Arabic English Dictionary of Quranic Usage

 
SECTION ONE
H. ALTENMÜLLER · B. HROUDA · B.A. LEVINE · R.S. O’FAHEY
K.R. VEENHOF · C.H.M. VERSTEEGH
 
BY
LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
 A Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISSN: 0169-9423 ISBN: 978 90 04 14948 9
Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
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Fees are subject to change.
Printed in the Netherlands
 




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COMMON BELIEVERS WITH LITTLE KNOWLEDGE OF !RABIC 4HERE IS FOR
INSTANCE A DICTIONARY COMPILED BY 3HAIKH !BDULKARIM 0AREKH
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THELEXICON
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MEANINGSINDIFFERENTCONTEXTSARECAREFULLYDISTINGUISHED4HUSFOR
AN IMPORTANT NOTION LIKE KITÏB NO LESS THAN FOURTEEN DIFFERENT
MEANINGS ARE GIVEN FROM ³WRITTEN DOCUMENT´ TO ³PRESCRIBED
PUNISHMENT´EACHOFWHICHISILLUSTRATEDWITHAQUOTATIONFROMTHE
 
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3OME OF THE PARTICULARITIES OF 1UR´ANIC USAGE BECAME LARGELY
INTEGRATED INGENERAL LEXICOGRAPHICALWORKSSUCHASŸ  LISÏN ¢AL½ARAB4HEAPPEARANCEBETWEENANDOF ŠŸ  MU½JAM¢ALFϵ¢AL1UR¢ÏN¢ALKARÔMPUBLISHEDBYTHE!RABIC
,ANGUAGE !CADEMY OF %GYPT FOLLOWED BY ITS REVISED EDITION IN
DIDLITTLEFORTHEADVANCEMENTOFTHESUBJECT
)N THE7EST1UR´ANICLEXICOGRAPHY SEEMSTOHAVEBEENALMOST
IGNORED!LTHOUGH TRANSLATION OF THE1UR´AN INTOVARIOUS%UROPEAN
LANGUAGESGOESASFARBACKASWITHTHECOMPLETIONOFA,ATIN
TRANSLATIONBY2OBERT+ETENENSISOF#HESTERANDINSPITEOFTHEGREAT
INTEREST SHOWNBY THEVARIOUSCHURCHES INSTUDYING THEHISTORY AND
TEXTOFTHE1UR´ANASTHEGREATBOOKOF)SLAMITWASNOTUNTILTHEYEAR
THATTHEFIRSTWORKDEVOTEDTOTHEVOCABULARYOFTHE1UR´ANBYA
 
EXHIBITEDAGREATCOMMANDOFTHESUBJECTTHROUGHOUTTHISPIONEERING
WORK(OWEVER THE LACK OF INPARTICULAR CONTEXTUALISED EXAMPLES
ILLUSTRATINGTHERANGEOFSUBMEANINGSOFTHEVARIOUSENTRIESPROVIDED
IN0ENRICE´SWORKANDITSCOMPARATIVELYLIMITEDSCOPETOGETHERWITH
THEFACTTHATSUBSEQUENTWORKONTHESUBJECT¯VALUABLEASITWAS¯WAS
RESTRICTEDTOSPECIFICGROUPSOF1UR´ANICVOCABULARY AS IN THECASE
OFFOREXAMPLE-USTANSIR-IR´S6ERBAL)DIOMOFTHE1UR´AN
ONLY ILLUSTRATES THE LACUNA IN THE LIBRARY OF1UR´ANIC 3TUDIES4HIS
DEMONSTRATES THE NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE FULLY RESEARCHED AND
FULLY CONTEXTUALISED !RABIC%NGLISH DICTIONARY OF 1UR´ANIC USAGE
COMPILED IN ACCORDANCEWITHMODERN LEXICOGRAPHICALMETHODS AND
BASED COMPLETELY UPON BOTH THE #LASSICAL !RABIC IDIOM DERIVED
FROM WORKS SUCH AS 3ÔBAWAYHI´S +ITÏB ¢IBN9A½ÔSH´S  -UFAAL
 ,ISÏN ¢AL½ARAB AND ,ANE´S DICTIONARIES AND THE WORK OF
AUTHORITATIVE COMMENTATORS ON THE 1UR´AN SUCH AS -UQÏTIL ¢AL
¿ABARÔ ¢AL1URUBÔ ¢AL2ÏZÔ AND MANY OTHERS 4RUE 1UR´ANIC
SCHOLARSCONTINUE TOFINDASSISTANCE IN,ANE´SMAGNIFICENTWORK !N  !RABIC%NGLISH ,EXICON PARTICULARLY SINCE THE AUTHOR INCLUDES PERTINENT1UR´ANICUSAGESINNUMEROUSPLACESINHISWORK(OWEVER
THE APPEARANCE IN OF(ANS7EHR´S !$ICTIONARY OF -ODERN 7RITTEN!RABIC AND THE ROLE ITHASPLAYED IN ELEVATING THE STUDYOF -ODERN 3TANDARD !RABIC OUTSIDE THE !RAB WORLD HAS ONLY
ACCENTUATEDTHENEEDFORAPARALLELDICTIONARYDEVOTEDSPECIFICALLYTO
THELANGUAGEOFTHE1UR´AN
4HEPRESENT $ICTIONARYOF1UR´ANIC5SAGE ATTEMPTS TO FILL THIS GAP4HEWORKISBASEDUPONTHEINTERPRETATIONSBYCLASSICAL1UR´ANIC
COMMENTATORS OF THE CONTEXTUALIZED OCCURRENCES OF THE FINITE
VOCABULARY ITEMS USED IN THE 1UR´ANIC TEXT ACCORDING TO THE
WIDESPREAD READING OF  ØAF   D BETWEEN ¯
!(¯!$THROUGH ÀÒIM D!(!$
AS RENDERED IN THE %GYPTIAN PRINTED TEXT OF THE 1UR´AN 4HE
AUTHENTICITYOFAPARTICULAR READINGOF THE1UR´AN ACCORDING TO THE
EMINENTNINTHCENTURY1UR´ANICSCHOLAR¢IBN¢AL*AZARÔISBASEDAS
STATED IN HIS WORK Ÿ
¢ALNASHR FÔ´LQIRÏ¢ÏT ¢AL
½ASHR PAMONGOTHERTHINGSSUCHASCHAINOFTRANSMISSION
UPONITSCONFORMINGTOAGRAMMATICALLYACCEPTABLEMODEOF!RABIC
 
