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q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrlcJhwm ,ck pufwifbm (9) &ufqdk&if (69)ESpf jynfh+yDjzpfygw,f? jrefrmwdk@ aus;Zl;rarhtyfwJh EdkifiHhtmZmenfawGxJrSm ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’vnf; tygt0if jzp fygw,f? jre frm hvGwfvyfa&;Adrmefudk yEMufcscJhol tmZmenf rsKd;cspfyk*~dKvfawGxJrSm q&mawmf[ma&S@qkH;wef;rSyg0ifwJh &[ef;tmZmenf}uD;jzpfygw,f? 'Dae@acwf vli,fawG trSefw&m;&SmazG&mrSm pHerlemxm;&r,fh tmZmenfyk* ~ d KvfawGta=umif;ud k rodrjrifEdkifatmif ppftm%m&SifawGu ydwfqdk@ [ef@wm;aewJhtwGuf q&m}uD;ocifud k,fawmfr_dif;/ ocifatmifqef;/ q&mawmfOD;OwWr tp&SdwJh yk*~dKvfausmfwdk hta=umif;a&;om;xm;wJh pmtkyfpmwrf;awG &Sm;yg;vmwm awG@ae&w,f? wu,fawmh 'DvdktmZmenfyk*~dKvf}uD;awG&J@ tawG;tjrifa[majym a&;om;csufawG[m "rR"dÏmefusavh&Sdwma=umifh trSefw&m;udk ESpfoufaxmufcHolwdk@twGuf vrf;n$efcsufawGjzpfwwfvdk@ygyJ?

&[ef;tmZmenf}uD; ‘q&mawmfOD;OwWr’ ay:xGef;cJhwJhacwf[m +Adwdo#udkvdkeDacwf jzpfygw,f? ESpfumvtm;jzifhwGufppf&ifawmh ,ae@acwfeJ@ twefyiftvSrf;a0;aeygw,f? 'gayr,fh &[ef;tmZmenf ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’&Jh a[majyma&;om;csufrsm;[m tm%m&Sif tqufqufudk pdefac:aeovdkygyJ? 'ga=umifhvnf;tm%modrf; ppftpd k;&tqufqufu‘q&mawmfO D ;OwWr’& J @ bG J @emrnfud kordkif;pmrsufESmay:u &nf&G,fcsuf&S d&S dz,f& Sm;xm;c J hwmjzpfygw,f? 'g[mtm%m&SifawGu ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ udkacwfvli,fawGeJ@ tqufjzwfypfcsifvdk@ygyJ? 'gayr,fh vGwfvyfa&;/ w&m;r#wa&;eJ@wef;wla&;udk jrwfEd k;olawG&S daeor#‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’&J@ *k%fowif;[mxif&Sm;aerSmygyJ?

jrefrmhE d ki fi Ha&;ord ki f ;ud k jyefvSefavhvmwJhtcg 0dkiftrfbDat (YMBA) ac:Ak'<bmomuvsm%,k0toif;/ aemif*sDpDbDat (GCBA) ac: jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD;&J@ }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfr_awGudk csefvSyfxm;vdk@r&ygbl;? jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD; wdk;wufus,fjye f @vmatmif oHCmawmfawGoHCmhor*~DtzGJ@awG&J@ axmufcHtm;ay;r_u t"duae&muyg0ifygw,f? tJ'DvdkoHCmawmfawG a&S@wef;rS wufwufºuGºuGwdkif;usK d;jynfusK d;aqmif&GufvmatmiftOD;qkH; EdkifiHa&;todtjrif rsufpdzGifhay;cJhwJh yk*~dKvfuawmh q&mawmfOD;OwWr ygyJ?Ak'<. pmayusrf;*efawGeJ@tnD w&m;eJ@arG@avsmfae=uwJ h oHCmawmfwd k @taeeJ @q&mawmf OD;OwWra[majymwJh EdkifiHa&;/p D;y Gm;a&;/ vlr_a&;a[majymcsufawG/EdkifiHwum tawG@t}uKHawGudk csufcsif;em;0ifzdk@ rvG,fygbl;? 'gayr,fh aemifESpftwefi,f=umwJ h tcg q&mawmfOD;OwWr&J hEd kifiHa&;w&m;awG[m pum;vkH;taeeJ@rma=umaeayr,fh/ vufawG@ tESpfom&

t& trsK d ;bmom omoemtwGufwu,ftusK d;& S da=umif; odvmcs de fr SmoHCmawGxkeJ@xnfeJ@ yg0ifaxmufcHcJh=uygw,f?

