AR1P2: Primates to pyramids: an View Online … years ago (mya), several critical events in human evolution had already occurred. These include the divergence of the human lineage

07/11/18 AR1P2: Primates to pyramids: an introduction to world prehistory |

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AR1P2: Primates to pyramids: anintroduction to world prehistory

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270 items

Recommended module text (2 items)The majority of the lectures on this module are covered by different sections of this book.The book’s associated website (http://college.thamesandhudsonusa.com/web/humanpast/)includes topic summaries, quizzes, flash cards, various links, and a very useful glossary.

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book

Welcome to The Human Past - Student Study Guide WebsiteWebsite

Recommended journals (9 items)

Antiquity - Osbert Guy Stanhope CrawfordJournal

AntiquityJournal

Current anthropology - Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchJournal

Current anthropology - Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchJournal

Journal of human evolutionJournal

Journal of human evolutionJournal

Journal of world prehistoryJournal

Journal of world prehistoryJournal

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society - Prehistoric Society (London, England), University ofCambridge

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Journal

1: The Prehistoric Past (6 items)What is prehistory? How is it defined and how can it be studied? This lecture will trace theemergence of the concept of prehistory, the methods used by prehistorians, and thedistinctive notions of time that the discipline involves. It will also provide a brief summaryof the module (e.g. seminars, assessments) and an outline of the other lectures.

Core reading (2 items)

Archaeology: an introduction - Kevin Greene, Tom Moore, 2010Book | Chapter 1. Also available as an e-book, see item below.

Archaeology: an introduction - Kevin Greene, Tom Moore, 2010Book

Further reading (4 items)

Prehistoric Europe - T.C. Champion, 1984Book | Chapter 1

The idea of prehistory - Glyn Daniel, Colin Renfrew, 1988Book

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Read the Introduction: the study of human past. pp 24-43

Patterns in prehistory: humankind's first three million years - Robert J. Wenke, 1990Book | Chapters 1 and 2

2. Our earliest ancestors I: bodies & bipedalism (15 items)By the time the first stone tools appeared widely in the archaeological record, after c. 2.6million years ago (mya), several critical events in human evolution had already occurred.These include the divergence of the human lineage (the hominins) from chimpanzees, thedevelopment of bipedal locomotion, and the spread of the hominins into several regions ofAfrica. In this lecture we will introduce the major early hominin species, explore the criticalareas of East and South Africa, and study key fossil sites such as Laetoli. We will alsobriefly review the basic principles of evolution and natural selection, assess the claims ofthe major candidates proposed to be the earliest hominins, and consider the wide range ofdifferent arguments for the origins of bipedalism in the hominins.

Core reading (1 items)

People of the earth: an introduction to world prehistory - Brian M. Fagan, 2013Book | Chapter 2: Please note that there has been a delay in the scanning of this

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chapter. In the meantime, you should look at Chapter 2 in the 1999 edition of Worldprehistory: a brief introduction - you can find this digital link below in the Core readingsection for lecture 3. Thanks, Rob.

Further reading (14 items)

Timewalkers: the prehistory of global colonization - Clive Gamble, 1993Book | Chapter 4

Ascent to civilization: the archaeology of early humans - John Gowlett, 1992Book | Chapters 1 and 2

From Lucy to language - Donald C. Johanson, Edgar Blake, 1996Book | Read Sections 13–15, 27–30 & 32–35

The Cambridge encyclopedia of human evolution - Steve Jones, R.D. Martin, David Pilbeam, 1992

Book | Chapter 6.5

The human career: human biological and cultural origins - Richard G. Klein, 1999Book | Chapter 4

The making of mankind - Richard E. Leakey, 1981Book | Chapters 3–4

Origins reconsidered: in search of what makes us human - Richard E. Leakey, Roger Lewin,1992

Book | Part 2

Human evolution: an illustrated introduction - Roger Lewin, 1999Book | Units 20 & 22

Principles of human evolution - Roger Lewin, Robert A. Foley, 2004Book | Chapters 1–2 (evolutionary theory and principles) & Chapters 8–10 (early

hominin evolution)

Making silent stones speak: human evolution and the dawn of technology - Kathy DianeSchick, Nicholas Patrick Toth, 1993

Book | Chapter 1

The complete world of human evolution - Chris Stringer, Peter Andrews, 2005Book

Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins - Ian Tattersall, 2012Book

