Earth Sciences 2015; 4(4-1): 1-14 Published online July 27, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/earth) doi: 10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040401.11 ISSN: 2328-5974 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5982 (Online) Archean Metallogeny and Crustal Evolution in the East Indian Shield Tapan Kumar Baidya Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Email address: [email protected]To cite this article: Tapan Kumar Baidya. Archean Metallogeny and Crustal Evolution in the East Indian Shield. Earth Sciences. Special Issue: Archean Metallogeny and Crustal Evolution. Vol. 4, No. 4-1, 2015, pp. 1-14. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040401.11 Abstract: East Indian Shield bears the evidences of Archean metallogenic and crustal evolution like the other major shield areas of the world. The primordial continental crust in the form of more silicic bodies were floating like metallurgical slags over the hotter and denser ultramafic-mafic lithosphere (UM-ML) before 3800 Ma. Earliest sediments, now represented by the Older Metamorphic Group (OMG) , were deposited in small basins the basement of which was made of UM-ML containing rafts of primitive silicic bodies. Possibly the earliest greenstone rocks (some banded iron formation, associated high-Mg basalts and ultramafics) formed in the OMG with deformation and metamorphism continued upto about 3500 Ma. Partial melting of the lower amphibolitic crust due to underplating and asthenospheric sagging formed the tonalitic magma around 3500 Ma (Older Metamorphic Tonalitic Gneiss or OMTG) and subsequently Singhbhum Granite Type-A (Phase-I and Phase-II) around 3300 Ma both of which intruded the folded and metamorphosed OMG rocks. The major event of greenstone belt formation took place during 3500-3200 Ma both in the eastern part and in the western part of the Singhbhum granitic craton. The general trend of these two greenstone belts is NNE-SSW and they were the repositories of the Iron Ore Group (IOG) sediments, volcanics and ultrmafic-mafic rocks. The IOG rocks formed prolific mineralization of Fe,Mn,Cr,Ti,Cu,Ni,Au and platinum group elements(PGE). Multiple phases of tectonism and partial melting of crustal materials ultimately led to the formation of Singhbhun Granite Type-B (Phase-III) around 3100 Ma which later intruded the folded and metamorphosed IOG rocks. From 3000 to 2500 Ma cratonization of the East Indian Shield formed the batholitic mass of Singhbhum granitic complex at the central part with the greenstone belts on either side. Around 2500 Ma the Singhbhum craton became tectonically active again with the formation of three mobile belts – Dalma in the north, Dhanjori-Simlipal in the east and Jagannathpur-Malangtoli in the west.The sediments and lavas of these mobile belts are the major resources of Proterozoic Fe, Ti, Au, U, P, Cu, Pb, Mo, W and Ni mineralization. Keywords: Archean, Metallogeny, Tectonics, East Indian Shield 1. Introduction The Indian Shield is one of the oldest continental blocks of the earth like those of Australia, South Africa, Canada, Brazil, Greenland, China, Russia and Antarctica. It is further divided into several segments e.g. East Indian Shield, South Indian Shield, Central Indian Shield and West Indian Shield. The East Indian Shield (EIS) is mainly bounded by 21 0 – 25 0 N lat. and 85 0 – 88 0 E long. including parts of the states of Bihar,Jharkhand,U.P.,Odisha and West Bengal. Geologically it has three major tectono-metamorphic-cum-lithological domains which are southern greenstone-granite terrain of Singhbhum-Odisha,the northern granulite-gneiss terrain of Chhotanagpur and the Singhbhum orogenic belt or the Dalma mobile belt between these two. Fig.1 shows the geological map of the EIS. It is worthmentioning that only from the southern greenstone-granite terrain undoubted Archean rocks have been reported till date. Over 150 years numerous earth scientists have investigated this greenstone-granite terrain with their different views on petrology,structure,economic geology etc.,but comprehensive idea on Archean metallogeny and crustal evolution is yet to come out. Ball[1] geologically mapped a large area of Purulia district in West Bengal and Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, and reported some gold,copper and lead deposits. Bose[2] discovered the Gorumahisani iron ore deposits which ultimately led to the establishment of Tata Iron and Steel Company(TISCO) at Jamshedpur in the year 1911. Jones[3] on behalf of the Geological Survey of India mapped the
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Earth Sciences 2015; 4(4-1): 1-14
Published online July 27, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/earth)
doi: 10.11648/j.earth.s.2015040401.11
ISSN: 2328-5974 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5982 (Online)
Archean Metallogeny and Crustal Evolution in the East Indian Shield
Tapan Kumar Baidya
Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
sulphides and PGE-mineralization in Baula, Nuasahi areas all
are with in the IOG rocks and genetically related to these
greenstone belts. The present author also considers that gold
mineralization in Kundarkocha and Digarsahi areas and the
nearby iron ore deposits of the Gorumahisani-Badampahar
areas are both genetically related to the same Archean
greenstone belt (Baidya [90,76]). The high density basic-
ultrabasic volcanic in the rifted crust caused sinking and
subsidence of the iron ore basin with deformation and low
grade metamorphism of the sediments and volcanic, which
continued upto around 3100 Ma. Partial melting of the
continental crust during further subsidence of the iron ore
basin in depth ultimately produced Singhbhum Granite
Phase-III (SBG-B) which intruded the folded greenstone
rocks (Fig. 2E) and formed the much thicker granitic crust. From 3000 Ma to about 2500 Ma deformation,
metamorphism of the IOG rocks continued in multiple phases,
the tectonic activity in the two grrenstone belts gradually
ended with closing of the iron ore basins on the east and west
of the Singhbhum granite batholith (Fig. 2F).
Near the Archean-Proterozoic boundary and around 2500
Ma ago the East Indian Shield became tectonically active
again with formation of three mobile belts surrounding the
Singhbhum granitic craton (Fig. 2G) – Singhbhum mobile
belt (SMB) on the north, Dhanjori-Simlipal belt (DSB) on the
east and Jagannathpur-Malangtoli belt (JMB) on the west and
southwest. The volcanics and sediments of these mobile belts
ultimately produced mineralization of Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, W, Fe,
Ti, V, Au, U, P, REEs and PGEs in various parts during early
and middle Proterozoic times, the details of which are
beyond the scope of this paper.
Acknowledgments
I must thank my beloved students and research scholars,
Rupam Ghosh and Riya Mondal for the preparation of
diagrams and typescript of this paper. Logistic supports and
sincere cooperation of M/S: Orissa Mining Corporation,
Ferro-Alloy Corporation, Indian Metals and Ferro-Alloy
Corporation, Tata Steel Ltd., Ghanashyam Mishra & Sons
Pvt. Ltd., Mineral Exploration Corporation of India during
fieldwork of the present author in different times are also
gratefully acknowledged. Financial assistance from UGC
(New Delhi) and Ministry of Steel, Govt. of India for
different research projects of the present author have also
supported to the field and laboratory studies.
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