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READINGTHATAGREESWITHTHETENETSOFTHE!RABICLANGUAGEEVENBYA SINGLE INTERPRETATION ¨ 4HE ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN
INTERPRETING LITERARY TEXTS IN GENERAL AND THE 1UR´ANIC TEXT IN
PARTICULARCANNOTBEOVERESTIMATED!S-ONTGOMERY7ATTHASNOTED
³THE!RABIC LANGUAGE IS SUCH THAT THERE ARE OFTEN SEVERAL DIFFERENT
WAYSOF ±TAKING²A SENTENCEAND THESEWAYSYIELD AT LEASTSLIGHTLY
DIFFERENT MEANINGS ¨ 4HIS KIND OF THING OCCURS MUCH MORE
FREQUENTLY IN1UR´ANIC!RABIC AND THERE IS OFTEN SOMETHING TO BE
SAIDFOREACHOFSEVERALPOSSIBILITIES´#OMPANIONTOTHE1UR´ANPP ¯4HISPARTICULARFEATUREOF THE LANGUAGEOF THE1UR´ANOFTEN
MAKES INTERPRETING THE TEXT AN UNENDING JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY AND
SUPPORTSAMULTITUDEOFINTERPRETATIONSWHICHINTURNNECESSITATESA
HIGH DEGREEOF FAMILIARITYWITH THEVARIOUS NUANCESOF APARTICULAR
WORDANDTHECONTEXTSINWHICHTHEYOCCUR-ODERNINTERPRETATIONSOF
THE1UR´ANSUCHASFOREXAMPLETHEPRESENTDRIVETOREINTERPRETTHE
1UR´AN ON THE BASIS OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES PARTICULARLY
SPACE TRAVEL IS A CASE IN POINT !LTHOUGH LEGITIMATE AND INDEED

&ORTHEPURPOSEOFTHEPRESENTWORKACCEPTABLEINTERPRETATIONSOFA
PARTICULAR1UR´ANICVERSEARETHOSEFOUNDEDONTHEAUTHORITYOFTHE
PARTICULAR COMMENTATORS IN QUESTION AND THE VALIDITY OF THE
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS THEY APPLY TO THE TEXT TO JUSTIFY THEIR
INTERPRETATIONSWITHINBOTHTHEIMMEDIATEANDLARGERCONTEXTINWHICH
ITOCCURS/F EQUAL IMPORTANCE TO THE GRAMMATICAL STRUCTUREOF THE
DISCOURSEFOROURPURPOSESHEREIFNOTOFEVENGREATERSIGNIFICANCEIS
THE CAPACITY OF MANY DERIVED FORMS SUCH AS VERBAL NOUNS AND
PARTICIPLESTOPLAYVARIEDROLESWITHINTHEDISCOURSESOMEOFWHICH
ARENOTALWAYSWELLDEFINEDTHUSOPENINGTHEWAYNOTONLYFORVARIED
INTERPRETATIONSOFTHETEXTBUTFORAMBIGUITYOFMEANINGASWELL&OR
EXAMPLEINADDITIONTOCONVEYINGTHEBASICMEANINGOFANACTIONOR
HAPPENING THEVERBALNOUN OFTEN FUNCTIONS INMANY
CONTEXTSASANOUNNOUNOFPLACENOUNOFTIMEORINMANYCONTEXTS
ASADMITTINGTHEPOSSIBILITYOFITSFUNCTIONINGASANUMBEROFTHESEAT
 