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Read Toth, N. & Schick, K. 2013. African Origins, pp 46–83. Pages 46–61especially relevant

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Patterns in prehistory: humankind's first three million years - Robert J. Wenke, 1990Book | Chapter 3

3. Our earliest ancestors II: brains & behaviour in the Lower Palaeolithic(18 items)Although the first appearance of stone tools, and the start of the archaeological record,has just been re-dated to c. 3.3 millon years ago (mya), it is after c. 2.6 mya that sites withstone tools become relatively common. The following 1 million years (to c. 1.5 mya)produced a range of hominin fossils, assigned to various new hominin species. In thislecture we will review this evidence, looking in particular at the classic area of OlduvaiGorge, and considering how the earliest stone and bone assemblages can be interpreted.This is a period for which there are many major questions: were our earliest ancestors’dominant hunters of game animals or mere scavengers of the scraps and morsels left bycarnivores? Did their societies share some of their features with those of modernhunter-gatherers, such as delayed consumption and food sharing? Or are we dealing withsocieties more akin to modern primates such as chimpanzees?

Core reading (2 items)

People of the earth: an introduction to world prehistory - Brian M. Fagan, 2013Book | Chapter 2

World prehistory: a brief introduction - Brian M. Fagan, 1999Book | Chapter 2

Further reading (16 items)

In pursuit of the past: decoding the archaeological record - Lewis R. Binford, 1983Book | Chapter 2

Timewalkers: the prehistory of global colonization - Clive Gamble, 1993Book | Chapter 4. See 'Session 2 - Further Reading - Timewalkers: the prehistory of

global colonization by Clive Gamble' for access to scan.

Ascent to civilization: the archaeology of early humans - John Gowlett, 1992Book | Chapter 3

From Lucy to language - Donald C. Johanson, Edgar Blake, 1996Book | Sections 31, 33 & 36–38

The Cambridge encyclopedia of human evolution - Steve Jones, R.D. Martin, David Pilbeam, 1992

Book | Chapters 6.6, 9.1 & 9.5

The human career: human biological and cultural origins - Richard G. Klein, 1999Book | Chapter 4. See 'Session 2 - Further Reading - The human career: human

biological and cultural origins by Richard G. Kline' for access to scan.

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The making of mankind - Richard E. Leakey, 1981Book | Chapter 5

Origins reconsidered: in search of what makes us human - Richard E. Leakey, Roger Lewin,1992

Book | Part 3

Human evolution: an illustrated introduction - Roger Lewin, 1999Book | Units 21 & 24 (hominin fossils and evolution) & Units 23, 25 & 26 (behavioural

developments)

Principles of human evolution - Roger Lewin, Robert A. Foley, 2004Book | Chapters 11–12 (early hominin evolution and behaviour)

Early hominid activities at Olduvai - Richard Potts, 1988Book | Chapter 8

Making silent stones speak: human evolution and the dawn of technology - Kathy DianeSchick, Nicholas Patrick Toth, 1993

Book | Chapters 2–6

The complete world of human evolution - Chris Stringer, Peter Andrews, 2005Book

Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins - Ian Tattersall, 2012Book

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Read Toth, N. & Schick, K. 2013. African Origins. pp 46–83. Pages 61–83especially relevant.

Patterns in prehistory: humankind's first three million years - Robert J. Wenke, 1990Book | Chapter 3

4. Out of Africa I: Homo erectus & the Old World (12 items)Shortly after 2 million years ago (mya), the first dispersals of hominins out of Africa andinto the Old World began. Very rapidly, hominins colonised the Near East and central andsouth-east Asia (probably by c. 1.8 mya), followed rather later (by c. 1 mya) by Europe. Inthis lecture we will consider the hominin species involved in this dispersal (known as Homoergaster in Africa and Homo erectus in Asia, followed by Homo antecessor/Homoheidelbergensis in Europe), and briefly review key sites including ‘Ubeidiya, Dmanisi,Atapuerca, Boxgrove, and Sangiran. Associated with this dispersal were the appearancesof new stone tool technologies (and organic technologies) and other aspects of homininbehaviour, such as the controlled use of fire. We will review these developments, and alsoconsider how they may have been linked to the problems faced by the dispersinghominins, such as seasonality, highly variable temperatures, and new, unfamiliar, animaland plant species.

