Arch162_RevisedBrasilia

BRASILIA

REFERENCE: http://gosouthamerica.about.com/; http://www.distritofederal.df.gov.br

• Brasilia, the planned city of Brazil, is a monument to honor Brazilian prowess.

• Brasilia comes from the Latin ‘Brazil’

• It is the third capital of Brazil Salvador (1549–1763).Rio de Janeiro (1763–1960)

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location

Topography & Climate

Culture

II. Conceptual Framework

Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism

L.Costa’s Abstract

City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion

IV. Reality of Brasilia

Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

INTRODUCTION

REFERENCE: http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/maps/goias.gif

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

LOCATION

REFERENCE: http://www.brasiliabsb.com/bsb_aug2.htm

• Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Goias, Brazil

• Federal District - central part of Brazil- divided into 29 regions.

• 15°30' and 16°03' South latitude

• Preto River = East Descoberto River = West.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

LOCATION

REFERENCE: 2010 Google Map Data; 2010 Map Link

LOCATION

REFERENCE: http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/maps/satellite-cities.html

LOCATION


LOCATION


LOCATION

REFERENCE: http://www.brasiliabsb.com/ ; Matt Rosenburg, http://www.about.com/

• Brazil Topography: amazon river, Brazilian basin (60% of country), little seismic or volcanic activity near South American Plate.

• Brasilia: Matto Grasso Central plateau

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

TOPOGRAPHY

• Tropical Savanna Climate but is more similar to a subtropical highland climate/ eternal spring.

• Dry and Humid Season

CLIMATE


TOPOGRAPHY

REFERENCE: http://www.brasiliabsb.com/bsb_aug2.htm

• Diverse Culture：Portuguese, Africans, Italian, German, Other European, Japanese, Amerindian

• Architecture : Cubist ideas, abstract forms, baroque, colonial, modern, combination of skills rather than one

• Portuguese legacy：language, religion and law

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

CULTURE

REFERENCE: http://www.brasiliabsb.com/; http://www.infobrasilia.com.br

• 1823 – José Bonifácio Silva

– bill to move capital inland

– Brazilian Empire Expansion

– new capital name "Brasília"

– later dissolved, Emperor Dom Pedro I

• 1883 – Dom Bosco

– Italian saint had a dream

– construction of a new city "Between parallels 15 and 20."

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

CONCEPTUAL


• 1889-1891 – Republic of Brazil

– Brazil became a republic in 1889

– Article 3, Cruls Mission

• 1892 – "Cruls Mission"

– Comissão Exploradora do PlanaltoCentral is appointed

• 1894 – "Cruls Quadrilateral“

– demarcated 14,400 km2 area adequate for the future capital

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

CONCEPTUAL


• 1922, Sept.- Stone Foundation

– first stone of Brasília is laid

– administered by Planaltina, one of the satellite cities of Brasília

• 1953 - President Getulio Vargas

– site for new capital: 15°30' to 17°South and 46°30' to 49°30' West

– Vargas commited suicide the following year.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

CONCEPTUAL

REFERENCE: http://www.distritofederal.df.gov.br; http://www.brasiliabsb.com/;

• 1955 – Succession

– successor, Juscelino Kubitschek

• 1955, April - Kubitschek Promise

– rally in the in the state of Goiás

– in response to a voter’s question promises that, if elected, he will shift the federal capital to the central plateau.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

CONCEPTUAL

REFERENCE: http://www.distritofederal.df.gov.br; http://www.brasiliabsb.com/;

• 50 years in Five - Kubitschek

– make Brazil grow in five year term as much as the previous fifty years

• NOVACAP (Companhia Urbanizadora da Nova Capital –New Capital Urbanization Agency)

– Headed by architect Oscar Niemeyer

– Company to urbanize the new capital

– Series of competitions between architects and urban planners

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

CONCEPTUAL

REFERENCE: http://www.infobrasilia.com.br/bsb_h1i.htm

• 1st Place -Lucio Costa

• 2nd Place -Boruch Milman, João Henrique Rocha and Ney Fontes Gonçalves

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

CONCEPTUAL


• 3rd place - Rino Levi, Roberto Cerqueira Cesar and L. R. Carvalho Franco

• 4th place - M. M. M. Roberto Arquitects.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