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AND AS A VERBAL NOUN IN ŸŠË COLLECTING AND RECITING IT ;CORRECTLY= IS /UR OWN RESPONSIBILITY IT COULD BE INTERPRETEDASEITHERANOUNORVERBALNOUNINÉËÊ ŠŸËŠ  IT HAS BEEN REVEALED TO ME THAT A GROUPOF JINN LISTENED IN ;ONARECITATIONOF THE1UR´AN=ANDSAID ³7EHAVEHEARDAWONDROUSREADING ;ALSOINTERPRETEDASWONDROUS 1UR´AN= 3IMILARLY THE PARTICIPIAL FORM   FUNCTIONS AS SUCH IN É¿É DONOTBETHEFIRSTTODISBELIEVEINIT ANDAS ANOUNIN Ê¿ ANDTHEDISBELIEVERWOULD SAY³(OW)WISH)WERE;MERE=DUST BUTITCOULDBEINTERPRETEDAS EITHERINAGREATMANYCONTEXTSINTHE1UR´ANSUCHASƒ Í  (EIT ISWHOCREATEDYOUYETSOMEOFYOUARE DENYING;(IM=ANDSOMEAREBELIEVINGORSOMEAREDISBELIEVERSAND SOME ARE BELIEVERS 4HE DIFFICULTY EXERCISED IN INTERPRETING THE VARIOUSCONTEXTSINWHICH OCCURSSTEMSMAINLYFROMTHEFACTTHAT
MEASURESOF³NOMINALITY AND³PARTICIPLDLITY´OFWHICHTHISPARTICULAR
WORDCOULDBEFORMEDVARYSOMUCHFROMONECONTEXTTOTHEOTHER
THATITMAKESITDIFFICULTINTHESECONTEXTSTOASSIGNITTOANOMINALOR
A PARTICIPIAL FUNCTION 7HILE NOMINALITY IS SUFFICIENTLY EVIDENT IN
Ê¿ (E CALLEDYOU-USLIMS¯BOTH IN THEPASTANDINTHIS;MESSAGE=ANDPARTICIPLDLITYISEQUALLYEVIDENTIN  ANDWEARESUBMITTINGTO(IMITISNOTPOSSIBLE
TODECIDEONEWAYORTHEOTHERINAGREATNUMBEROFCONTEXTSSUCHAS
  THOSEWHODISBELIEVEMAYCOME TOWISHTHEYHADSUBMITTEDTO'OD ORTOHAVEBEEN-USLIM)NTHE
CURRENT WORK THE MORPHOLOGICAL DESIGNATIONS PROVIDED IN SQUARE
BRACKETS AT THE BEGINNINGOF THEENTRIES REFLECT THIS SITUATION IN THE
OPTIONSTHEYPROVIDE
!LMOST GRAMMATICAL WORDS PARTICLES NOUNS AND VERBS
OCCURINTHE1UR´ANMANYOFWHICHAREAMONGTHEMOSTFREQUENTLY
USEDWORDS IN THE TEXT4HESE HAVEBEENGIVENPARTICULAR ATTENTION
INSOFAR AS THEY CONVEY VARIOUS NUANCES OFMEANING IN THE1UR´AN
AND FEATURES PARTICULAR TO THE #LASSICAL PERIOD AND TO 1UR´ANIC
DISCOURSE ARE EXPLORED IN DETAIL %XAMPLES OF THESE ARE THE ROLES
PLAYEDBYVARIOUSDEMONSTRATIVESINSIGNIFYINGRELATIVEDISTANCEBOTH
PHYSICAL ANDMETAPHORICAL AS INDICATIVE OF INTRICATE RELATIONSHIPS
 