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Core reading (1 items)

Making silent stones speak: human evolution and the dawn of technology - Kathy DianeSchick, Nicholas Patrick Toth, 1993

Book | Chapter 7

Further reading (11 items)

Timewalkers: the prehistory of global colonization - Clive Gamble, 1993Book | Chapter 4. See 'Session 2 - Further Reading - Timewalkers: the prehistory of

global colonization by Clive Gamble' for access to scan.

Ascent to civilization: the archaeology of early humans - John Gowlett, 1992Book | Chapters 4 & 5

From Lucy to language - Donald C. Johanson, Edgar Blake, 1996Book | Sections 20 & 40

The Cambridge encyclopedia of human evolution - Steve Jones, R.D. Martin, David Pilbeam, 1992

Book | Chapter 6.6 & 9.5

The human career: human biological and cultural origins - Richard G. Klein, 1999Book | Chapter 5

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Read Klein, R. 2013. Hominin Dispersals in the Old World, pp 84–123.

Human evolution: an illustrated introduction - Roger Lewin, 1999Book | Units 24 (hominin fossils and evolution) & 25 (behavioural developments)

Principles of human evolution - Roger Lewin, Robert A. Foley, 2004Book | Chapter 13

The complete world of human evolution - Chris Stringer, Peter Andrews, 2005Book

Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins - Ian Tattersall, 2012Book

Patterns in prehistory: humankind's first three million years - Robert J. Wenke, 1990Book | Chapter 4

5. Our closest cousins? The Neanderthals (12 items)The Neanderthals occupied western Europe and south-west Asia during the MiddlePalaeolithic period (c. 300,000–40,000 years ago). Since the first discovery of Neanderthalbones in 1856 (in the Neander Valley, Germany), this species has generated controversies:

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ranging from its appearance and ‘caveman’ image to its possible contribution (or not) tothe modern human gene pool. Here we will consider their ways of life with reference to keysites and fossils: in particular their subsistence strategies, social practices (including burialand language), and technological behaviours. We will also briefly explore how viewstowards the Neanderthals have changed during the last century or more, their usage inpopular culture, and the current controversies and new genetic evidence concerning theirrelationship with modern humans: were they our direct ancestors, occasional breedingpartners, or an evolutionary dead end?

Core reading (1 items)

The Oxford illustrated prehistory of Europe - Barry W. Cunliffe, 1994Book | Read Gamble, CS. 1994. The Peopling of Europe 700,000–40,000 Years before

the Present pp 5–41.

Further reading (11 items)

The human career: human biological and cultural origins - Richard G. Klein, 1999Book | Chapter 6

Human evolution: an illustrated introduction - Roger Lewin, 1999Book | Unit 27

The Neanderthal legacy: an archaeological perspective from western Europe - Paul Mellars,American Council of Learned Societies, c1996

Book

The singing Neanderthals: the origins of music, language, mind and body - Steven J.Mithen, 2007

Book | Chapter 15

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Read Pettitt, P. 2013. The Rise of Modern Humans pp 145–152.

The complete world of human evolution - Chris Stringer, Peter Andrews, 2005Book

In search of the Neanderthals: solving the puzzle of human origins - Chris Stringer, CliveGamble, 1993

Book | Chapter 7

The last Neanderthal: the rise, success, and mysterious extinction of our closest humanrelatives - Ian Tattersall, c1999

Book

Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins - Ian Tattersall, 2012Book

The Neandertals: changing the image of mankind - Erik Trinkaus, Pat Shipman, American

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Council of Learned Societies, 1993Book

Patterns in prehistory: humankind's first three million years - Robert J. Wenke, 1990Book | Chapter 4. See 'Session 4 - Further Reading - Patterns in prehistory: humankind's

first three million years by Robert J. Wenke' for access to scan.

6. Out of Africa II: the evolution of modern humans (15 items)What is the evidence for how modern humans evolved? Who was our direct ancestor?Following on from the previous lectures we will consider the anatomical, behavioural andDNA evidence for the emergence of modern humans, as reflected in the skeletal,archaeological and genetic records respectively. The last few years has seen an ongoingdebate between two of the major models for the origins of modern humans: Out of Africaand Multi-regionalism. We will examine the principal aspects of these models, and considerwhich of the key sites and pieces of archaeological, anatomical and genetic evidencesupport the different models. We will also briefly investigate the definitions of, andrelationships between, anatomical and behavioural modernity, and explore the causesbehind the major transformations in the archaeological record, such as the appearance ofart, ritual and complex technology at c. 100,000–40,000 years BP.

