ARABIA Muhammad was born in Mecca ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba.

ARABIA

Muhammadwas born in

Mecca

ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD

► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast

► Mecca contained the Kaaba (square temple containing a sacred black rock that Arabs believed Allah threw down to earth. Kaaba also contained idols to other gods.

► Great Arabian Desert

► Bedouins– desert Arabs who herded flocks, fought among each other, and robbed caravans. Disliked city people

MUHAMMAD

► Born in Mecca, 570 ADBorn in Mecca, 570 AD► OrphanOrphan► Married wealthy widowMarried wealthy widow► Traveled to Syria and may Traveled to Syria and may

have heard Christian have heard Christian monksmonks

► Familiar with JudaismFamiliar with Judaism► Had first vision in 610Had first vision in 610

Ordered by angel Ordered by angel Gabriel to be a Gabriel to be a messenger for Godmessenger for God

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer

Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion Muslims are strict monotheists.

They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.

Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God.

Peoples of the BookPeoples of the Book

Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy

ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR

IsaacIsaac

EsauEsauJacobJacob

12 Tribes of Israel

12 Tribes of Israel

Ishmael

Ishmael

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Arabian Tribes

The Prophetic Tradition

The Prophetic Tradition

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an

Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in 610.

622 Hijrah Muhammad flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Written in Arabic.

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada

11

The testimony.

The declaration of faith:There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

22

The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat

33

Almsgiving (charitable donations).

Muslims believe that all things belong to God.

Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”

About 2.5% of your income.

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm

44

Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

Considered a method of self- purification.

No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

55

Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

The Dar al-Islam

The Dar al-Islam

11 22 33 44 55

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship.

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Up to four wives allowed at once.

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.

Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.

Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

Essential Question:Essential Question:

Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and

convert so many to the new religion?

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.

Teaches equality.

The desire to continue the old Bedouin custom of warfare and the chance to enrich oneself through the spread of Islam played a role in the growing popularity of Islam in Arabia Promised afterlife of sensuous delights to the faithful and eternal torment to unbelievers

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.

Revenue from tax split among all members of umma

Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.

Muslims in the WorldToday

Muslims in the WorldToday

ISLAMIC DOCTRINE REVIEW► Emphasizes absolute power of AllahEmphasizes absolute power of Allah► Duty of human beings is to worship

Allah► Islamic prayers are prayers of praise, Islamic prayers are prayers of praise,

not petitionnot petition► Prayer five times a dayPrayer five times a day► Paradise for true believers, hellfire for Paradise for true believers, hellfire for

the wickedthe wicked► Fasting from dusk until dawn during

Ramadan► Pilgrimage to the Kaaba in MeccaPilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca► Recognizes Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

as earlier prophets but argues that Muhammad was Allah’s final prophet with his ultimate message for mankind

YathribYathrib

► MUHAMMAD’S MESSAGE NOT WELL RECEIVED IN MECCA

► FORCED TO FLEE TO MEDINA (Yathrib)FORCED TO FLEE TO MEDINA (Yathrib)► WELL RECEIVED AT MEDINA

CONVERTS ENTIRE CITYCONVERTS ENTIRE CITY ORGANIZES CONVERTS INTO UMMA (A COMMUNITY

OF TRUE BELIEVERS THAT TRANSCENDED OLD BONDS OF TRIBE, CLAN, OR CITY)

►A SUPERTRIBE OPEN TO ALL PEOPLE WHO ACCEPTED MUHAMMAD’S MESSAGE

► EVENTUALLY TAKES CONTROL OF MECCA THROUGH MILITARY CONQUEST (629)

► DURING NEXT THREE YEARS, ALL OF ARABIA DURING NEXT THREE YEARS, ALL OF ARABIA CONVERTS TO ISLAMCONVERTS TO ISLAM

CREATION OF THE ARAB EMPIRE

► Abu Bakr named as Muhammad’s successor or caliph

► Bedouin tribes believe Muhammad’s death freed them from all obligations and leave the Umma

► Abu Bakr launches war of reconversion Loyal Moslem forces attack and defeat all tribes

that defected from the Umma

► Long term survival depended on continual military expansion Arabs led on new military expeditions against

non-Moslems Leads to creation of empire

ARAB EMPIRE

Under Umar:

