ARCH416Class13PullmanFordModernFactory

ARCH 416

Spring ‘15

Class 13 Pullman, Ford and the Modern Factory

Kristina Hill

"Future Shores: Hybrid Urban

Edges and Sea Level Rise"

Today 5:30 P.M. – Lecture,

Lawrence J. Plym Auditorium,

Temple Hoyne Buell Hall

agenda 3.9.15

World's Columbian Exposition: Midway Plaisance

George M. Pullman and Pullman, IL

Henry Ford

Highland Park

River Rouge

Daniel Burnham

Was named "Director of Works" for the Fair along with his

partner John W. Root

Root, however, died suddenly in 1891, leaving Burnham to

finish the project alone.

Fair did not actually open until 1893. All buildings were

temporary, finished in a combination of jute and plaster

and painted white. (This material is called "staff.")

"Chicago Day," Oct. 9, 1893

Agriculture Building in the Background

Solon Spencer Beman

Mines and Mining Building

World's Columbian Exposition

1893

Solon Spencer Beman

Merchant Tailors Building

World's Columbian Exposition

The buildings of the White City were quite vulnerable to fire. Most had burned by January

1894. The aftermath of the fair was rather grim, with mass unemployment and

economic depression taking hold. The Pullman Strike was legendary for its violence.

The exhibits

Director-General George Davis and his team of directors

had to select millions of exhibits.

Smithsonian Institution's G. Brown Goode conceptualized

the fair as a veritable encyclopedia of civilization.

Idea borrowed from Paris Fair of 1889 which included

anthropological displays from French colonies around the

world.

The Midway

Frederic Ward Putnam of Harvard was already in charge

of the Anthropology Building; he was then put in charge of

the Midway. Putnam envisioned the Midway as a living

outdoor museum of “primitive” humanity.

Attractions on the Midway were commercial ventures

organized by entrepreneurs who obtained concessions

through the Ways and Means Committee of the World's

Columbian Commission.

The Midway had an African village, Eskimo Village , and

"Streets of Cairo" area along with many other attractions.

Christopher Columbus displays native American captives at the

court of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1493

Tourist Brochure

Midway Plaisance

"King Bull's Teepee Hut" housed 9 Sioux for the duration of the Fair.

Inuit Tribe, exhibiting on the Midway Plaisance

The Dahomeyan Village, Midway Plaisance

Javanese woman on display,

Midway Plaisance

Samoan Villagers parade past visiting tourists on the Midway

Ferris Wheel cost more

than admission to the Fair.

It did not open until June 1893

but was a lucrative venture.

The Ferris Wheel:Chicago's answer to the

Eiffel Tower of the Paris Exposition, 1889

The Midway seen from the Ferris Wheel.

"French Colonies" on the Midway

Swedish Building

Ceylon Building with tourists exiting

Midway Concessions at the end of the Fair.

Flourishing trade in souvenirs.

using the Kodak on the Midway

stereoscope viewer and souvenir cards

Souvenir postcard depicting the Transportation Building, designed by

Louis Sullivan, 1893.

Pullman, IL

http://nyti.ms/1GmWELk

Please view this link.

George M. Pullman (1831-1897)

Son of a carpenter who worked on the Erie Canal east of

Buffalo, NY.

Father developed a method for jacking up buildings

initially working on the canal.

George joined his father in this business which he brought

to Chicago.

Went to Colorado during Gold Rush and provided

dormitories, cafeterias for miners and workers.

Returned to Chicago and founded Pullman Palace Car

Company.

George M. Pullman (1831-1897)

Legend: idea came to Pullman while traveling from Buffalo

to Westfield in 1854 and spending an uncomfortable night

slouched in his seat.

At first, he altered existing railroad cars, the first being in

September 1858 on the Chicago and Alton Railroad.

Later began to build his own cars.

Two businesses: manufacturing these cars and operating

them.

The Pioneer, an early design, 1864

Lincoln and Pullman

1862: President Lincoln signed The Pacific Railroad Act,

authorizing the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads

to build what was to become the first transcontinental

railroad.

1864: A private Pullman car was built for the president but he

did not like the ornate style of the car.

1865: This became his funeral vehicle, carrying his body

from Washington, DC to Springfield, IL for burial.

Funeral car of President Lincoln, 1865

Pullman Palace Car provided by the company

dimensions

Oversize: two and a half feet higher and a foot wider than

any other car.

existing tracks did not provide sufficient clearance for use

of this car.

to accommodate the wider car for the funeral train, all

clearances between Washington D.C. and Springfield

Illinois were quickly modified.

Within a few years, all railroads were adapting to the ten-

foot wide and fourteen-foot high railroad car Pullman built

in 1865

remains the standard in the United States today.

Official Railway Guide

1886

Interior, Parlor Car

1888

The Lincoln Connection

Robert Todd Lincoln, the only son of Lincoln's to live to

adulthood, was a lawyer who had corporate clients

including the Pullman Company.

After George Pullman's death in 1897, The Pullman

Company operated for two years before electing Lincoln

to the position of company president.

Robert Todd Lincoln was president of the Pullman

Company from 1897-1911.

Pullman, IL

1880: Pullman bought 4,000 acres

• near Lake Calumet

• 14 miles south of Chicago

• on the Illinois Central Railroad

• cost $800,000

Solon Spencer Beman was hired to design 1300 structures:

• the new factory

• and the town next door:

• housing

• stores

• parks, churches, theaters, hotel and library

Nathan Barrett was hired to do the landscape design.