ord ki f ;bmomud k p dwf0i fpm;+y D ;pmzwfavh&SdwJh vli,fawGuawmh ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr&J@ bGJ@emrnfudk rvGJraoGr Swfr dr Sm jzp fygw,f? txl;ojzif h“u&ufa'guf *ufa'guf” (Craddock, GetOut!) qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHudk owd&w,fqdk&if q&mawmfudk taotcsm rSwfrdrSmjzpfygw,f? “u&ufa'guf” (Sir Reginald

Henry Craddock) [m tJ'Dacwfu jrefrmEdkifiH 'kwd,bk&ifcHjzpfygw,f?

qefa&pyg;eJ@ o,HZmwrsKd;pkH aygºuG,fvSwJh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@pm;0wfaea&; cufcJusyfwnf; qif;&J'kuQa&mufae=u&wm[m ‘tpdk;&nHhzsif;vGef;vdk@ jzpfw,f’vdk@ 1921 ckESpf rwfv 23&ufae@ a';'&J+rdK@e,f qkuvyf&Gmw&m;yGJrSm ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’u e,fcsJ@tpdk;&ud k a0zefa[majymcJ hygw,f? tJ' Dvd ka0zefcJhvdk@ +Adwdo#ppfykvdyfwdk@&Jh zrf;qD;tusOf;cswm cHcJh&w,f? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm ‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ [m EdkifiHa&;t& zrf;qD;axmifcscH&wJh yxrOD;qkH;&[ef;tmZmenfjzpfygw,f?

‘q&mawmf OD;OwWr’ [m EdkifiHwumA[kokwvnf; ESH@pyfygw,f? 1903 ckESpfrSmtdEN d,EdkifiHrS wqifh jyifopf/ t*Fvef/*smreD/ tD*spfwd k @od k @ c&D;vSnf hvnf+yD;Ed ki fi Hwumta&;t&mrsm;ud k avhvmqnf;yl;cJhygw,f? Oa&myY &SdaepOf 1905ckESpf ±k&Sm;-*syef ppfjzpf&m *syefutEdkif&wJhowif;udk =um;wma=umifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_

‘[krR± l;’&a&; }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf=uzd k @q&mawmfu a&;om;a[majymygw,f?acwfynmwwfvli,f vlvwfrsm;udkvnf;[krR±l; oabmw&m;udk em;0ifatmifaqG;aE G ;ajymqd ky gw,f? q&mawmftdEN d,Ed ki fi Hr Sm&S dpO fu tdEN d,-jrefrmESpfEdkifiHvGyfvyfa&;twGuf uGef*&ufygwDacgif;aqmifawGeJ@ aqG;aEG;cJ hzl;wJhtjyifq&mawmfudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; jrefrma'ocGJuGef*&ufygwDtzGJ@0if jzpfygw,f?

1912 ckESpffrSm q&mawmf *syefEdkifiHodk@'kwd,t}udrfoGm;jyefygw,f? *syefrSmq&mawmf[m ygV dE Si f houUÉbmomygarmuQtjzpf wm0efxrf;&Gufygw,f?*syefa&muf w±kwfausmif;om;awGeJ @jrefrmEdkifiHa&;&mudpPudk aqG;aEG;cJhzl;w,fvdk@od&ygw,f? w±kwfEd kifiHud kvnf; oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJhygw,f? w±kwftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif a'gufwm qGef,ufqifESifhvnf;awG@qk H odu|rf;c Gi f h&&S dc J hygw,f?a'gufwmqGef,ufqifESi f h tm&Sa'ovGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm; aqG;aEG;cJ hygw,f?yxr urBmppf+yD;umeD;rSm q&mawmfjrefrmEdkifiHjyefºuGcJhygw,f? tJ'D tcsdefup+yD;jrefrmvlxk em;rsufpdyGifhapzdk@ EdkifiHwumrS&& S dc J hwJ h todynm A[kokwrsm;E Si f h,SOfwGJ+yD; EdkifiHa&; w&m;a[majymygawmhw,f? q&mawmf&Jh a[majymcsufawG[mpum;vkH;ajymifajymif xdxdrdrd &S dvSwJhtwGuf w&m;yGJwdkif; wdk;raygufatmif pnfum;w,fvdk@ odrSDolawGu rSwfwrf;wifcJhygw,f?- jrefrmwdkif;oljynfom;wdk@[musKd;EGHw,fqdkwJh atmufwef;uspdwfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf=u&r,f?

