Architectural (construction) systems-section 3

Construction SystemDONE BY:

EMAD ALSHOORA 20112221008 SAJA HAMAD 20110221031

SALMA TAWALBEH 20112221084 PASCAL MARJI 20112221038

Jordan University of Science and Technology – Collage of Architecture and Design – Design 6

INTRODUCTION TO IBD Integrated building design

INTEGRATED BUILDING DESIGN

The idea of integration:

1. (Physical integration): when buildings systems share physical space

2. (Visual integration): aesthetic arrangement (Color, size, shape, and placement).

3. (Performance integration): overlapping the functions.

INTEGRATED BUILDING DESIGN

INTRODUCTION TO Sustainability Sustainable Architecture

Sustainable Architecture Sustainable Architecture Involve:

Environmental issues

Social Issues

Economical Issues

Construction System

Construction System – Introduction -Definition: The combinations of objects and materials used to build the main elements of our Buildings— roof, walls and floor — are referred to as construction systems. They are many and varied, and each has advantages and disadvantages depending on climate, distance from source of supply, budget, maintenance requirements and desired style or appearance.

Construction System – Introduction -

Construction system components

Walls Roofs Floors

Construction System – introduction-

the idea of grouping construction systems by the material used rather than by their 'function', which is one of the most widely used construction-based classification systems. The materials-based approach specific to this dissection allows the text to draw parallels between building 'systems‘ that are based on the same primary material, since the development and use of those systems is informed mainly by the physical properties specific to each material and the way the material is worked

Idea of Classification construction system components

Construction System – introduction-Classification of construction system components

Construction System

WallsConcrete

WallsTimber Walls

Glass Walls

Metal Walls

Masonry Walls

Plastic Walls

Roofs Concrete

RoofsTimber Roofs

Glass Roofs

Metal Roofs

Fabric

Roofs

Plastic Roofs

FloorsComposite

FloorsTimber Floors

Glass Floors

Construction System – Walls -

Walls And Envelope Systems

Walls

Single Walls

Structural

Bearing wallsConcrete

WallsMasonry

Walls

Non structural

Envelope

Glass Walls

Metal Walls

Plastic walls

Timber Walls

Composite walls

Construction System – Walls -

Classification of Wall System:

A wall is a continuous vertical solid structure of brick, stone, concrete, timber or metal, which encloses a building or serves to divide building into compartments and rooms. They can be classified as load bearing /non load bearing and external /internal

Walls

Single Walls SystemIn this chapter we will discuss the walls as a single wall – single layer -, but itAlso called a system because this layer “ concrete” contain other several layers “concrete layer, thermal insulation, water proof layer “.

Composite walls system In this chapter we will discuss the walls as composite walls that contain several layers of single walls to achieve the concept of integration.

Walls – Single walls System

Construction System – Walls - Single Walls

TypesAdvantagesFunctionAppearanceClassification

•Cast in place•Precast concrete panels

•Strength •Low maintenance•Fire-resistance•Excellent thermal mass

Bearing and non bearing wall

ConcreteWalls

•Load bearing walls •Cavity walls•Cladding attached to a backing wall

•Variety•Speed of installation•Low maintenance cost

Weight Bearing walls, Tensile and lateral strength to structures

MASONRYWALLS

•Timber Cladding•Variety•Easy to install•Aesthetical

It’s only cladding and supported by frame structure

TimberWALLS

•Stick Glazing•bolt fixed glazing•Unitized Glazing

•Cost effectively•Natural light •Shade and shadow

Curtain nonstructuralwalls

Glass Walls

•Rain screens•Composite panels •profiled metal

•waterproof •Durability•water tightness

Nonstructural, self supporting

MetalWalls

•sealed panels•Rain screens

•Light weight•Range colorful selection•Recyclable•Easy handling

It’s only cladding and supported by frame structure

PlasticWALLS

Click on the wall classification to move to slides

Walls – Single Walls – Glass Walls

A Glass wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, but merely keep the weather out and the occupants in.

Walls – Single Walls – Glass WallsAdvantages Of Glass Walls

Glass is lightweight material so it’s reducing construction costs.

When glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light

Provide shade and shadow inside the building

Threats when using Glass Walls

parameters of Glass wall related to solar gain control such as thermal comfort and visual comfort are more difficult to control when using highly glazed curtain walls

Glass walls are need for regular maintenance

require a great deal of time to assembleTypes Of Glass Walls

Stick Glazing bolt fixed glazing Unitized Glazing

Stick GlazingThe vast majority of Glass walls are installed long pieces (referred to as sticks) between floors vertically and between vertical members horizontally. Framing members may be fabricated in a shop, but all installation and glazing is typically performed at the jobsite

Walls – Single Walls – Glass Walls

Stick Glazing

Walls – Single Walls – Glass Walls

Sticks System

Walls – Single Walls – Glass Walls

Stick Glazing

bolt fixed glazingbolt fixed glazing is used for its ability to provide transparency, but usually with fixings set within the glass rather than at their edges

Walls – Single Walls – Glass Walls

bolt fixed glazing

Walls – Single Walls – Glass Walls

bolt fixed glazing

Walls – Single Walls – Glass Walls

Unitized GlazingUnitized glazing is essentially a method of using prefabricated panels which are fixed together on site to form a complete glazed wall. Like stick glazing, unitized glazing uses aluminum framing to support the glazing, but where stick glazing is secured to a continuous supporting frame all of which is fixed on sit e, unitized glazing is put together in the factory. Panels are delivered to site and lifted into place and set next to one another

Walls – Single Walls – Glass Walls

Unitized Glazing

Walls – Single Walls – Glass Walls

Walls – Composite walls

Walls – Composite walls You can design your own composite walls, there is no standard or specie classification to the composite walls, you design the wall that make you achieve the integrated envelope system. In this chapter we will analyze some cases that composite walls were effective part of building design.

Guidelines to design integrated composite walls and envelope System:

Location of building

Building use

Codes

Fit with structural system

Control Heat Transfer

Stops water passage

Fulfils aesthetical values Cheap

Easy

individual units replacement

Pre-Design studies DESIGN must MAINTENANCE

Walls – Composite walls Case Study I:(GSW) Headquarters, Berlin, Germany

The company invests in residential property and also manages residential

and commercial property on behalf of third parties.

Walls – Composite walls - Case Study I Composite wall Details

Double skin FACADE

Exterior layer of glass

Aluminum louvers

Masonry wall

Concrete

Wall

West Façade Envelope System

Composite wall Details

Aluminum louvers

Walls – Composite walls - Case Study I

Exterior Layer of glass

Double glazed Glass walls

WEST FACADE

( Ventilation and heating)

Daylight and shading system

Visual Integration

Walls – Composite walls - Case Study I

Composite wall Details WEST FACADE

Aluminum louvers Double glazed Glass walls

Concrete wall

Exterior Glass Layer

Walls – Composite walls Case Study II: Building research establishment

Walls – Composite walls - Case Study II Composite wall Details Envelope Components:

Double skin Glass Wall

Masonry wall

louvers Solar PanelWind Stacks

South Facade

Building research establishment

Walls – Composite walls – Case Study II

Double skin Glass Wall

Masonry wall louvers Solar PanelWind Stacks

Walls – Composite walls – Case Study II

The masonry columns were not left as they are they

were invested to hold the PVC

And also the PVC functioned as

ornamentation.

Visual integration

Performance Integration

Construction System – Roofs-Roofs And shells System

A roof of a building envelope, both the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight; and the framing or structure which supports the covering.

Roofs Concrete

RoofsFabric Roofs

Timber Roofs

Glass Roofs

Metal Roofs

Plastic Roofs

shells

Construction System – Roofs-

Classification of Roof System:

Construction System – Roofs

TypesAdvantagesFunctionAppearanceClassification

•Concealed membrane•Exposed membrane

•Cladding can take place•Water resistance•Durability

Roofing and covering anykind of buildings

ConcreteRoofs

•Flat Roof•Pitched Roof

•environmentally friendly •high visual impact•Cost

Roofing and covering Houses, commercialbuildings and stores

TimberRoofs

•Silicone-sealed glazing•Bolt fixed glazing•Greenhouse glazing

•energy saving•Cost effective •improve a person’s productivity

Sky Light, natural lighting GlassRoofs

•Profiled metal sheet•Composite panels •Rain screens

•durable in cold weather•Recyclable

Usually roofing and covering residential and commercial buildings

MetalRoofs

•GRP roof light•GRP panels and shells

•Range colorful selection•Light weight•Recyclable•Easy handling

Several uses: skylight, in stadium and covering commercial and public buildings

Plastic Roofs

•ETFE cushions•Cone-shaped roof•Barrel-shaped roof

•Strong in tension•Different shapes•Lightweight

For free form buildings design, it’s depend on tensile structure

FabricRoofs

Shells

shell structures are light weight constructions using shell elements. These elements are typically curved and are assembled to large structures. Typical applications are fuselages of aeroplanes, boat hulls and roof structures in some buildings.