Pullman, IL

Administration Building with clocktower and factory across artificial lake

Arcade Building

Inside the Arcade Building

2 levels of shops

bank

theater

library

Arcade Park, designed by Nathan Barrett

Pullman Gas Works

Pullman Stables

Athletic complex with grandstands, Pullman, IL

"Pullman Hell"

“We are born in a Pullman house, fed from the Pullman

shops, taught in the Pullman school, catechized in the

Pullman Church, and when we die we shall go to the Pullman

Hell."

• no independent newspapers, public speeches, town

meetings

• inspectors regularly entered homes to inspect for

cleanliness and could terminate leases on ten days notice

• the church stood empty since no approved denomination

would pay rent and no other congregation was allowed.

• private charitable organizations were prohibited.

Pullman, IL

1893 depression

by 1894, Pullman had slashed jobs, wages and working

hours, but rents and prices in his town remained the

same. His failure to lower rents, utility charges and cost of

groceries led his workers to launch the Pullman Strike.

Pullman StrikeVery violent labor dispute.

Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld wanted Pullman to

negotiate.

Pullman wanted to play his trump card: powerful friends in

Washington

President Grover Cleveland sent in the National Guard.

National commission formed 1894 to study the strike

found Pullman’s paternalism partly to blame and

Pullman’s company town to be “un-American.”

1898, Illinois Supreme Court forced the Pullman Company

to divest ownership in the town, which was then annexed

to Chicago.

The National Guard massed outside the Arcade Building, Pullman, IL

Henry Ford

"inventor" of automobile and assembly-line production

also built a model worker's town that ended in disaster

(actually he built two of them, the first called Fordlandia

and the second called Belterra)

Fordlandia

https://vimeo.com/60214191

Please view video at this link

Clearing the Amazon rainforest for the factory site

Workers housing on the river

"Riverside Avenue"

Fordlandia

Field of rubber plants. This method of planting stresses the trees

and makes them vulnerable to disease.

Rubber plant,

Fordlandia

Fordlandia today

Aftermath of workers' strike

Henry Ford (1863-1947)

born on farm in Greenfield Township, MI (now Dearborn)

early proclivity for engineering, building waterwheels and

steam engines

in 1879 he left the farm to work at the Michigan Car

Company, a manufacturer of railroad cars in Detroit.

1891-9 works for Edison Illuminating Company.

1899-1900 Detroit Car Company (out of business)

1901-2 Henry Ford Company (he leaves in a dispute)

Driving his first automobile through the streets of Detroit.

He called it the "quadricycle."

1896

Henry Ford (1863-1947)

1903 incorporates Ford Motor Company and begins

production of the Model A

1908 Model T goes into production

1910 Highland Park Factory opens

1913 Highland Park begins assembly line production

1914 "Five Dollar Day" for 8 hours of work

1917 begins construction on River Rouge plant

1941 Ford signs contract with UAW

The Model T had no substantial

modifications over its 19-year run, but

there were countless small changes.

The 1913 model substituted steel for

brass in the windshield frame,

steering wheel and side lamps; and

leatherette lined its inner door panels

instead of genuine cowhide.

Assembling Magnetos at Ford Motor Company Highland Park Plant, 1913

1,000 Ford Model T Chassis outside the Highland Park Plant, 1913

12,000 Ford Motor Company Employees outside Highland Park Plant, 1913

Highland Park 1910Huge new plant in Highland Park, Michigan, just north of

Detroit.

Ford and his team borrowed ideas from makers of

watches, guns, and bicycles (and the meat packers!) and

by late 1913 they had developed a moving assembly line

for automobiles.

Ford workers didn't like the new line. Turnover was so

high that the company had to hire 53,000 people a year to

keep 14,000 jobs filled.

January 1914 he almost doubled wages to $5 per day.

Model T sales rose steadily as the price dropped. By 1922

half the cars in America were Model Ts and the cheapest

was only $269.

Aerial View of Ford Motor Company Highland Park Plant, 1923, Albert Kahn

River Rouge

The new car would not be produced at Highland Park. In

1917 Ford had started construction on an even larger

factory complex on the Rouge River in Dearborn,

Michigan.

Iron ore and coal were brought in on Great Lakes

steamers and by railroad.

By 1927, all steps in the manufacturing process from

refining raw materials to final assembly of the car took

place in one location. 90,000 workers employed there at

its height.

William McDonough at

River Rouge

"Buildings Like Trees, Factories Like Forests: Ford and

the Next Industrial Revolution"

http://www.princetonindependent.com/issue01.03/item7.ht

ml

Please read the article at this link.

William McDonough

River Rouge

2006

Taylorism

problems: waste, disorder, lack of control

solution: time motion studies will optimize motion

analysis of specific tasks

conception and execution separated; division of labor,

specialization

human engineering

what is modern architecture?

http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/architecture.html

"…just as the ancients drew inspiration for their art from the

elements of nature, we—who are materially and spiritually

artificial—must find that inspiration in the elements of the

utterly new mechanical world we have created…"

—Antonio Sant'Elia, Manifesto of Futurist Architecture, 1911

Antonio Sant'Elia

Power Station

1914