ARCH 152 Project 2 Umbrewicz Limestone

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isasedimentaryrockcomposedlargelyofthemineralscalciteandaragonite,whichare

erentcrysta ormso ca c umcarbonate(CaCO3).Limestoneiscomposedfromskeletalfragmentsofmarineorganismssuchascoralor

.

Limestonemakesupabout10%ofthetotalvolumeofallsedimentaryrocks.Thesolubilityoflimestoneinwaterandweakacidsolutionsleadstokarstlandscapes,inwhichwatererodesthelimestoneoverthousandstomillionsofyears.Mostcavesystemsarethroughlimestone

e roc .

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Limestonehasnumeroususes:asabuildingmaterial,asaggregateforthebaseofroads,aswhitepigmentorfillerinproductssuchasoo pas eorpa n s,an asa

chemicalfeedstock.

Thefirstgeologisttodistinguishlimestone from dolomite wasin1778.

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Limestoneisverycommoninarchitecture,especiallyinEuropeand. ,anditsassociatedcomplexinGiza,Egypt,aremadeof

limestone.

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SomanybuildingsinKingston,Ontario,Canadawereconstructedfromitthatitisnicknamedthe' '.OntheislandofMalta,avarietyoflimestonecalledGlobigerinalimestonewas,foralongtime,theonlybuildingmaterialavailable,andisstillveryfrequentlyusedonalltypesofbuildingsandsculptures.Limestoneisreadilyavailableandrelativelyeasytocutintoblocksormoreelaboratecarving.Itisalsolonglastingandstandsupwelltoexposure.However,itisaveryheavymaterial,makingitimpracticalfortallbuildings,andrelatively

.

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QueensSchoolofBusiness,Kingston

Courthouse,Manhattan

Kansas

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MexicoLimestone

Barnes FoundationBuilding,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,2012

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Limestoneoftencontainsvariableamountsofsilicaintheformofchert (chalcedony,flint,jasper,etc.)orsiliceousskeletalfragment(spongespicules,diatoms,radiolarians),andvaryingamounts

.Somelimestones donotconsistofgrainsatall,andareformedcompletelybythechemical

precipitationofcalciteoraragonite,i.e.travertine,andsecondarycalcitemaybedepositedbysupersaturatedmeteoricwaters(groundwaterthatprecipitatesthematerialincaves).Thisroduces s eleothems such as stala mites and stalactites. Another form taken b calcite is

oolitic limestone,whichcanberecognizedbyitsgranular(oolite) .

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Becauseofimpurities,suchasclay,sand,organicremains,ironoxide,andothermaterials,manylimestones exhibit

,especially

on

weathered

surfaces.

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Limestonecanbeusedforexteriorfinishes,veneers,exteriorgroundcover,interiorflooring,orinteriorcladding.Thematerialhas inits

uses.