Core reading (1 items)

Principles of human evolution - Roger Lewin, Robert A. Foley, 2004Book | Chapters 14–16

Further reading (14 items)

Fire as an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans - Kyle S. Brown, Curtis W. Marean,Andy I. R. Herries, Zenobia Jacobs, Chantal Tribolo, David Braun, David L. Roberts, MichaelC. Meyer and Jocelyn Bernatchez, 2009

Article

New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany - Nicholas J.Conard, Maria Malina, Susanne C. Münzel, 2009-6-24

Article

Archaeology of the dreamtime: the story of prehistoric Australia and its people - JosephineFlood, 1995

Book | Chapters 2–6

Timewalkers: the prehistory of global colonization - Clive Gamble, 1993Book | Chapter 8

From Lucy to language - Donald C. Johanson, Edgar Blake, 1996Book | Sections 18, 19 & 22

The human career: human biological and cultural origins - Richard G. Klein, 1999Book | Chapter 7

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Human evolution: an illustrated introduction - Roger Lewin, 1999Book | Units 28–30

Major Issues in the Emergence of Modern Humans - Paul Mellars, 1989Article

The Oxford illustrated prehistory of Europe - Barry W. Cunliffe, 1994Book | Mellars, P. 1994. The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution pp 42–78.

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Pettitt, P. 2013. The Rise of Modern Humans pp 124–73. 124–65 especiallyrelevant

The complete world of human evolution - Chris Stringer, Peter Andrews, 2005Book

In search of the Neanderthals: solving the puzzle of human origins - Chris Stringer, CliveGamble, 1993

Book | Chapters 6 & 8–9

Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins - Ian Tattersall, 2012Book

Patterns in prehistory: humankind's first three million years - Robert J. Wenke, 1990Book | Chapter 4. See 'Session 4 - Further Reading - Patterns in prehistory: humankind's

first three million years by Robert J. Wenke' for access to scan.

7. Art in the Upper Palaeolithic (15 items)From approximately 35,000 years ago onwards, the Upper Palaeolithic societies of westernEurope created one of humankind’s very first widespread art traditions. Although mostfamous for its painted caves, this tradition also includes portable art objects: sculpturesand engravings in materials such as wood, bone, ivory and antler. The parietal(non-mobile) cave art of this period also includes sculptures and engravings, alongside themore widely publicised cave paintings. The subjects represented are most often animals(e.g. mammoth, horse, and bison), however there is also evidence for the use of symbols(e.g. dots and lines) and hand prints. In this lecture we will explore this art, considering itschronology, the principal elements of the art, and the many, varied interpretations thathave been proposed to explain the art since its first discovery at the end of the 19thcentury.

Core reading (1 items)

Images of the Ice Age - Paul G. Bahn, Jean Vertut, 1988Book | Chapters 2, 6 & 7

Further reading (11 items)

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Journey through the Ice Age - Paul G. Bahn, Jean Vertut, 1997Book

The Cambridge illustrated history of prehistoric art - Paul G. Bahn, 1998Book

Underwater Archaeology - The Cosquer Cave. - J. Clottes, ,J. CourtinWebpage | Accessed 5 June 2015

Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art -Nicholas J. Conard, 2003-12-18

Article

A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany- Nicholas J. Conard, 2009-5-14

Article

Ice Age art: the arrival of the modern mind - J. Cook, 2013Book

Painted caves: palaeolithic rock art in western Europe - Andrew J. Lawson, 2012Book

The making of mankind - Richard E. Leakey, 1981Book | Chapter 10

Art of the ancients - Anthony Sinclair, 25/12/2003Volume: 426Page: 774

Article

Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins - Ian Tattersall, 2012Book

A palaeolithic map from 13,660 calBP: engraved stone blocks from the Late Magdalenianin Abauntz Cave (Navarra, Spain) - P. Utrilla, C. Mazo, M.C. Sopena, M. Martínez-Bea, R.Domingo, 2009-08

Article

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Useful websites (3 items)