rsKd;cspf &[ef;tmZmenf

“&Jv#if}uH a=umufv#ifjyef”“ol&owWd enf;v#if ysufpD;&rnf”“udk,fhzdk@}uHKv#if oufvkHaumif;=uap”“aoG;rxGufaom ppfyGJ}uD;udkqifE$J=u”“udk,fh&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifcsif&if aemufrwGef@=ueJ@”

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

jrefqefwJh *syefEdkifiHta=umif;udk avhvmvd kp dwfjzpfvmygw,f? 1907 ckE Sp fr Smq&mawmf *syefEdkifiHa&mufygw,f? wdkusKdA k'<bmomwuUod kvfrSm ygVdESif houUÉbmomqdkif&m ygarmuQtjzpf (4) ESpfeD;yg;aqmif&Gufygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH tjyefc&D;rSmudk&D;,m;/ refcsL;&D;,m;/ w±kwf/ uarBm'D;,m;ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHawGrSm 0ifa&mufcJhao;w,fvdk@ rSwfwrf;&Sdygw,f?

1911 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHjyefa&mufwJhtcg ‘0dkiftrfbDat’udk pwifxlaxmifcJh=uwJh OD;bab/ OD;armif}uD;/ OD;b&if/ ol&d,owif;pm pwifwnfaxmifc J h =uwJ hOD;buav;/ OD;vSaz tp&SdwJh tJ'Dacwfuvli,f vlvwfawGeJ@ t*Fvdyfvufatmufu vGwfajrmufzd k @ us,fus,fjyef@ jyef @E d ki fi Ha&;aqG;aE G ;r _awGvky fc J hy gw,f?q&mawmfOD;OwWr&J @ Ed ki fi Ha&;tjrifujrefrmEdkifiHudk t*Fvdyf vufatmufuvGwfajrmufa&;jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;r&ao;rDpyf=um; udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk udk,fhtrsKd;om;wdk@ udk,fwdkiftkyfcsKyfcGif h&a&;/

- jrefrmwdkif;ol jynfom;wdk@[mpGrf;&nfowWd&Sda=umif;/ ynm&Sda=umif;eJ@r[kwfrcH pdwf"gwfudk jy&r,f?- 'DvdkjyEdkif&if usKyfwdk@udk b,folurSapmfum;&J zdESdyf&JrSm r[kwfawmhbl;?- b,fvdktiftm;}uD;+yD; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfwJhtpdk;&jzpfjzpfwdkif;&if;om;taygif; pnf;vkH;nDnmpGmeJ@wGef;vSefEdkif=u&if wm&SnfcHEdkifr,fr[kwfygbl;?- udk,fh&nfrSef;csuf atmifapcsif&ifaemufrwGef@=ueJ@? a=umuftm;rydk=ueJ@? 'kuQudk y"ge rxm;=ueJ@?-[krR±l;wdk@ vGwfvyfa&;wdk@qdkwmusKyfwdk@&xdkufwJh urBmhtarGtESpf}uD;rsm;jzpfw,f?- AsL±dkua&pD 0g'orm;awGu b,favmufyJ aESmi@f,Suf aESmi@f,Sufwu,f&atmifvkyfEdkifwJh oabmrSef[mwdkif;oljynfom;wdk@ vufxJrSmom&Sdw,f?

