone in Frank Lloyd Wrights Kaufmann House (Falling Water)

Kaufmann House

Better known as Falling Waters in Bear Run, Pennsylvania.Built between 1937 and 1939 it is a piece of work that has become the most famous of all Lloyd Wrights domestic designs.There is an expansive use of concrete in horizontal spans set in dramatic cantilevered balconies clad in local river stone to reflect the bed below the waterfall.The use of smooth concrete and rough stone enhances the natural effect, making the house appear to have been carved from the living rock of the landscape rather than built on it.The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.

Believes that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. It was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base

SIZE it is the largest of the three, the length of each side at the base averaging 755.75 feet (230 metres) and its original height being 481.4 feet (147 metres).

There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place.There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called[3] Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only pyramid in Egypt known to contain both ascending and descending passages. The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles.

The Pyramid of Khafre, also known as the Pyramid of Chephren,[1] is the second-tallest and second-largest of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza and the tomb of the Fourth-Dynasty pharaoh Khafre (Chefren), who ruled from c. 2558 to 2532 BC

The pyramid has a base length of 215.5 m (706 ft) and rises to a height of 136.4 metres (448 ft) (originally 143.5 m or 471 ft).[1] The pyramid is made of limestone blocks weighing more than 2 tons each. The slope of the pyramid rises at a 53 10' angle, steeper than its neighbor, the Pyramid of Khufu, which has an angle of 5150'40". The pyramid sits on bedrock 10 m (33 ft) higher than Khufus pyramid, which makes it appear to be taller.The Pyramid of Menkaure, located on the Giza Plateau in the southwestern outskirts of Cairo, Egypt, is the smallest of the three Pyramids of Giza. It is thought to have been built to serve as the tomb of the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Menkaure.

Menkaure's pyramid had an original height of 65.5 metres (215 feet) and was the smallest of the three major pyramids at the Giza Necropolis. It now stands at 61 m (204 ft) tall with a base of 108.5 m. Its angle of incline is approximately 512025. It was constructed of limestone and granite. The first sixteen courses of the exterior were made of granite. The upper portion was cased in the normal manner with Tura limestone. Part of the granite was left in the rough. Incomplete projects such as this pyramid help archaeologists understand the methods used to build pyramids and temples. South of the pyramid of Menkaure are 3 satellite pyramids, none of which appear to have been completed. The largest is made partly of granite, like the main pyramid. Neither of the other 2 progressed beyond the construction of the inner core.

The Temple of Edfu is an ancient Egyptian temple located on the west bank of the Nile in the city of Edfu which was known in Greco-Roman times as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus-Apollo.[1] It is one of the best preserved temples in Egypt. The temple, dedicated to the falcon god Horus, was built in the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BCE. The inscriptions on its walls provide important information on language, myth and religion during the Greco-Roman period in ancient Egypt. In particular, the Temple's inscribed building texts "provide details [both] of its construction, and also preserve information about the mythical interpretation of this and all other temples as the Island of Creation.Architectural descriptionConstruction materialSandstoneHeight36 metresWidth36 metresLength79 metres

The Temple of Amun is an archaeological site at Jebel Barkal in Northern State, Sudan. It is situated about 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of Khartoum near Karima. The temple stands near a large bend of the Nile River, in the region that was called Nubia in ancient times. The Temple of Amun, one of the larger temples at Jebel Barkal, is considered sacred to the local population. Not only was the Amun temple a main centre of what at one time was considered to be an almost universal religion, but, along with the other archaeological sites at Jebel Barkal, it was representative of the revival of Egyptian religious values.[1] Up to the middle of the 19th century, the temple was subjected to vandalism, destruction, and indiscriminate plundering, before it came under state protectionTemple of Amon (hypostyle hall)

The original temple was relatively small, with one pylon, and a courtyard with ten columns. During the reign of Ramses II, the structure included the Second and Third Pylons, a hypostyle court, a hall with annexes, a chapel, and a pronaos and naos complex.[6] Additions included a second temple behind a pylon, another courtyard, probably without pillars, and several chapels.

A notable temple renovation and enlargement, attributed to Piye, occurred in three stages. First, the old temple was strengthened by a wall and another small portico. For the second step, a large hall with 50 columns, was built. Only the pillars, foundation walls and entrances were made of sandstone, the remaining walls were of unbaked bricks. Lastly, Piye built a large farm, which was also decorated with columns. The court and the portico each had its own pylon. The whole temple complex became over 150 metres (490 ft) long. North of the First Pylon, a cache of statues was excavated, which included the headless statue of Tantamani (known also by his Amon name, "Tenutamon"), Taharqa's successor.[citation needed]

Many rulers built additional stele, decorated walls or put up statues in the temple. As the religious center was important to both Egyptians and Nubians, Thutmose III stele contains the inscription, "Home of Amun and the Throne of the Two Lands";[10] found at the Amun temple, it is now at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. There are stelea attributed to Horemheb and Seti I. Taharqa built ten colossal figures. Tantamani erected a small shrine in the portico. In the first courtyard, there are pillars attributed to Piye and Harsiotef.