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OFMEANINGCONVEYEDBYTHEEMPLOYMENTINVARIOUSCONTEXTSOFTHE
PREPOSITIONSISANOTHERCASEINPOINT
4HE$ICTIONARYFOLLOWSTHE!RABICROOTSYSTEMANDISCOMPOSED
OFSECTIONSEACHOFWHICHISDEVOTEDTOONELETTEROFTHE!RABIC
ALPHABETWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHELETTER¢ALIF REPRESENTINGTHELONG OPENVOWELAWHICHTHEPHONOLOGICALRULESOF!RABICDONOTPERMIT
TO FUNCTION AS A FIRST RADICAL OF AN!RABIC VERBAL ROOT 2OOTS ARE
NATURALLYARRANGEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEALPHABETICALORDEROFTHEIR
CONSTITUENTS (OWEVER A NOTE HERE SHOULD BEMADE REGARDING THE
CLASSIFICATION OF ROOTS WITH GEMINATED SECOND AND THIRD RADICALS
5NLIKETHETRADITIONFOLLOWEDIN7ESTERNLEXICOGRAPHYEG,ANEAND
7EHR SUCH ROOTS ARE CLASSIFIED IN ACCORDANCEWITH THE ORDER THEY
SHOULD HAVE IN CONSIDERATION FOR THE SECOND AND THIRD RADICALS
#ONSEQUENTLY THE ROOT S¯B¯B APPEARS AFTER THE ROOT S¯B¯¢ ANDNOT BEFOREIT7ORDSOFFOREIGNORIGINREMAININGASINDIVIDUALVOCABULARY
ITEMSEGARELISTEDACCORDINGTOTHEIRALPHABETICALORDERAND SO ARE GRAMMATICALWORDS BELONGING TO NO APPARENT!RABIC ROOTS
SUCHASƒ!RABICISEDWORDSCLASSIFIEDBY!RABPHILOLOGISTSUNDER !RABIC ROOTS AND SHARING THE SEMANTIC FIELD OF THE ROOTWITH OTHER
DERIVATIVESEG AREINCLUDEDUNDERTHOSEROOTS&OREIGNPROPER NAMESEG ¿ AND ARECLASSIFIEDINACCORDANCEWITH THEIR!RABICISEDFORMSBUTININSTANCESSUCHASWHEREITCOULDBE THOUGHT THAT THE NAME IS DERIVED FROM    CROSS REFERENCES ARE
PROVIDED#ONTRARYTOCURRENTCONVENTIONSTRANSLITERATED HAMZAAND ÀAYN ARE ACCORDED FULL ALPHABETICAL LETTER STATUS #ONSEQUENTLY VOWELS PRECEDED BY INITIAL HAMZA OR INITIAL ÀAYN ARE NEVER
CAPITALIZED EVEN IF THEWORDS IN WHICH THEY OCCUR HAPPEN TO BE
PROPERNAMESORBEGINNEWSENTENCESCF ¢AÝMAD BUTNOT ¢!ÝMAD 
AND ÀÒD BUTNOT À ¶D #ROSSREFERENCESAREALSOPROVIDEDFORWORDS SUCHAS WHOSE TRUE ROOTMAY CAUSE SOMEDIFFICULTY"ECAUSE THEDEMARCATION LINEBETWEENDERIVATIVESOFROOTS THE THIRDRADICALS
OFWHICHAREEITHER ORARENOTALWAYSCLEARMANYSUCHROOTSARE
TREATEDTOGETHERWITHTHETHIRDRADICALMARKEDASBOTH AND  
W   Y
%ACHROOTISTREATEDINTHEFOLLOWINGWAY
 