Lascaux - Sire, Marie-AnneWebsite

La Grotte Chauvet-Pont d'ArcWebsite

The Cosquer CaveWebsite

8. Adaptations to climate: modern humans during Europe’s last Glacial& early Postglacial (15 items)The European Upper Palaeolithic (c. 40,000 to 11,500 years ago) included some of theharshest climatic conditions of the last glacial cycle (the period from 125,000 to 11,500years ago). Yet despite this, Europe’s hunter-gatherer groups not only survived theseclimatic extremes, but also produced impressive art traditions and developed a range ofnew technologies. In the first part of this lecture we will look at these achievements andconsider the nature of human social organisation during the Upper Palaeolithic. However,as the last Ice Age came to end around 11,500 years ago, vast forests spread rapidly overEurope (while in south-west Asia the climate became less arid and cold). Although humansocieties adapted to these changes, the impressive art traditions of the Upper Palaeolithicwere apparently lost. In the second half of this session we will consider whether these laterhunter-gatherer societies of the Mesolithic period were a cultural ‘dark age’ between thecave painters and the agricultural societies that were to follow, or whether theiradaptations mark an equally impressive (albeit different) cultural achievement?

Core reading (3 items)

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -John Hunter, Ian Ralston, Roberta Gilchrist, 2009

Book | Barton, N. 2009. The Lateglacial or Latest Palaeolithic occupation of Britain pp18–52. Available as an ebook, see item below.

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -John Hunter, Ian Ralston, Roberta Gilchrist, 2009

Book | Milner, N. & Mithen, SJ. 2009. Hunter-Gatherers of the Mesolithic pp 53–77.Available as an ebook, see item below.

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -John Hunter, Ian Ralston, 2009

Book

Further reading (12 items)

Prehistoric Europe - T.C. Champion, 1984Book | Chapter 4

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The human career: human biological and cultural origins - Richard G. Klein, 1999Book | Chapter 7

The Oxford illustrated prehistory of Europe - Barry W. Cunliffe, 1994Book | Mellars, P. 1994. The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution pp 42–78.

British prehistory: a new outline - Colin Renfrew, 1974Book | Mellars, P. 1974. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic pp 41–99

The Oxford illustrated prehistory of Europe - Barry W. Cunliffe, 1994Book | Mithen SJ. 1994. The Mesolithic Age pp 79–135.

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Pettitt, P. 2013. The Rise of Modern Humans pp 124–73. Pages 156–165especially relevant

Hunter-gatherer economy in prehistory: a European perspective - G.N. Bailey, 1983Book | Rowley-Conwy, P. 1983. Sedentary Hunters: The Ertebølle example, pp 111–26.

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Scarre, C. 2005. The World Transformed: From Foragers and Farmers to Statesand Empires, pp 176–199. Pages 177–82 especially relevant

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Scarre, C. 2013. Holocene Europe, pp 392–431. Pages 393–97 especially relevant

Southwestern Europe at the Last Glacial Maximum - Lawrence Guy Straus, 1991Article

Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins - Ian Tattersall, 2012Book

Patterns in prehistory: humankind's first three million years - Robert J. Wenke, 1990Book | Chapter 4.

9. Origins of agriculture and sedentism: from mobile hunter-forager tovillager-farmer in the Neolithic Middle East, 10,000-6000 BC (12 items)Where did last night’s dinner come from? The chances are that all the ingredients of yourmeal were provided by farming, rather than hunted or collected in the wild. Today almostall of the world’s population obtain their food through farming, but if we look at the world12,000 years ago we’ll see something very different – every single person on the planetobtained all their food through hunting and foraging of purely wild resources. There wereno farms, no fields, no villages.How and why did this dramatic transformation in the human condition come about? Wewill examine one of the key regions of the world, the Middle East, in order to explore theprocesses by which human communities changed their life-ways from mobile

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hunter-forager to sedentary farmer through the so-called Neolithic period, 10,000-6000 BC.Key features in this transition were the emergence of sedentary living, news forms ofpersonal decoration, elaborate human burials, the development of distinctive technologiesand new subsistence strategies, including the use of domesticated plant and animalspecies. The Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East is a key area for studying theoriginal development of these dramatic changes.In this lecture we will consider these developments in detail and review a range of theoriesabout what led human communities to shift from a successful hunter-gatherer lifestyle to asettled agricultural existence. Explanations have emphasised many factors, includingclimate change, population pressure, social competition, and the development of newbelief systems.