Arab armies conquer Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Egypt

Arab armies even attacked Constantinople but were unable to take the city

Reduced once huge Byzantine

Empire to a small state

CALIPHS► Abu Bakr—first caliph► Umar—second caliph► Ali (Muhammad’s nephew)—fourth

caliph► Ali murdered by Ummayad family

Tradition later developed that leadership of Islamic world could only be held by descendant of Ali

►Shi’ites

Murder of Ali

ARAB DYNASTIES I

► UMMAYAD DYNASTY (661-750 AD)

► Took over after murder of Ali

► Capital at Damascus

► Conquest of North Africa, Spain, and parts of India

► Overthrown in 750 AD

ARAB DYNASTIES II

► ABBASID DYNASTY ► (750-1258 AD)

► Descended from Muhammad’s uncle, Abbas

► Overthrew Ummayads► Capital at Baghdad► Lost chunks of empire after 1000

Egypt and Spain broke away Syria, North Africa, and Iran

conquered by Seljuk Turks and Berbers

► Last caliph killed by Mongols during their conquest of Baghdad in 1258

ARAB LEGACY• Collected and translated ancient

Persian and Greek scientific and philosophical works

• Works of Hippocrates• Introduced “Arabic

numerals” to west and perfected the use of decimal fractions and algebra

• Concentrated on decorative arts (ceramics, tapestries, mosaics)

• Literature— Arabian Nights and the Koran itself

GUPTA EMPIREGUPTA EMPIRE► Chandra Gupta I, ruler of Magada, Chandra Gupta I, ruler of Magada,

conquers Ganges River Valley and conquers Ganges River Valley and northern Indianorthern India

► Process of conquest continued by son Process of conquest continued by son and grandsonand grandson Results in creation of Gupta Results in creation of Gupta

EmpireEmpire►300-450 AD300-450 AD

► First 100 years was era of expanding First 100 years was era of expanding power, growing prosperity, and power, growing prosperity, and cultural achievementcultural achievement

► Empire eventually collapsed with the Empire eventually collapsed with the invasion of the White Hunsinvasion of the White Huns Disintegrated into numerous petty Disintegrated into numerous petty

kingdomskingdoms

ACHIEVEMENTSACHIEVEMENTS

► Several writing systemsSeveral writing systems► Elaborate literatureElaborate literature

Mostly religious in terms of subject matterMostly religious in terms of subject matter► Invention of modern number systemInvention of modern number system

Called “Arabic numerals” in WestCalled “Arabic numerals” in West Use of number which represents nothing (zero)Use of number which represents nothing (zero)

► Invention of decimal systemInvention of decimal system► Invention of foundation of algebraInvention of foundation of algebra► Discovered that the earth was a rotating sphereDiscovered that the earth was a rotating sphere

HINDUISMHINDUISM► Originally polytheisticOriginally polytheistic

► Over time, three of the most Over time, three of the most important gods merged together to important gods merged together to create a three-part monotheistic deity create a three-part monotheistic deity called Brahmancalled Brahman Brahma (creator)Brahma (creator) Vishnu (protector)Vishnu (protector) Shiva (destroyer)Shiva (destroyer)

► Brahma permeates everything in the Brahma permeates everything in the universeuniverse Every living thing is therefore Every living thing is therefore

relatedrelated All living things have soulsAll living things have souls

HINDUISM cont’dHINDUISM cont’d► ReincarnationReincarnation

Each soul is reborn in the body of some other Each soul is reborn in the body of some other creature over and over againcreature over and over again

A person’s actions (karma) determines the form of A person’s actions (karma) determines the form of that person’s reincarnationthat person’s reincarnation

► ““good karma”—rewarded by improvement in good karma”—rewarded by improvement in status in reincarnationstatus in reincarnation

► ““bad karma”—punished by degradation of bad karma”—punished by degradation of status in reincarnationstatus in reincarnation

► Human existence is an endless round of sufferingHuman existence is an endless round of suffering ““Wheel of suffering”Wheel of suffering” No escape except through meditationNo escape except through meditation