Temple of Horus

Types of Egyptian columnsFlower- the flower makes a wide, bell- shaped capital.

Types of Egyptian columnsBud columns- the uppermost part of the capital is smaller than the lower, like the bud of a flower

MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTUREMESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTUREZIGGURATTower built at successive levels, with ramps leading from one platform to the next.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE1100-100 B.C.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE (1100-100B.C.)Greek architecture in its most characteristic form is found in the temple, a low building of post-and-lintel construction like that of the Egyptian temple.

Post-and-lintel constructionTwo upright pieces (posts), are surmounted by a horizontal piece (lintel) long enough to reach from one to another.This is the simplest and earliest type of construction, and it is more commonly used than any other.Post-and-lintel construction: BARNS are good example, since the beams are exposed and can be seen.39Post-and-lintel constructionThis kind of construction is well adapted to wood because:Wooden beams are strong and are able to uphold the weight of the roof;They are long, so that large buildings may be erected.However, wooden beams are not permanent; they may burn, rot, or be eaten by insects.Post-and-lintel constructionStone lintels, in comparison, are enduring; but they cannot be obtained as great lengths and they stand much less weight than wood;Therefore, in stone buildings the distance between posts must be small.Temple of Apollo at Old Corinth

GREEK ARCHITECTURE (1100-100B.C.)The typical Greek temple had columns in front and often at the back also.Sometimes the entire building was surrounded by a row of columns, with a double row of columns in the front and back of the building and a single row at each side.In pure Greek style, all columns are fluted.FLUTED- having flutes or grooves; ridged(uneven)43The Parthenon, Athens

One of the greatest temples ever built44GREEK ARCHITECTURE (1100-100B.C.)There are three (3) styles, or orders, of Greek architecture:DoricIonicCorinthian

DORIC COLUMNIt has no base;The bottom of the of the column is rests on the top step.The capital is very plain; it is a flat block, or slab, joined to the column by a simple convex curve and looking something like a cushion.The frienze is divided into triglyphs (a square slab having 2 vertical grooves or glymphs in the middle and half groove at each end0:And metopes (often carved) Inarchitecturethecapital forms the topmost member of acolumn.Inarchitecturethefriezeis the wide central section part of anentablatureand may be plain in theIonicorDoric order, or decorated withbas-reliefs.46

Example: The Parthenon47IONIC COLUMNThis column is taller and more slender than the Doric type.It has a base, and the capital is ornamented by scrolls (volutes) on each side.The frienze is continuous instead of being divided into triglyphs and metopes.The architrave below the frienze is stepped; that is, it is divided horizontally into 3 parts, each being set in slightly.Example of the ionic order: ERECHTHEUM and the Little temple of Athena Nike at Athens

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Erechtheum

Unfinished and, unlike most Greek temples, irregular in shape.It is characterized by great elegance and grace.50Temple of Athena Nike, Athens

*taas ng column yung scroll style51CORINTHIAN COLUMNIt is distinguished from Ionic by still greater height and by its capital, which shows 2 rows of acanthus leaves with volutes rising from them.It was last to be developed and was not so much used as the Doric and Ionic.Example: Temple of Zeus52

Temple of Zeus, Athens

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE (1000 B.C.-A.D. 400)The most important innovation of the Romans was the arch.Made of wedge-shaped stones that are arranged with the small side of the wedge turned down toward the opening.As the old Arabic proverb has it, An arch never sleeps.

Another characteristic of Roman architecture is the flat, round dome that covers an entire buildingRoman columns are taller and thinner

Corinthian column was used extensively, as was the composite column, an invention of the Romans made by combining the Ionic volutes with the Corinthian acanthus-circled bellThe columns between the arches and the entablature above them are not essential to the structure of the building.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE (C.E. 200 1453)BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE Byzantine takes its name from Byzantium later called Constantinople and now called Istanbul. The grouping of small domes or semi-domes round the large central dome was effective.It is characterized by a great central dome supported by curved triangles (pendentives) and fitted to a square.

59S. Sophia ( Church Of The Divine Wisdom)

60WESTERN ARCHITECTURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES (C.E. 400 - 1500)Western Architecture In The Middle AgesWestern Architecture passed through three stages of development during the middle ages. These are the: Early ChristianRomanesqueGothic The Romanesque was an outgrowth of the Early Christian, and the Gothic , of the Romanesque.The western styles follow the general type of the Roman Basilica, a long rectangular building divided by pillars into a central nave and aisle. Sometimes there is one aisle on each side of the nave; sometimes there are two.

62Western Architecture In The Middle AgesOften, the nave is higher than the aisles, and, therefore, there is opportunity for clerestory lightning.

In the early churches, the building was one simple rectangle with an apse.