Core reading (*core reading for essay) (1 items)

*The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East - Melinda A. Zeder, 2011Article

Further reading (9 items)

The agricultural revolution in prehistory: why did foragers become farmers? - GraemeBarker, 2006

Book | Chapters 1 and 4;

Gatherer-Hunter to Farmer: A Social Perspective - Barbara Bender, 1978Article

Çatalhöyük: the Leopard's tale : revealing the mysteries of turkey's ancient town - IanHodder, 2006

Book

The early prehistory of Mesopotamia: 500,000 to 4,500 BC - Roger Matthews, 2000Book | Chapters 4-5

The archaeology of Mesopotamia: theories and approaches - Roger Matthews, 2003Book | Chapter 3 ‘Tracking a transition: hunters becoming farmers’;

Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East - Michael Roaf, 1990Book | ‘Early Farmers’, 18-41

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Watkins, T. 2009. From foragers to complex societies in Southwest Asia, pp200–33.

*Current Anthropology (special issue 50 (5) 2009 “Rethinking the Origins of Agriculture”)Journal

*Current Anthropology (52 Supplement 4 (2011) “The Origins of Agriculture. New Data,New Ideas”)

Journal

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Useful websites (2 items)

The Central Zagros Archaeological ProjectWebsite

Çatalhöyük: excavations of a neolithic Anatolian höyük (Current fieldwork at the Neolithicsite of Çatalhöyük in Turkey)

Website

10. Neolithic Europe (7 items)With the adoption of agriculture (albeit at different rates in different regions), thearchaeological record of Europe changed dramatically, with widespread pottery, new stonetools (e.g. polished stone axes), new types of settlements (e.g. Neolithic long houses), anda range of monuments. At the same time, the landscape also changed markedly, as theforests began to be cleared for agriculture, and new farming settlements were established.In southern, eastern and central Europe there is evidence for substantial settlementsduring the Neolithic, but in the north and the west of Europe there is greater evidence ofmonuments, including burial mounds and earthwork enclosures. This lecture will explainhow some of these changes happened.

Core reading (1 items)

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Scarre, C. 2013. Holocene Europe, pp 392–431: please note that you can find thelink to this digital resource in the list for Lecture 8 above - this is due to a technical odditythat means this page can't link to the same item twice in the same list! :)

Further reading (6 items)

First farmers: the origins of agricultural societies - Peter S. Bellwood, 2005Book | Chapters 1, 2 and 4

Europe between the oceans: themes and variations : 9000 BC to AD 1000 - Barry W.Cunliffe, c2008

Book | Chapters 4 and 5

Westward Ho! The Spread of Agriculturalism from Central Europe to the Atlantic - PeterRowley-Conwy, 2011

Article

Interpretative archaeology - Christopher Tilley, 1993Book | Thomas, J. Discourse, totalization and the Neolithic, pp 357–94

Europe in the Neolithic: the creation of new worlds - A.W.R. Whittle, 1996Book | Chapter 7

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -

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John Hunter, Ian Ralston, Roberta Gilchrist, 2009Book | Whittle, A. The Neolithic Period, c. 4000–2400 cal BC: a changing world, pp

78–102

11. Ancient Mesopotamia and the Middle East: villages, chiefdoms, andearly complex states, 6000-3000 BC (15 items)Do you live in a town or a small village? The probability today is that you either live in acity or spend much of your time in or close to a major city, as do most of the world’spopulation. But the shift to an urban-dominated world is a relatively recent trend. Theworld at 5000 BC contained no towns or cities and was dominated by rural settlement.How and why did towns and cities arise and what distinguishes them from villages?In this and the following lecture we will examine the development of human societies inMesopotamia (Iraq), and other regions of the Middle East, from villages to empires acrossthe period 6000-500 BC. This first lecture explores the villages, chiefdoms and early statesthat developed across Mesopotamia and beyond in the Chalcolithic period, 6000-3000 BC.We will consider the landscapes of Mesopotamia and adjacent regions, and the differentialdistribution of natural resources that played such an important part in structuringlowland-highland interactions. We will consider theories and interpretations about theorigins and early development of complex cities and states, and the possible factorsinvolved including settlement patterns, environmental change, bureaucracy and writing,warfare and conflict, trade and the role of cult and religion.