► Only temporaryOnly temporary

GAUTAMA THE BUDDHAGAUTAMA THE BUDDHA

► Gurus appear around 600 BC who argued Gurus appear around 600 BC who argued that Hinduism had become too that Hinduism had become too materialistic and that people should be materialistic and that people should be more spiritualmore spiritual

► Foremost guru was Gautama the BuddhaForemost guru was Gautama the Buddha Means “Enlightened One”Means “Enlightened One” Search for permanent escape from Search for permanent escape from

wheel of sufferingwheel of suffering Argued that desire for material goods Argued that desire for material goods

causes sufferingcauses suffering

ACHIEVEMENT OF NIRVANAACHIEVEMENT OF NIRVANA Eight-step process to Eight-step process to

escape wheel of sufferingescape wheel of suffering►Included non-violence, Included non-violence,

rejection of selfish rejection of selfish desires, cultivating desires, cultivating compassion and compassion and honesty, cleansing mind honesty, cleansing mind of evil thoughts, etc.of evil thoughts, etc.

►Nirvana—permanent Nirvana—permanent escape from the wheel escape from the wheel of sufferingof suffering

►Attainment of Attainment of permanent peace and permanent peace and tranquilitytranquility

BUDDHA’S LIFEBUDDHA’S LIFE► Buddha practiced what he preachedBuddha practiced what he preached

Only owned simple robe, Only owned simple robe, walking stick, and wooden bowlwalking stick, and wooden bowl

Always slept outside and walked Always slept outside and walked everywhere he wenteverywhere he went

Presented his creed in a simple Presented his creed in a simple languagelanguage

Treated all persons equallyTreated all persons equally Many people attracted to him as Many people attracted to him as

a resulta result► Millions of converts across Millions of converts across

AsiaAsia

BUDDHIST TRADITIONSBUDDHIST TRADITIONS► Buddhism ultimately split into two Buddhism ultimately split into two

“traditions”“traditions” HINAYANA (Little Vehicle)HINAYANA (Little Vehicle)

►Buddha was just a great manBuddha was just a great man MAHAYANA (Big Vehicle)MAHAYANA (Big Vehicle)

►Largest of the twoLargest of the two►Buddha was human Buddha was human

incarnation of Brahma; incarnation of Brahma; Buddha was a godBuddha was a god Led to worship of Buddha, Led to worship of Buddha,

creation of idols, elaborate creation of idols, elaborate rituals, and templesrituals, and temples

MONGOL EMPIREMONGOL EMPIRE

MONGOL CONQUESTSMONGOL CONQUESTS► First attacked China and drove the Songs into the southFirst attacked China and drove the Songs into the south► Then headed west and conquered everything up to PersiaThen headed west and conquered everything up to Persia

Sent raiding parties into Russia and Middle East in Sent raiding parties into Russia and Middle East in preparation for further conquestspreparation for further conquests

Died suddenly in 1227Died suddenly in 1227 Mongols returned to Gobi desert to select new leaderMongols returned to Gobi desert to select new leader

► Continued conquestsContinued conquests Overran southern Russia, took over Baghdad, and even Overran southern Russia, took over Baghdad, and even

invaded Hungary and Polandinvaded Hungary and Poland Finally returned to southern China and took over entire Finally returned to southern China and took over entire

countrycountry► Organized conquests into an empireOrganized conquests into an empire

Divided into units known as “khanates”Divided into units known as “khanates”

Legend██ Expansion under the Prophet Mohammad, 622-632

██ Expansion during the Rightly Guided Caliphate, 632-661██ Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750

GENGHIZ KHANGENGHIZ KHAN

► Means “Lord of All Men”Means “Lord of All Men”► Born TemujinBorn Temujin► Cast out of tribe after Cast out of tribe after

father’s murderfather’s murder► Killed his father’s murderers Killed his father’s murderers

and took control of tribeand took control of tribe► Forged Mongols into a united Forged Mongols into a united

nation and led them in the nation and led them in the military conquest of most of military conquest of most of AsiaAsia

Hulagu, grandson of Genghis Khan, rests during a hunt.

Harsha's empire at its greatest extentHarsha's empire at its greatest extent

SultanSultan

ShivaShiva

VishnuVishnu

A 13th century Cambodian statue of Vishnu

God of Preservation / Supreme God