Later, the plan was adapted to the shape of a cross by the addition of cross aisle between the nave and the choir.

The arms thus made are known as transepts. Directly opposite the high altar at the west, was the main entrance.

63Basilica. perspective cross section of an early Christian basilica

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (C.E. 400 - 700)Early Christian ArchitectureThe clerestory is heavy and the windows are small the columns seperating the nave from the aisles follow the roman orders with flat lintels or round arches between themThe interiors of early Christian churches were often decorated with mosaics, as in S. Apollinare.

66Basilica of Saint Apollinaris in Classe

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE(11th and 12th Centuries)ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTUREThe structure is characterized with very heavy walls with small window opening stone arch or inverted roof window.They have a wide nave and narrow and lower side aids with tranusepts.

69ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURERomanesque Architecture is an extension and development of the Early Christian Basilica exemplified by S. Apollinare in Classe.Light, with a simple lightweight, flat wooden roof, the Romanesque Where the Early Christian style is structurally has very heavy walls with small window openings and a heavy stone arched or vaulted roof inside.

70Norte dame la grande, poitiers (eleventh century)

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTUREThe delicate arcades and colorful marble stand in remarkable contrast to the powerful external and internal arches of romanesque stone building.The cathedral at pisa still has the earlier flat wooden roof rather than the heavy stone canopy or vault that is typical of romanesque architecture.72Busketus and rainaldus, architects

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTUREThe romanesque style is seen in all its force in the interior of the abbaye-aux-Dames at Caen, where manificient stone vaulting covers the nave.74Abbaye-aux-dames or La Trinite

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTUREA groin vault is made up of two short barrel vaults at right angles to each other , the short side facing the side aisle and raising the vault to let in light, the wider side facing the axes of the nave it selfLater, it was discovered that diagonal arches or ribs could be built that would support the entire weight of the roof.76Groin Vault

77Direction of thrust in the round arch and the pointed arch

Gothic Architecture(1194-1500)Gothic Architecture- is a style ofarchitecturethat flourished during the high and latemedieval period. It evolved fromRomanesque architectureand was succeeded byRenaissance architecture.Originating in 12th centuryFranceand lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as "the French Style" (Opus Francigenum), with the termGothicfirst appearing during the latter part of theRenaissance. Its characteristic features include thepointed arch, the ribbed vaultand theflying buttress.

Westminster Abbey: The arcades, pointed arches of supporting the triforum and clerestory windows dividing the nave from the north aisle.

The multiple flying buttresses supporting the lofty nave of Westminster Abbey

The architecture of Uppsala Cathedral (1435) is classified in art history as BalticInternational Gothicstyle (started around late 1300's). You can see some of the features of gothic architecture - the ribbed vaults of the ceiling and the pointed arches.

Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the greatcathedrals,abbeys andchurchesof Europe. It is also the architecture of manycastles,palaces,town halls,guild halls, universitiesand to a less prominent extent,private dwellings.It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeal to the emotions. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed withUNESCOasWorld Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.

Structure: The Pointed ArchOne of the defining characteristics of Gothic architecture is the pointed orogival arch.

Functions:The Gothicvault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such astrapezoids.The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle. This enabled architects to raise vaults much higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture.While, structurally, use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different and more vertical visual character than Romanesque.HeightA characteristic of Gothic church architecture is its height, both absolute and in proportion to its width, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven. A section of the main body of a Gothic church usually shows thenaveas considerably taller than it is wide.

Salisbury Cathedralhas the tallest spire in England.Vertical emphasisThe pointed arch lends itself to a suggestion of height. This appearance is characteristically further enhanced by both the architectural features and the decoration of the building.

The Gothic east end ofCologne Cathedralrepresents the extreme of verticality. (nave, dating to the 19th century).LightOne of the most distinctive characteristics of Gothic architecture is the expansive area of the windows as atSainte Chapelleand the very large size of many individual windows, as atYork Minster,Gloucester CathedralandMilan Cathedral. The increase in size between windows of the Romanesque and Gothic periods is related to the use of the ribbed vault, and in particular, the pointed ribbed vault which channeled the weight to a supporting shaft with less outward thrust than a semicircular vault. Walls did not need to be so weighty.

MajestyThe faade of a large church or cathedral, often referred to as theWest Front, is generally designed to create a powerful impression on the approaching worshipper, demonstrating both the might of God and the might of the institution that it represents. One of the best known and most typical of such faades is that of Notre Dame de Paris.

Notre Dame de Paris.Basic shapes of Gothic arch and stylistic characterLancet ArchEquilateral ArchFlamboyant ArchDepressed Arch

The faade ofRipon Cathedralpresents a composition in untraceried pointed arches.

Windows in the Chapter House at York Minstershow the equilateral arch with typical circular motifs in the tracery.Flamboyanttracery atLimoges Cathedral.The depressed arch supported by fanvaultingatKing's College Chapel, England.