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PROVIDED IN AN ATTEMPT TO SHOW THE RANGE OF SEMANTIC SCATTER IT
ENCOMPASSES 4HE DICTIONARY SENSES DETAILED IN THIS SECTION ARE
DERIVEDFROMTHECLASSICALLANGUAGEWHICHMAYORMAYNOTINCLUDE
ALLTHE1UR´ANICSENSESANDCOULDBEUSEDWHENCOMPAREDWITHTHE
ENTRIES IN THE THIRD SECTION TO SHOW THE SENSES BROUGHT INTO THE
!RABICLANGUAGEBYTHE1UR´AN)TISGENERALLYNOTEDTHATWHATCANBE
CALLED SEMANTIC KINSHIP BETWEEN DERIVATIVES OF !RABIC AND ALSO
3EMITICROOTSISCULTUREBOUNDANDNOTALWAYSEVIDENT!LSOITISA
COMMONLYACKNOWLEDGEDFEATUREOF!RABICTHATABSTRACTDERIVATIVES
USUALLY STEM FROM CONCRETE ONES EG ¿Š  ³BEAUTY´ FROM¿Š  ³CAMEL´ ³ATTRACTIVENESS´FROM ³SALT´AND ³TOREAD´FROM  ³A SINGLE MILKING OF AN ANIMAL´ "RINGING TOGETHER SEMANTIC
DERIVATIVESOFAROOTARRANGEDWHENRELEVANTINASEQUENCESTARTING
FROMTHECONCRETEANDENDINGWITHTHEABSTRACTISLIKELYTOSHEDLIGHT
ON THEWAY INWHICH THESECONCEPTSARE RELATED TOONEANOTHER AND
ALSOONTHEMANNERINWHICHEACHANDALLOF THOSEDERIVATIVESCOVER
THETOTALSEMANTICFIELDOFTHATROOT%XAMINATIONOFTHISTOTALPICTURE
IS ALSO LIKELY TO PROVIDE FURTHERMEANS OF APPRECIATING THE USE OF
DERIVATIVESOFTHATROOTINTHE1UR´AN
!N INVENTORYOF THEPARTICULARMORPHOLOGICALDERIVATIVESOF
THATROOTACTUALLYOCCURRINGINTHE1UR´ANTOGETHERWITHTHENUMBER
OFTIMESTHEYOCCUR!COMPARISONOFTHEFREQUENCYOFOCCURRENCEOF
THEVARIOUSDERIVATIVESOFACERTAINROOTANDALSOOFTHETOTALNUMBER
OFOCCURRENCESOFALLDERIVATIVESOFTHISROOTWITHTHATOFOTHERROOTS
SHOULD BE AN INDICATION OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE THE 1UR´AN
ASCRIBES TOCONCEPTSCOVEREDBYTHEVARIOUS ROOTS&IGURESPROVIDED
FOR THE FREQUENCY OF CONTENT DERIVATIVES ARE BASED UPON THE
#ONCORDANCEOF-UÝAMMAD&U¢ÏD½ABD¢AL"ÏQÔŠŸ ¢ALMU½JAM¢ALMUFAHRASLI¢ALFϵ¢AL1UR¢ÏN¢AL+ARÔM WHEREAS THOSE OF THE GRAMMATICAL WORDS NOT INCLUDED IN THE
#ONCORDANCEOF ÀABD ¢AL"ÒQÔ AREBASED UPON THE#ONCORDANCEOF
¢ISMϽÔL½AMÏYIRAHAND½ABD¢ALØAMÔD-UTAFÏ œŠŸ    -U½JAM ¢AL¢ADAWÏT WA ¢ALAMÏ¢IR FÔ´L1UR¢ÏN ¢AL KARÔM7ITH REGARD TO THOSEWORDS AND ROOTS OF POTENTIALLY NON
!RABIC ORIGIN LITTLE ATTENTION BEYOND WHAT IS PROVIDED BY !RAB
PHILOLOGISTS HAS HERE BEEN GIVEN TO THE ETYMOLOGY OF 1UR´ANIC
WORDSLARGELYBECAUSEWEAGREEWITH6ERSTEEGHPTHAT
 