q&mawmf OD;OwWrtm; a&S;a[mif;

pmrsufESm 3&cdkiftrsKd;om;owif;pm =o*kwfv/ 2008 ckESpfowif;

tawG;tac:t,ltqwdk@udk y,fvSefol/trsK d;om;a&;pdwf"gwf wufºuGatmifv_H@aqmfoltjzpf ol@acwfvlxku vufcHxm;cJhygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH 0HomEk trsKd;om;a&;v_yf& Sm;r _pwifaz:aqmifc J hwJ h‘*sDpDbDattoif;}uD;’&Jh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifapa&;twGufvnf; q&mawmfu txl;0g,rpd kufxkwfc J hy gw,f?“u&ufa'guf *ufa'guf” (Craddock,Get Out!) qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHa=umifhq&mawmfemrnf *k%fowif; ydkrdkay:vGifxif&Sm;vmygw,f? q&mawmf&J@ a[majymcsufawGa=umifh trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_yd krd kt&Sdef&vm+yD;/ vlxktrsm; Ed kifiHa&;Ed k; =um;vmygw,f? 0HomEktoif;awGvnf; trsm;tjym; ay:aygufvmygw,f?

‘ o l & d , o w i f ; p m ’ u v n f ;q&mawmf&J@ a[majymrdef@=um;csufrsm;udkaxmufcHa&;om;cJhygw,f? q&mawmf&J@tawG;tjrifopf aqmif;yg;awGudkvnf;ol&d,owif;pmu wcrf;wem; az: jyygw,f? Ak'<omoempnfyifwdk;wufapcsif&ifOD;pGmyxr u|efb0u vGwfatmif vkyf&r,fvdk@ q&mawmfu rdef@=um;ygw,f?trsKd; bmom omoemtusKd;twGuf‘oHCor*~ D’ tzG J @awG xlaxmifz d k @ /vGwfvyfa&;&atmifaqmif& Guf =uzd k @ /OD;OwWru rdef@=um;ygw,f? tJ'DaemufEdkifiHtESH@rSm oHCor*~DtzGJ@awG ay:vm+yD;Ed kifiHa&;w&m;a[mwJh oHCmawmfawGwdk;yGm;vmygawmhw,f?

q&mawmf OD;OwWru “'Dwdkif;jynfolwyg;vufatmufcH u|efEdkifiHjzpfae&if'Dwdkif;jynfu vlrsKd;[mvnf; u|efvlrsKd;/'DvlrsK d; ud k;uG,fwJ h bmom[mvnf;u|e fbmom u|e fomoemjzpfr,f?'ga=umifh u|efbmom u|efomoem tjzpfu vGwfatmif oHCmawmfrsm; ausmif;wGif usdef;tdyfrae=ubJ/ oHCor*~DtzGJ@rsm;zGJ@+yD; 'Dwdkif;jynf 'DvlrsKd;vGwfvyf atmifaqmif&Gufoifh=uw,f” vdk@ yGifhyGifh

vif;vif; a[majymcJhygw,f?q&mawmf&Jh 0g,rpdkufxkwfr_a=umifh

1921 ckESpf Zlvdkif (1) &ufESifh (2) &ufwGifoHCor*~ DtzG J @aygi f ; (30) ausm fr Sudk,fpm;vS,fawG wufa&mufwJh tpnf;ta0;udk &efukef+rdK@rSm usif;yEdkifcJhw,f?q&mawmf oHCmawmfawG/ *s DpDbDattoif;acgi f ;aqmifawG tygt0if&[ef;&Sifvl y&dowfig;&mausmfwufa&mufw,f? zsmykHc±dkif/ a';'&J+rdK@e,f/ qkuvyf&Gmw&m;yGJt+yD; q&mawmf OD;OwWrudk EdkifiHa&;w&m;a[mvdk@qdk+yD; tdENd,&mZowf}uD;yk'fr 124 (u) ESifh 153 (u) wdk@ t&t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufa[majymr_eJ@ axmif'%f tjypfay;ygw,f?&[ef;&Sifvl jynfoltrsm; rcHr&yfEd ki fzdESdyfwJh tpdk;&udk rausreyfjzpf=uygw,f?q&mawmfudk axmifcs vdkufwma=umifh‘*s Dp DbDat’toif;}uD;ud k vlxkuyd kr d kaxmufcH tm;ay;cJhwmawG@&ygw,f?

q&mawmf yxrt}udrfaxmifujyefvGwfvmawmh/ wjynfvk H;vSnf h +y D;EdkifiHa&;w&m; a[mjyefygw,f?“t*FvdyfypPnf;udk oydwfarSmuf=u”“t*FvdyfqdkifawGudk oydwfarSmuf=u”“wdkif;&if;jzpf ypPnf;udk 0,f,ltm;ay;=u”“wdkif;&if;om;qdkifawGrSm0,f,ltm;ay;=u”“'dk@vlrsKd;awG nDnGwfrS vGwfvyfcsrf;omr,f”“[krR±l; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&atmifawmif;qdk}udK;yrf;=u”“u&ufa'guf *ufa'guf”(Craddock, Get Out!)qdkwJhaºuG;a=umfoHawGeJ@a[majymygw,f?