CONCEPTUAL


PLANO PILOTO


• Lucio Costa

– a modernist architect and student of famous modernist Le Corbusier

– responsible for the layout

– utopian city

• Modernism – Le Corbusier

– unplanned development = chaos; centralized city planning = ideal city

1. Well ventilated residences near green spaces

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

PLANO PILOTO


• Modernism – Le Corbusier

2. The separation of residences from workplaces, with industries excluded from the city proper

3. Exclusive space for cultural activities, near residencies

4. Separation of the circulation of vehicles and pedestrians

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

PLANO PILOTO

REFERENCE: http://www.infobrasilia.com.br/pilot_plan.htm

• Lucio Costa Abstract– Presented a solution that evolved

from spontaneous thought process

– Urbanistic theories of founding a city in the wilderness

– AIMS of Plano Piloto:• Ideal city, ideal society

• Symbol of Brazilian greatness

• Lead to the development of the central region of Brazil

• Become the new center of Brazil

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

PLANO PILOTO


• Costa’s Notes: 23, presents the solution of Plano Piloto

• Notes 1-3

– Form: two axes crossing (one is curved); a plane; a bird in flight

– Adapted: local topography, natural drainage, best possible orientation,

– Free principles highway engineering:elimination of intersections, the curved axis, radial artery.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Costa’s Notes


• Notes 1-2 – City Form

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

City Form Basics

REFERENCE: 2010 Google Map Data; 2010 Map Link, 2010 Tele Atlas

• Notes 3 - Highways

Costa’s Notes


• Notes 3-5

• Residential districts have been placed along the curved axis

• civic and administrative center, recreation center, the municipaladministration facilities, the barracks, the storage and supply zones, small local industries sites, and the railway station along the monumental axis.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Sector Functions


• banking and commercial districts fell alongside the intersection ofmonumental and back axes

• location of the entertainmentcenter is along the intersection of the monument and the highway-residential axes

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Sector Functions


• Curved Axis

• Monumental Axis

• Back Axis

Primary Roads


• Residential

• Administrative

• Commercial

• Entertainment

Sector Functions

Residential Areas©panoramio

Civic centers©panoramio

Administrative©panoramio

Administrative©panoramio

Civic©panoramio

Commercial©panoramio


• Plaza of Three Powers house fundamental powers (equilateral triangle):

• Government & Supreme court base of the triangle

• Congress at the Apex

• Church at the center、given own square.

• Monumental Axis: Government and Municipal Plaza evident

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Building Hierarchy


Building Hierarchy


• Superblocks: surrounded by bands of greenery planted with trees

• Strips of the Districts: Also planted with greenery

• Park City: Filled with open areas, such as parks, squares, for flower and vegetable gardens, orchards, Botanic garden

• Cemetaries: end of residential highway axis

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Landscaping


• Notes 6-7

– Secondary Roads: controls heavy vehicular traffic

– Traffic: controlled by roads that would either go on a platform, underground, or under the platform.

– Clover shaped Turn-offs: circulate in the different districts without creating an intersection

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Vehicular Circulation


• Notes 6-7

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Vehicular Circulation


• Independent Paths: local pathway systems were created for each district (residential, commercial, administrative districts)

• Separated from vehicular circulation

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Pedestrian Circulation

REFERENCE: http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/facts/metro.gif

Railroad System

REFERENCE: http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/jmoersch/pp.html>

• Airplane, Monumental Axis

• Four Scales of Design: – Monumental scale (symbolic)

– Residential scale (comfortable)

– Gregarious scale (social)

– Bucolic scale (park city, rustic)

• Dignity of a capital city: – Esplanade, where the ministries and public

buildings are located

– the bus station, where the two axis cross

– the Cathedral

– the Plaza of Three Powers.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Costa’s Conclusion


• Superblocks: uniform height of six stories, no high rises, and vast motorways

• Ample parking, low population density, open green space for people to enjoy

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Costa’s Conclusion


Migration was not expected

• South: Wealthy Migrants were offered jobs and homes to go the Brasilia

• North East: Journeyman laborers and teachers, expecting to earn the minimum wage

• Goias: Young construction workers, accounting for 25% of all migrants

• Goias: Unemployed, illiterate migrants, with no skills or income

• Sao Paulo: Poor migrants of similar status those above

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Internal Migration


SATELLITE CITIES

REFERENCE: http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/maps/satellite-cities.html

SATELLITE CITIES


• Failures:– Debt: produced a debt of over 2

billion dollars, 1960s Massive inflation

– Culturally Inappropriate: good ideas in theory, but in reality they could never work; based on European theories

– Unsocial: Ideal community was not established, no multi-use places (only home and work), no character

– City for a car not for a pedestrian

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Brazilias Reality


• Successes:– Symbolic: unified Brazil, source of

hope and pride

– Easy to build: sectors

– Establish New Brazil: location connected the rest of the country together (central location and superb highwy network)

– provided a growth center for Brazil to expand westward and to tap it's vast interior resources.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

Location


Culture


Bosco & Silva

Vargas & Kubitschek

NOVACAP Contest

III. Plano Piloto

Modernism


City Form Basics

Sector Functions

Accessibility

Costa's Conclusion


Satellite Cities

Success and Defeats

Brazilias Reality

Arch162_RevisedBrasilia

Documents

topography reference

defeats location brasilia

defeats location reference

brasilia outline

defeats introduction

defeats conceptual

map link location reference

plano piloto modernism