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³)T ISMUCHMORE DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE ASSUMPTION OF A
FOREIGN ORIGIN FOR OBSCURE1UR´ANICWORDS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR
UNDERSTANDING´#ONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN THE SUBJECT FURTHERMORE
TENDSNOTTOGIVEENOUGHCONSIDERATIONTOTHEFACTTHAT!RABIC3YRIAC
(EBREW AND%THIOPIC ALL SHARE A COMMON ORIGIN A FACT THATWILL
UNDOUBTEDLYOFTENMAKE ITDIFFICULT TODISTINGUISHBETWEENCASESOF
BORROWINGANDCASESOFPARALLELDEVELOPMENT#ONSIDERATIONSOFTIME
HAVE PREVENTED THE AUTHORS FROM INCLUDING THE VARIOUS 2EADINGS
  SAVEFORAFEWINSTANCES
$ICTIONARY ENTRIES FOR EACH OF THE DERIVATIVES LISTED IN
ACCORDANCEWITH THE ORDER INWHICH THEY OCCUR IN ÀABD ¢AL"ÒQÔ´S
#ONCORDANCE "ECAUSE THE $ICTIONARY IS CONCERNED WITH ACTUAL
1UR´ANIC USAGEHEADWORDS ARE GIVEN IN ONEOF THEMORPHOLOGICAL
FORMS THEY ACTUALLY OCCUR IN THE1UR´AN IN BOTH!RABIC SCRIPT AND
TRANSLITERATION&OREXAMPLEVERBALFORMSOFWHICHNOPERFECTFORMS
OCCUR ARE GIVEN IN THE IMPERFECTBUT IF THERE IS NO IMPERFECT THEN
THEYAREGIVENINTHEIMPERATIVE0ASSIVEFORMSAREASARULEINCLUDED
UNDER THE ACTIVE FORMS AND ONLY GIVEN SEPARATE ENTRIES IF THEY
CONTRIBUTENUANCESOFMEANINGBEYONDTHATOFTHEACTIVEFORMS$UAL
AND PLURAL FORMS ARE LIKEWISE TREATED IN RELATION TO THEIR SINGULAR
FORMS&EMININE FORMSOCCURRING IN!RABICWITH A T Ò¢MARB AARE RENDERED IN THE TRANSLITERATED FORMSWITH A FINALTANWÔN IN ORDER TO CIRCUMVENTTHECONVENTIONFORREPRESENTINGTHE T Ò¢MARB AAS³AH´ ORDROPPINGITALTOGETHER
2OMAN NUMERALS MARK DIVISIONS ALONG MORPHOLOGICAL ANDOR
SYNTACTIC LINES EG NOUN AND PARTICIPLE ANDOR TRANSITIVE AND
INTRANSITIVEWHEREAS!RABICNUMERALSMARKDIVISIONSALONGSEMANTIC
LINESANDLOWERCASELETTERSMARKSEMANTICSUBDIVISIONS4HEVARIOUS
SUBMEANINGS CITED FOR EACH ENTRY REFLECT THE RANGE OF CONTEXTUAL
MEANINGS AS ELUCIDATED BY THE CLASSICAL 1UR´AN COMMENTATORS
CONSULTED IN THE COMPILATION OF THIS DICTIONARY "ECAUSE OF THE
DIFFICULTY INHERENTINTRYING TODEFINE THEOFTENVERYSUBTLYDIFFERENT
MEANINGS OF VOCABULARY ITEMS AS THEY OCCUR IN VARIOUS CONTEXTS
PARTICULARLY IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE THE ROLE OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLES IN APPROXIMATING MEANING REMAINS PARAMOUNT 4HIS
DIFFICULTY IS PARTICULARLY EVIDENT AS IT IS IN OTHER LANGUAGES IN THE
 
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DIVISIONS OFMEANING IN SOMECASES ISNOT CLEAR CUTANDA CERTAIN
DEGREE OF OVERLAP IS UNAVOIDABLE )N SUCH INSTANCES RATHER THAN
IGNORING FINE NUANCES OF MEANING AND COLLAPSING ENTRIES TOGETHER
UNDERONEDEFINITIONITEMSWITHASIMILARBUTNOTIDENTICALRANGEOF
MEANING ARE KEPT SEPARATE AND GIVEN DEFINITIONS THAT REFLECT THE
AFFINITYBETWEENTHEM%XAMPLESOFSUCHITEMSCANBEFOUNDUNDER
THE ENTRIES FOR ROOTS SUCH AS                AND        !LTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONSOFHEADWORDSOCCURRINGINTHESAMEVERSESARENOTED
ANDWHENSUFFICIENTLYDIFFERENTARECLASSIFIEDUNDERDIFFERENTSENSE
DIVISIONS
4HEGLOSSESFORTHEILLUSTRATIVEEXAMPLESAREBASEDUPON-!3
!BDEL (ALEEM´S TRANSLATION 4HE 1UR´AN¯! .EW 4RANSLATION BY  -!3 !BDEL (ALEEM (OWEVER BECAUSE THE PURPOSES OF THE
DICTIONARYARENOTALWAYSIDENTICALWITHTHEPURPOSESOFATRANSLATION
CHANGES AREMADEWHEN NECESSARY )N GLOSSING ILLUSTRATIVE VERSES
PARTICULAR ATTENTION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO TRYING ALBEIT NOT ALWAYS
SUCCESSFULLY TO PARALLEL THE STRUCTURE OF THE ORIGINAL AS MUCH AS
POSSIBLEINSOMECASESTOTHEDETRIMENTOF³STYLEELEGANCE´!RABIC
FORMS AND STRUCTURES PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT TO RENDER IN MATCHING
STRUCTURESIN%NGLISHINCLUDETRANSITIVEANDINTRANSITIVEVERBSPASSIVE
AND ACTIVE VERBS AND NOMINAL SENTENCES WHOSE PREDICATES ARE
NOMINAL CLAUSES 0ARTICULAR DIFFICULTIES ARE MET IN GLOSSING THE
ABSOLUTE OBJECT ¿Ÿ WHICH OCCURS QUITE FREQUENTLY IN THE
1UR´AN BECAUSE OF THE ABSENCE OF PARALLEL SYNTACTIC FUNCTION IN
%NGLISH4HEMODEOFGLOSSINGTHUSVARIESFROMONECONTEXTTOTHE
OTHER AS IN THE RENDERINGOF   AND   IN     BUT TO-OSES'OD SPOKEDIRECTLY AND Š É
Š  AND THEN THEY WILL FIND NO CONSTRAINT IN THEIR HEARTS REGARDING YOUR JUDGEMENT AND YIELD COMPLETELY AND    BLESS HIM ;THE0ROPHET=AND SALUTE HIM WITH GREETINGS OF PEACE OR ALTERNATIVELY SURRENDER YOURSELVES COMPLETELYTOHISGUIDANCE6ERSESDETAILINGFUTUREEVENTSINTHEPAST TENSEUSUALLYTOEMPHASISETHEINEVITABILITYOFTHEIROCCURRENCEARE
AS A RULE RENDERED IN THEPRESENT TENSE IN THE%NGLISHGLOSS AS IN
 