Core reading (1 items)

Ancient Mesopotamia: the Eden that never was - Susan Pollock, 1999Book | Chapter 4

Further reading (*core reading for essay) (12 items)

The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c.16,000-300 BC) - Peter M.M.G. Akkermans, Glenn M. Schwartz, 2002

Book | Chapters 5-6

Ancient Mesopotamia at the dawn of civilization: the evolution of an urban landscape -Guillermo Algaze, 2008

Book | Chapters 3–5

Beyond the Ubaid: transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of theMiddle East - Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago, Grey College(University of Durham), 2010

Book | Chapter 1 ‘Deconstructing the Ubaid’

The archaeology of Mesopotamia: theories and approaches - Roger Matthews, 2003Book | Chapter 4 ‘States of mind: approaching complexity’

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Matthews, R. 2013. Peoples and complex societies of ancient Southwest Asia, pp

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432-71

A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East - Daniel T. Potts, 2012Book | Oates, J. 2012. Southern Mesopotamia, pp 466-84

A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East - Daniel T. Potts, 2012Book | Oates, J. 2012. Southern Mesopotamia, pp 466-84

Artefacts of complexity: tracking the Uruk in the Near East - J.N. Postgate, 2002Book

Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East - Michael Roaf, 1990Book | ‘Toward Civilization’, 42-56; ‘The Urban Explosion’, 58-77

Uruk Mesopotamia & its neighbours: cross-cultural interactions in the era of stateformation - Mitchell S. Rothman, 2001

Book | Chapters 6–7

Ancient Turkey - A.G. Sagona, Paul E. Zimansky, 2009Book | Chapter 4 ‘Anatolia transformed: from pottery Neolithic through Middle

Chalcolithic, 7000-4000 BC’

Chiefdoms and early states in the Near East: the organizational dynamics of complexity -Gil Stein, Mitchell S. Rothman, 1994

Book

Useful website (2 items)

AMAR Archive of Mesopotamian Archaeological ReportsWebpage

Welcome to The Human Past - Student Study Guide WebsiteWebsite

12. Ancient Mesopotamia and the Middle East: city-states and empires,3000-300 BC (16 items)The world’s first cities and empires developed in the Middle East from 3000 BC onwards.Mesopotamia between 3000 and 2400 BC played host to about 30 city-states, each with itsown ruler, army and territory, sometimes living peaceably together, other times in deadlycombat. In this context some of the world’s earliest writing and bureaucratic systemsdeveloped as city elites attempted to control the rich resources around them. From 2400BC we see the origins of a new order of political structure – empires.Empires came to dominate the landscapes of the region, especially in the first millenniumBC, drawing in material and human resources from an enormous range of territories. Thegreatest of these empires, such as Assyria, Babylonia, and Achaemenid Persia, all featurestrongly in the Old Testament as the major political and military powers of the day.In this lecture we will examine these remarkable developments in human society, situatingthe Mesopotamian scene in a wide context of regional interaction involving military

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conquest, trade and diplomacy across the Middle East and beyond.

Core reading (2 items)

The archaeology of Mesopotamia: theories and approaches - Roger Matthews, 2003Book | Chapter 5 ‘Archaeologies of empire’

The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Theories and Approaches - Roger Matthews, 2013Book | Chapter 5 ‘Archaeologies of empire’

Further reading (*core reading for essay) (11 items)

The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c.16,000-300 BC) - Peter M.M.G. Akkermans, Glenn M. Schwartz, 2002

Book | Chapter 10

The kingdom of the Hittites - Trevor Bryce, 1998Book

The Hittites and their world - Billie Jean Collins, Society of Biblical Literature, c2007Book

Empires: perspectives from archaeology and history - Susan E. Alcock, 2001Book | Kuhrt, A. 2001. The Achaemenid Persian empire (c. 550-c. 330 BCE), pp 93-123

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Matthews, R. 2013. Peoples and complex societies of ancient Southwest Asia, pp432-71

Nimrud: an Assyrian imperial city revealed - Joan Oates, David Oates, 2001Book

Early Mesopotamian urbanism: a new view from the north - Joan Oates, Augusta McMahon,Philip Karsgaard, Salam Al Quntar, Jason Ur, 2007-09

Article

Ancient Mesopotamia: the Eden that never was - Susan Pollock, 1999Book | Chapters 5-6

Early Mesopotamia: society and economy at the dawn of history - J.N. Postgate, 1994Book

Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East - Michael Roaf, 1990Book | ‘States in Conflict’, 78-95; ‘Charismatic Kings’, 96-107; ‘Assyria and its Rivals’,

158-75; ‘Assyria Triumphant’, 176-97

A history of the ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC - Marc Van de Mieroop, 2007Book

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Useful websites (3 items)

Welcome to The Human Past - Student Study Guide WebsiteWebsite | Try the quiz for Chapter 12!

