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Dyeing of NOMEXKurt Speckle
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What is NOMEX
Nomex is an aromatic polyamide fibre( Polymetaphenylene isophtalamide )
Aramid fibres belong to the class of high performance fibres
with very good solidity and stability to temperature
The main application fields are protective clothing for fire brigades,service station staff, race drivers, military, technical textiles,asbestos replacement
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Aramid fibres trade products
NOMEX 455 100 % NomexPolymetaphenylene isophtalamide
NOMEX III 95 % Nomex5 % Kevlar
NOMEX DELTA C 93 % Nomex5 % Kevlar2 % carbon-coated fibre
KEFLAR Polyparaphenylene isophtalamide
TWARON Polyparaphenylene isophtalamide
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Production of NOMEX
by solution polycondensation
m-phenylene diamine is transformed with dimethyl acetamide andwith the dichloride of the isophthalic acid
Nomex is produced in the one-step-dry-spinning-procedure thatmeans polycondensation and spinning are done in one process
The spinning solution runs through multihole nozzles into thespining chamber where DMAC is evaporated at 160 C; the
spinning speed is at approx. 200 m/min
The threads are stretched up to approx. 1:3, afterwashed in hotwater and dried
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Physical parameters of NOMEX
Density 1.38 g/cm3
Tearing fastness 4.4 5.3 cN/dtex
Elongation at break 15 30 %
Glass transition point 280 290 C
Decomposition temperature 370 C
Moisture absorption 4.5 5.0 %
Hot air shrinking 0.5 % ( 15 min at 190C )
Hot steam shrinking 1.5 % ( 95C in water )
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Properties of NOMEX
Nomex is not thermoplastic
Nomex is difficultly inflammable and does not support combustion
Nomex has an extraordinary thermostability, a permanent temperatureof 160 C does not cause any significant damaging
Nomex is stable to organic solvents
Nomex is decomposed by UV radiation; after exposure to directsunlight the tearing fastness decreases by approx. 50% per year
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Dyeing properties of NOMEX
Due to the compactness, the high crystallinity and the high glasstransition range the fibre is difficult to dye
The content of free COOH groups determines the maximal dyeabsorption
Exclusively the dyeing with basic dyes BEZACRYL dyes is ofimportance
Acceptable colour depth values are possible only with application ofdyeing accelerators and high temperatures at 120 130 C
Medium light fastness level,after fixing at 170C to 190C is important
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Effect of dyeing accelerators
The dyeing accelerators are mostly difficult to dissolve
in water, partially diffuse into the fibre, loosen thecrystalline structure and increase the dyeability
Electrolyte additions cause a salting-out of the dyes,
and these agglomerates are dissolved again in thedyeing accelerator and transported into the fibre.
Dyeing accelerators partially remain on the fibre and
might cause odour and light fastness problems
Dyeing accelerators can have a negative effect on thenon-combustibility
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Dyeing accelerators swelling agents
1C R21 R22 R3415 g/lNOMAPOL N
1Xn R20 R2270 g/lBenzyl alcohol
1Xn R2250 g/lBenzaldehyde
2Xn R22 R3620 g/lAcetopheone
Waterendangeringsubstances
Classification ashazardous substance
Applicationquantity
Xn harmfulC corrosive
R20 Harmful by inhalation.
R21 Harmful in contact with skin.R22 Harmful if swallowed.
R34 Causes burns.R36 Irritating to eyes.
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NOMAPOL N
is N-cyclohexyl-pyrrolidone
is soluble in water
does not need addition of electrolyte
highest colour yield in combination with NOMABID 31
gives brilliant dyeings
very good levelling effect
increase the reproducibility
also suitable for brightening and stripping
can be washed out more easily than benzyl alcohol
low odour
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Efficiency of NOMAPOL N / NOMABID 31
Without auxiliary
15 g/l NOMAPOL N
15 g/l NOMAPOL N3 g/l NOMABID 31
Recipe:
0.3 g/l KOLLASOL CDO
1.0 g/l MEROPAN KP3.0 g/l NOMABID 31
15.0 g/l NOMAPOL N
1.0 % BEZACRYL Red GRL 180
1,5C/min 90 min
50C 125C 125C
Cool off, rinse hot (80 C) and cold
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Efficiency of NOMAPOL N / NOMABID 31
Without auxiliary
15 g/l NOMAPOL N
15 g/l NOMAPOL N
3 g/l NOMABID 31
Recipe:0.3 g/l KOLLASOL CDO
1.0 g/l MEROPAN KP3.0 g/l NOMABID 31
15.0 g/l NOMAPOL N
0.4 % BEZACRYL Red GRL 1802.0 % BEZACRYL Blue GRL 300
1.5C/min 90 min
50C 125C 125C
Cool off, rinse hot (80 C) and cold
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Effect of NOMABID 31
Recipe:
0.3 g/l KOLLASOL CDO
1.0 g/l MEROPAN KPx g/l NOMABID 31y g/l Dyeing accelerator
0.5 % BEZACRYL Red GRL 1801.2 % BEZACRYL Blue GRL 300
1,5C/min 90 min
50C 125C 125C
Cool off, rinse hot (80 C) and cold
Without auxiliary
70 g/l Benzyl alcohol
70 g/l Benzyl alcohol3 g/l NOMABID 31
15 g/l NOMAPOL N
3 g/l NOMABID 31
25 g/l NOMAPOL N3 g/l NOMABID 31
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Effect of sodium nitrate
Without auxiliary
15 g/l NOMAPOL N
15 g/l NOMAPOL N2 g/l NOMABID 31
15 g/l NOMAPOL N
2 g/l NOMABID 3120 g/l sodium nitrate
15 g/l NOMAPOL N20 g/l sodium nitrate
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Levelling effect of NOMAPOL N
Basic dyeing:
0.6 % BEZACRYL Golden GL 2000.2 % BEZACRYL Red GRL 1800.2 % BEZACRYL Blue GRL 300
Levelling test:
3 parts of colour fabric / 1 part white fabric
2.0 g/l SARABID OL
1.0 g/l MEROPAN KPx g/l auxiliary
1.5C/min 90 min
50C 125C 125C
Basic fabric
Without auxiliary
15 g/l NOMAPOL N
30 g/l NOMAPOL N
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Fastness properties of BEZACRYL dyes onNOMEX
Light fastness 2 3-4
Rubbing fastness 4 4-5
Washing fastness 3-4 4
Perspiration fastness 3-4 4
Dry cleaning 3 3-4
An afterfixing at 170 190 C is important to obtainoptimal fastness properties !!!
Range
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Dyeing system
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
min.
C
C
A B
A 3.0 g/l NOMABID 31 C 2.0 g/l CHT DISPERGATOR SMS1.0 ml/l MEROPAN KP 1.0 g/l MEROPAN KP
15.0 ml/l NOMAPOL N
B x % BEZACRYL dye
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Choice of dyes
Trichromic dyeing
BEZACRYL Golden GL 200
BEZACRYL Red GRL 180
BEZACRYL Blue FBS
Supplementary elements
BEZACRYL Yellow 5GL 300 BEZACRYL Blue BG 200
BEZACRYL Black FBL 300