DICTIONARIESASIDIOMATIC3UCHENTRIESAREINDICATEDBYASTERISKSAND
PLACEDATTHEENDOFTHESUBMEANINGSTOWHICHTHEYAREMOSTCLOSELY
RELATEDWITH THEIR LITERALMEANING PROVIDEDWITHIN SQUAREBRACKETS
WHENNECESSARYAS IN Š ŸÊ¿Ê  THETRUTH HAS COME AND    FALSEHOOD IS DUMBFOUNDED  OR VANQUISHED  OR  POWERLESS;LITNEITHERBEGINSNORREPEATS;ANUTTERANCE==(OWEVER
THE DEGREEOF TRANSPARENCY OF SUCHPHRASESORMOREPRECISELY THE
LACKOFITISNOTALWAYSTHESAMEINALLCASESANDTHEAPPLICATIONOF
THEASTERISKREMAINSAMATTEROFJUDGEMENTASIN  Š FEARGRIPPED EVERYONE ;LITANDHEARTS ROSE INTO THE THROATS= AND IN   THEY SWEAR TO THE TRUTHFULNESS OF A  FALSEHOOD ;LIT THEYSWEARONTHELYING=/CCURRENCESOFWORDSUSED IDIOMATICALLYINVARIOUSPLACESANDWITHVARIOUSNUANCESEG AND AREGATHEREDTOGETHERINORDERTOPROVIDEFURTHERREFERENCETO IMPORTANT THEMES IN THE1UR´AN TO THAT PROVIDED BY THE STATISTICAL
INFORMATION DISCUSSED IN SECTION ABOVE 4HE DESIGNATION
³JURISPRUDENCE´;JUR=MARKSPARTICULARUSAGESOFHEADWORDSEG AND   THE FULL MEANINGS OF WHICH CAN ONLY BE OBTAINED FROM
OUTSIDETHE1UR´ANICTEXT4HEGLOSSESPROVIDEDINSUCHCASESSHOULD
BECONSIDEREDASMEREINDICATIONSOFTHETECHNICALMEANINGSOFSUCH
USAGES
4HE COMPLETE MEANING OF A WORD AS SEMANTICISTS INSIST IS
NOTHINGLESSTHANALLTHECONTEXTSINWHICHITAPPEARSWITHINACERTAIN
CORPUS HERE THE 1UR´ANIC TEXT /NE OF THE MAIN ASPECTS OF THE
1UR´ANICTEXTWHICHHASBEENANDSTILLISASUBJECTOFDIFFERENCEOF
OPINIONBETWEENCOMMENTATORSISTHEVARIOUSMODESOFINTERPRETATION
TO WHICH A WORD CAN LEND ITSELF IN VARIOUS 1UR´ANIC CONTEXTS
!DHERENCE TO THEGIVENS OF THE LANGUAGE STRUCTUREOF THE1UR´ANIC
TEXTINHARMONYWITHTHEWORKOF1UR´ANICINTERPRETERSWHOADHERETO
THE SAME PRINCIPLES PLACES A LIMITATION TO THE LIKELY OR UNLIKELY
IMAGINABLE MEANINGS OF ANY WORD IN ITS IMMEDIATE OR EXTENDED
CONTEXTS7EDONOTDISMISSINTERPRETATIONSWHICHARENOTBASEDON
THE SAME LINGUISTIC PRINCIPLES EG ¢IBN ÀARABÔ´S OR SCIENTIFIC

