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•Persediaan Menulis ProposalPersediaan Menulis Proposal•Kandungan ProposalKandungan Proposal
•Proposal Baik vs Proposal BurukProposal Baik vs Proposal Buruk
Maksud Proposal PenyelidikanMaksud Proposal Penyelidikan• Kertas cadangan untuk mengadakan/ menjalankan
sesuatu.
• Dlm. kes ini: Proposal adalah kertas cadangan untuk menjalankan/melaksanakan penyelidikan.
• “A research proposal provides a preview of why a study will be undertaken and how it will be conducted. A research project is often required to get permission or necessary resources. Even when not required, a proposal is a useful device for planning.” (Earl Babbie, The Basics of Social Research 2002: 110)
Kenapa Memerlukan Proposal?Kenapa Memerlukan Proposal?
Sebelum Menulis ProposalSebelum Menulis Proposal
Kandungan ProposalKandungan Proposal Tajuk Kajian Latarbelakang & Permasalahan Kajian Matlamat Kajian Objektif Kajian Defenisi Operasi Kajian Limitasi Kajian Kerangka Teori Metodologi Kajian Literature Review Jadual Kerja Rangka/Cadangan Laporan Rujukan
Tajuk KajianTajuk KajianIt should be concise and descriptive. For example,
the phrase, "An investigation of . . ." could be omitted.
Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables.
However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader's interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.
Permasalahan KajianPermasalahan Kajian
“The problem statement describes the context for the study and it also identifies the general analysis approach” (Wiersma 1995, 404).
“A problem might be defined as the issue that exists in the literature, theory, or practice that leads to a need for the study” (Creswell 1994, 50).
Contoh Menulis Objektif KajianTajuk Penyelidikan: Persepsi Non Muslim terhadap Islam Hadhari
• Kajian ini mempunyai objektif berikut:
– Mengenalpasti masalah dalam perlaksanaan Islam Hadhari di kalangan non Muslim.
– Mengukur tahap kefahaman Islam Hadhari di kalangan non Muslim.
– Membandingkan kefahaman Islam Hadhari antara kalangan Muslim dan non Muslim.
– Mencadangkan cadangan masalah perlaksanaan Islam Hadhari di kalangan non Muslim.
Defenisi Operasi KajianDefenisi Operasi Kajian
• Iaitu menjelaskan perkataan tertentu dlm proposal/kajian yg meragukan pemahaman.
• BUKANNYA:– Mendefenisi tajuk kajian.– Sesuatu maksud mudah difahami: eg. lelaki– Perkara remeh temeh: eg. UKM
• Bagaimana utk mendefenisi:– Pilih p’kataan dan berikan defenisi ikut fahaman
penyelidik. Bukan berdasarkan kamus/dictionary.
. . . definisi operasi kajian
1. You should use the definition or definitions that work for you, depending on the resources you have or to which you have access.
2. You should use the operational definition or definitions that will be convincing to critics, journal reviewers, or others who will be evaluating your research.
3. If at all possible, you should use more than one operationalisation. Each operational definition is likely to be incomplete, capturing only one small part of the meaning of your construct.
Limitasi KajianLimitasi Kajian Iaitu membataskan kajian kpd skop (mungkin):
Contoh: Kajian ini hanya difokuskan kepada masalah gejala sosial di kalangan remaja Melayu di kawasan Lembah Klang
Kerangka Teori (Theoritical Framework)Kerangka Teori (Theoritical Framework)
A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts, like a theory but not necessarily so well worked-out.
A theoretical framework guides your research, determining what things you will measure, and what statistical relationships you will look for.
3 Bentuk Kerangka Teori3 Bentuk Kerangka Teori
TF dalam bentuk soalan-soalan yang terarah kpd memberikan jawapan kajian.
TF dalam bentuk mencari hubungan antara pembolehubah (variable).Contoh: Tahap kebimbangan wanita lebih tinggi
daripada lelaki.
TF dalam bentuk cause and effect
Contoh TF (Cause-Effect)Pend. Agama
AJARAN SESAT
PERGAULAN
TINDAKAN
MURTAD
PEPECAHAN
Pend . Semasa
PENDIDIKAN
Agensi Kerajaan
Metod KajianMetod Kajian
“The methods or procedures section is really the heart of the research proposal. The activities should be described with as much detail as possible, and the continuity between them should be apparent” (Wiersma 1995, 409).
Isi metod:Instrumen (survey, skala, observasi/interview)PersampelanPengumpulan DataAnalisis data
Akan dihuraikan secara khusus nanti
Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewThe review of the literature provides the background and
context for the research problem. It should establish the need for the research and indicate that the writer is knowledgeable about the area (Wiersma 1995, 406).
Faedah: It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related
to the study being reported (Fraenkel & Wallen, 1990). It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature about a
topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies (Marshall & Rossman, 1989). It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study, as well
as a benchmark for comparing the results of a study with other findings. It “frames” the problem earlier identified.
LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
• BILA? Sewajarnya LR dibuat sebelum menulis proposal.
• APA? Ulasan bentuk, tahap, kaedah, kelebihan & kekurangan secara sinopsis terhadap kajian atau tulisan terdahulu dlm niche kajian yg sama.
• FAEDAH LR:– Dapat maklumat lengkap– Memilih metode terbaik– Melihat kepentingan dan signifikan kajian– Memilih analisis yg sesuai
• Kelaskan bentuk & jenis kajian dahulu.• Disusun lama kpd baru atau umum kpd
khusus.• Berdasarkan kekurangan litt. Terdahulu
nyatakan rasional anda utk penyelidikan baru.• Ditulis secara padat dlm bentuk past tense.
JADUAL KERJAJADUAL KERJA
• Biasanya dirangka kpd kajian yang melibatkan kos atau tajaan
• Rangka kerja dari peringkat awal & akhir.
• Dirangka berdasarkan tahap pencapaian objektif.
• Dirangka berdasarkan kos & masa.• Dirangka dlm bentuk Gant Chart
AKTV J F M A M J J O S O N D J
Tulis Proposal X
Pilot Study X X
Tulis Questionaire X X
Kajian Lapangan X X X X
Key Data X X X
Serah Laporan X
RUJUKAN
• Kesemua bahan-bahan yang dirujuk dalam penulisan proposal perlu disenaraikan.
• Kesemua rujukan perlu ditulis mengikut Gaya UKM yang betul.
• *Pelajar mampu membawa bahan-bahan berkenaan kepada pensyarah apabila dipinta berbuat demikian.
Students’ SufferStudents’ Suffer
Lacking organization and structure Lacking focus, unity and coherence Being repetitive and verbose Failing to cite influential papers Failing to keep up with recent developments Failing to critically evaluate cited papers Citing irrelevant or trivial references Depending too much on secondary sources
Kelemahan lain:Kelemahan lain:
• Permasalahan tidak jelas.• Rujukan tidak menepati bidang/permasalahan kajian
&tidak begitu terkini.• Mengambil masa lama untuk menyiapkan proposal.• Persembahan buruk:
– Tulisan/typing error.– Warna & kualiti kertas.– Format.– Font (size & bentuk)– Binding– Gaya bahasa & grammar.