Shells structure :

Types of shells:Concrete Lattice shell structureslattice shell structure

CeilingsCeiling’s main functions:

• Makes interior look more presentable

• Hides unsightly piping or wiring

• enhance acoustical and fire control

Types of Ceiling:

• Fixed Ceiling

-Direct Clipped

-Direct Fixed

• Suspended Ceiling

Ceilings are interior structures in an enclosed space

They cannot be classified as structural elements of a building but they serve more of a purpose to hide the underside floor or the roof structure above

•used where a continuous plastered surface is required and where there is no need to access the ceiling void from

•Can either be layers of plasterboard sheets or wet-applied plaster on metal laths

42

Fixed Ceiling

Metal lath supported on structural slab

Timber Supporting Frame

PROS AND CONSPROS

• creates smooth, continuous soffit.

• provide a fire-resistive layer where this is not provided by the supporting floor structure.

• Can be used to form single direction curves and complex shapes

CONS

•Accessible hatch difficult to conceal

Fixed Ceiling TypesDirect Fixed Ceiling:

Fixed Ceiling Types

Suspended Ceilingsa secondary ceiling, hung below the main (structural) ceiling.

of a grid-work of metal channels in the shape of an upside-down "T", suspended on wires from the overhead structure

Suspended Ceilings Advantages•PROS

•Hide exposed structural or mechanical components

•Easy access to the hidden pipes or wiring.

•Different materials can be used as tiles with several aesthetic and acoustical performances.

•CONS

•The grid system used to form the suspended ceiling can only be partially concealed

Functional UsesSuspended ceiling:

in office buildings and specializedFinstitutes (hospitals, universities) integrate with layout and required individual lighting and mechanical ventilation of spaces.

Fixed Ceiling:

Residential and Leisure spaces/ high aesthetics

Construction System – Floors-

Floors System

FLOOR SYSTEMSFloors are the flat support structure that carry live loads to the buildings structure to the foundation

Floor’s main functions:

oSupport live loads and transfer weight to building’s structure.

oEncloses the spaces below it.

oCreates a division between floors, thus must be able to provide acoustical and thermal control.

TYPES OF FLOOR SYSTEMSLONG SPAN FLOORS

1.REINFORCED CONCRETE RIBBED CONSTRUCTION

• Metal pan system

Structural clay system

Concrete block system

2.PRECAST CONCRETE JOISTS

Prefabricated concrete block system

Hollow core design

3.OPEN TRUSS STEEL JOISTS

SHORT SPAN DESIGNS

SHORT SPAN CONCRETE SLABS

PRECAST PLANKS

STEEL PLATE AND SHEET CELLULAR FLOOR SYSTEMS

WOOD PLANKS

REINFORCED CONCRETE RIBBED CONSTRUCTIONThe loads on a long span floor in this case is distributed with the aid of ‘ribs’, which are parallel structure ’portions of a T-beams that projects below the slabs’

Ribbed Floor Advantages •Savings on weight and materials

•Long spans

•Attractive soffit appearance if exposed

APPEARANCEONE WAY REINFORCEMENT RIBBED FLOOR DISADVANTAGES

REINFORCED CONCRETE RIBBED

2. PRECAST CONCRETE JOISTS

These are all essentially prestressed beams,which are stitched together to form a complete deck. Ends are supported either on beams or by a load bearing wall, typically forming part of an overall precast concrete

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

•Light weight aggregates can be used

• Easy and fast installation

DISADVANTAGES

oLimited to wall bearing designs and comparatively low buildings (don’t furnish very much lateral support ). oOpenings for service runs need to be fixed at an early stage.

PRECAST CONCRETE JOISTS

PRECAST CONCRETE JOISTS PREFABRICATED CONCRETE BLOCK HOLLOW CORED DESIGN

Joints are evenly filled with cement.

The use of expanded polystyrene blocks in the place of concrete blocks eliminates the need for additional sheet insulation within the floor system.

HOLLOW CORED DESIGN ADVANTAGESrigid conduit or flexible cables can be run within structural thickness of slabs and cores can also be used as air ducts

OPEN TRUSS STEEL JOISTOpen truss steel joist is useful as a support for practically any type of precast gypsum or cement planks.

Advantages

•Relatively light weight and easy installation

•Supports wide range of planking material and cast in place concrete

Disadvantages

•Limited to light floor loads not subject to vibrations or heavy concentrations.

•Not suitable for high structures

LONG/SHORT SPANS

Short spans have several intermediate beams.