1924 ckESpf &efukef usK H;}uD;vrf;eef;awmf±kyf&Sif±kHw&m;yGJt+yD; 'kwd,t}udrftzrf;cH&jyefygw,f? t*Fvdyftpd k;&udkt=unfndKysufapatmif a[majym

a=umif; jypfr_xif&Sm;w,fqdk+yD; tvkyf=urf;ESifh axmif'%f (3) ESpf tjypfay;wmcH& jyefygw,f?

t*Fvdyftpdk;&taeeJ@ q&mawmfudkaxmifcsvdkufwm[m rSm;,Gif;wJh tqkH;tjzwfvdk@ qdk&rSmygyJ? q&mawmfOD;OwWr&J@±dk;om;r_/ udk,fusKd;riJhr_/ wdkif;jynfESifh vlxktusKd;udkom a&S;±_r_wdk@a=umifh q&mawmfudk pHerlem,l+yD; oHCmawmf trsm;tjym;jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD; (GCBA) EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; wwyfwtm; yg0ifvm=uygw,f? tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ uGefz&ifhrsm;rSm oHCmawmfrsm;yg0if aqG;aEG;a[majymvmygawmhw,f? oHCmhor*~ DtzG J @awGvnf; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ zGJ@pnf;vm=uygw,f? EdkifihHta&;t&mudpPawGrSm oHCmhor*~DtzGJ@awG wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifaqmif&Gufvm=uygw,f?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr[m jrefrmEdkifiH'kwd,bk&ifcH u&ufa'guf&J@ ‘'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf’udk qef@usifoljzpfygw,f?0d ki ftrfbDat&J@tqdkud k axmufcH +y D;‘[krR±l;’ (Home Rule) &&S da&;awmif;qd ka[majymygw,f? 'd ki ftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrSm trwf (103) ae&m&mxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh a&G;aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,f (79) OD;om cGifhjyKrSmjzpfygw,f?usef (24) ae&mu bk&ifcHcef@ AsL±dku&ufawG jzpfygw,f? jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,feJ@AsL±dku&uft&m&SdawG wGJzuf+yD; tkyfcsKyfwJhtky fc s Ky fa&;pepf jzp fygw,f? Oya'jyKaumifpDrSm Oya'=urf; tqdkwckwifwJhtcga&G;aumufcHud k,fpm;vS,fawGtaeeJ@rJtrsm;pk&+yD; tEdkif&ayr,fh bk&ifcH oabmrwlv#if (ADwdk) jzifh y,fcscH&Edkifygw,f?'Dae@acwf ‘etz’&J@ anmifESpfyifzGJ@pnf;ykHtwdkif;ygyJ? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wjzpfvJ orRwuoabmrwl&if bmrS vkyfvdk@ r&wJhoabmygyJ?

'ga=umifh 1922 Zlvdkif (15) (16)*sLAvDa[mtpnf;ta0;rSm q&mawmf

OD;OwWru “'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonfAsL±dkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfojzifh jynfoludkrwdkifyifbJ/ AsL±dku&ufwdk@u pDrHtkyfcsKyfaompepfjzpfonf[k axmufjycJ honf?jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,f (79) OD;onf tm%myg0gr&Sdaom ±kyfjyvSnfhpm;r_omjzpfonf?jynfoluoabmwlI aqmif&Gufav[efy&d,m,faqmifaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh 'dkiftmcDa&G;yGJr0ifoifh/'dkiftmcDaumifpDYrygoifh/ 'dkiftmcD aumifpD0ifI yl;owfa&; vkyf&efrjzpfEdkif/ AsL±dku&ufwdk@. =oZmudkrvGefqefEdkif” ponfjzifhq&mawmfu &Sif;jycJhygw,f? [krR±l;&&Sda&;twGuf q&mawmf&Jh a[majymcsufwck[m =uufoD;xzG,f wufºuGp&maumif;ygw,f?

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