 
$ICTIONARY OF THE1UR´AN THE AUTHORS RECEIVED GENEROUS ASSISTANCE
FROMMANYCOLLEAGUESFRIENDS INSTITUTESAND FOUNDATIONS4HEYARE
ABOVE ALL INDEBTED TO THE 9AMANI #ULTURAL &OUNDATION WITHOUT
WHOSEGENEROUSANDSUSTAINEDASSISTANCETHROUGHOUTTHEDURATIONOF
THEPROJECT THEYWOULDNEVERHAVE BEEN ABLE TOMAINTAIN THEWORK
ANDBRING IT TO ASUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION4HANKSALSOAREDUE TO THE
!BDULLAH -UBARAK !L3UBAH &OUNDATION IN +UWAIT AND TO THE
+UWAITI-INISTRY OF!WQAF AND )SLAMIC!FFAIRS FOR THEIR FINANCIAL
SUPPORT2ESEARCHFACILITIESWEREPROVIDEDBYTHE#ENTREOF)SLAMIC
3TUDIES OF THE 3CHOOL OF /RIENTAL AND !FRICAN 3TUDIES IN THE
5NIVERSITYOF,ONDONANDBYTHE!MERICAN5NIVERSITYIN#AIRO4HE
AUTHORS ARE GRATEFUL TO 0ROFESSOR#OLIN"UNDY NOW EXDIRECTOR OF
3/!3 AND TO 0ROFESSOR 4IM 3ULLIVAN 0ROVOST OF !5# AND TO
0ROFESSOR!NN,ESCH$EANOFTHE3CHOOLOF(UMANITIESAND3OCIAL
3CIENCES !5# FOR BEING THERE TO HELP WHEN HELP WAS MUCH
NEEDED4HE AUTHORS ARE INDEBTED TO A NUMBER OF COLLEAGUES FOR
UNDERTAKING NUMEROUS REVISIONS OF THEMANUSCRIPT )N ALPHABETICAL
ORDER THEY ARE-RS&IONNUALA"ADAWI$R!LEX"ELLEM$R(ELEN
"LATHERWICK -S 0OSY #LAYTON $R +ATE $ANIELS -RS (ARFIYAH
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THEIR ENCOURAGEMENT EXPERTISE AND LOVE FOR LANGUAGE THE PROJECT
OWES A GREAT DEAL4HANKS ALSO ARE DUE TO $R-USTAFA 3HAH FOR
HELPINGWITHSOMEOFTHEBIBLIOGRAPHICALENTRIESTO-R,AMAAN"ALL
FORPROVIDINGTHE1UR´ANDATABANKFROMWHICHVERSESQUOTEDINTHE
TEXT WERE DOWNLOADED AND TO $R 2AHMAN (ALEEM AND -R
-OHAMMAD :AKI "ADAWI FOR THE COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND
RETRIEVALSYSTEMSTHEYDEVISEDFORTHEPARTICULARNEEDSOFTHEPROJECT
4HE AUTHORS ARE GRATEFUL TO THE GREAT SCHOLAR AND FRIEND 0ROFESSOR
+EES 6ERSTEEGH FOR HIS CONSTANT ENCOURAGEMENT AND FOR WRITING
SUCHAGENEROUSFOREWORDTO THISWORK4HEAUTHORSHAVEBENEFITED
FROMSUGGESTIONSMADEBYANUMBEROFCOLLEAGUES)NTHISREGARDA
SPECIALMENTIONMUSTBEMADEOF0ROFESSOR-AHMOUDAL2ABIE$R
3TEFAN 3PERL -R "ADR !L-UTAIRI$R -ARIANNA +LAR-S !MIRA
%L'HANDOUR AND AGAIN $R (ELEN "LATHERWICK WHO HAS BEEN
INVOLVED ON THIS PROJECT ON AN ONGOING BASIS 4HE TASKS OF
COORDINATING THE WORK OF OTHERS WEEDING OUT DISCREPANCIESAND
 
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WITH THETHOUSANDANDONE JOBS INVOLVEDFELL TOTHEHIGHLY TALENTED
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ENTITLED TO TWICE THE SHARE OF THE FEMALE FELLOWS IN THE FAITH
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REPLACED WITH COMPENSATION NUNATION Ÿ  QV IF IT REFERS TO A PRECEDING PART OF THE DISCOURSE THAT IS CLEARLY
UNDERSTOOD AS IN ˜ ɠ WHILE YOU AT THAT MOMENT;IETHEMOMENTPREVIOUSLYMENTIONEDWHENTHESOULOF
ADYING PERSON REACHESHIS GULLET =  GAZEON ALSO OCCURS AS A SECONDPARTOFACONSTRUCTATTHESAMETIMEASBEINGTHEFIRSTPART
 

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ŒÊ¢IDHÏOCCURSTIMESINTHE1UR´ANANDFUNCTIONSAS);ADVERB OF TIME INDICATING THE FUTURE ¿Ë  AND IMPLYING
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