SHORT SPAN FLOOR SYSTEMSUnlike long span design, structural supports spaced from 2-3 meters, in the form of intermediate beams dividing each column bay to 3-4 panels.

Advantages

They can be used extensively for all types of occupancy, industrial to residential.

It is not difficult to choose a type of floor construction to meet specific needs

Types of short span floor systems:

1.Short-span concrete slabs

2.Precast planks

3. Steel-Plate and Sheet-cellular Floor systems

4. Wood-Plank Floors

PRECAST PLANKS

STEEL-PLATE AND SHEET-CELLULAR FLOOR SYSTEMS

WOOD PLANK FLOORS

For industrial buildings where the weight of machinery is comparatively light

heavy planks can be used if fire risk is accepted (automatic sprinkler system is installed beneath floors of this type)

INTEGRATION EXAMPLES

INTEGRATION

RAISED FLOOR

STEEL FLOORSSteel grating is used primarily in industrial buildings and on maintenance access decks in other building types such as offices. It provides a lightweight, economic deck material that allows rainwater to drain off it immediately, making it less susceptible to corrosion when painted or galvanized

Construction System – Floors

TypesAdvantagesFunctionAppearanceClassification

•Typical Timber Floors •Engineered Timber floors

•ecologically friendly•Variety•Easy to maintain•Flexible Installation

Used with load bearing Masonry wall and timber framed structures

TimberFloors

•glass sheet •Aesthetically•Great Insulation

lass floors are used to enhance naturally lit spaces by allowing light to pass through to spaces below

GlassFloors

Construction System And Sustainability

When the construction system is The most important factors to Achieves Environmental Design

Sustainable Architecture Sustainable Architecture Involve:

Environmental issues

Social Issues

Economical Issues

Energy

Water

IAQSurrounding

Environments

Materials Green Roofs

ProductionReduction

•Local Materials•Less embodied energy•Re-Use and Re-Cycle •Low maintenance

Visual Comfort Air QualityThermal Comfort Acoustical Comfort

Produce less PollutionMinimum foot print

ConstructionSystem And

SustainabilityWhere they Intersects?

Construction System And Sustainability

Construction System And Sustainability

CASE STUDIES

Construction System And Sustainability

CASE STUDIES I (GSW) Headquarters, Berlin

Germany

Construction System And Sustainability CASE STUDIES I Techniques used in the Buildings:

Cross and stack ventilation

Double-Skin Facade

Façade as a thermal buffer

Chimney: Hot air ventilation

Thermal Mass ( direct heat )

Daylight and shading system

Construction System And Sustainability CASE STUDIES I Systems used in the Buildings:

1- The Difference in air Temperature and Pressure between indoor and outdoor2- In and out air vents with easy path

Factors for Air Movement and natural ventilation inside Space:

Cross and stack ventilation

Construction System And Sustainability

Systems used in the Buildings: Cross and stack ventilation

CASE STUDIES I

Construction System And SustainabilityCASE STUDIES I

Systems used in the Buildings: Double skin facade

Double skin façade controlling the thermal conditions:1. Sun shading2. Natural ventilation

Construction System And Sustainability CASE STUDIES I Systems used in the Buildings: Façade as a thermal buffer

During the heating season, the air cavity between multi-layer façade acts as a thermal

buffer when all operable windows are closed. Warm air

is returned to the central plant via risers for heat

recovery.

Construction System And Sustainability CASE STUDIES I Systems used in the Buildings: Façade as a thermal buffer

Heat recovery

Construction System And Sustainability CASE STUDIES I Systems used in the Buildings: Thermal Mass ( Direct Heat )

DIRECT GAIN

Direct gain is the heat from the sun being collected and contained an occupied space.

Construction System And Sustainability CASE STUDIES I Systems used in the Buildings: Daylight and shading system

East façade West façade

CASE STUDIES Construction System And Integration

Construction System And IntegrationCase Study: Building research establishment

Envelope

Attached steel beams and posts to the masonry wall holding the louvers with

spiders

Envelope

The masonry columns were not left as they are, they were invested to hold the PVC. And also the PVC functioned as ornamentation.

Construction System And IntegrationCase Study: Building research establishment

Solar panel within the façade “ Hybrids and mechanical system” “

Composite Flooring and ceiling

The curved, hollow, concrete floor slabs also aid in the building's ventilation by drawing air in through the passages in the floor/ceiling on hot, windy days.

Even further cooling can be managed by circulating water through the passages in the curving slab.

Composite Flooring and ceiling