Mesopotamia - The British Museum (British Museum site, good introduction to ancientMesopotamia, including Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria)

Website

knp.prs.heacademy.ac.uk: (Rich resource of materials relating to the Assyrian empire)Webpage

13. Bronze Age Europe (12 items)During the European Bronze Age, society became more complex and societies withunequal access to wealth developed in a number of regions. Settlements changed theircharacter and gradually food production was intensified. Long distance exchange networksdeveloped, based on materials like copper, tin and amber and there is some of the earliestevidence for the building of hill forts. There were changes in ritual practices too, and anincreasing number of artefacts seem to have been deposited in bogs and rivers.

Core reading (1 items)

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Scarre, C. Holocene Europe, pp 392–431: please note that you can find the linkto this digital resource in the list for Lecture 8 above - this is due to a technical oddity thatmeans this page can't link to the same item twice in the same list! :)

Further reading (11 items)

Balkan prehistory: exclusion, incorporation and identity - Douglass W. Bailey, 2000Book | Especially Chapter 6

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -John Hunter, Ian Ralston, Roberta Gilchrist, 2009

Book | Champion, T. The Later Bronze Age, pp 126–48

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -John Hunter, Ian Ralston, 2009

Book | Champion, T. The Later Bronze Age, pp 126–48

The Oxford handbook of the European Bronze Age - 2013Book

Prehistoric Europe: theory and practice - Andrew Jones, 2008Book | Fontijin, D. Everything in the right place? On Selective Deposition, Landscape

and the Construction of Identity in Later Prehistory, pp 86-107.

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European societies in the Bronze age - A.F. Harding, 2000Book | Chapters 2, 3, 4 & 9

Prehistoric Europe: theory and practice - Andrew Jones, 2008Book | Ottaway, B. & Roberts, B. The emergence of metalworking, pp 193–225

English Heritage book of Bronze Age Britain - Michael Parker Pearson, 1993Book

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -John Hunter, Ian Ralston, Roberta Gilchrist, 2009

Book | Parker Pearson, M. The Earlier Bronze Age, pp 103–25.

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -John Hunter, Ian Ralston, 2009

Book | Parker Pearson, M. The Earlier Bronze Age, pp 103–25.

Development of metallurgy in Eurasia - Benjamin W. Roberts, Christopher P. Thornton,Vincent C. Pigott, 2009-12

Article

14. Iron Age Europe (10 items)In the sixth century BC a new ‘Celtic’ metalwork style developed in central Europe andspread rapidly across much of northern Europe. This signals the start of what in Britain wecall the Iron Age, but on the continent is called the late Hallstatt and La Tène period. InBritain the most obvious settlement type associated with this time are the Hillforts, whichdominate much of southern central England. This lecture explores some of the changingattitudes to ‘Celts’ and Hillforts over the last century.

Core reading (2 items)

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -John Hunter, Ian Ralston, Roberta Gilchrist, 2009

Book | Haselgrove, C. The Iron Age, pp 149–74

The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from earliest times to the twenty-first century -John Hunter, Ian Ralston, 2009

Book | Haselgrove, C. The Iron Age, pp 149–74

Further reading (8 items)

Ritual and domestic life in prehistoric Europe - Richard Bradley, 2005Book

The prehistory of Britain and Ireland - Richard Bradley, 2007Book | Chapter 5 (The End of Prehistory)

Building on the past: papers celebrating 150 years of the Royal Archaeological Institute -

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Blaise Vyner, Royal Archaeological Institute, 1994Book | Collis, J. The Iron Age, pp 123–48

English Heritage book of Iron Age Britain - Barry W. Cunliffe, English Heritage, 1995Book

Iron age communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland and Wales from theseventh century BC until the Roman conquest - Barry W. Cunliffe, 2005

Book | 1st, 2nd & 3rdeditions also available

Prehistoric Britain - Timothy Darvill, 2010Book | Chapter 7 (Brothers in Arms)

Prehistoric Britain - Joshua Pollard, 2008Book | Giles, M. Identity, community and the person in later prehistory, pp 330–51

Archive of the Butser ancient farm project (accessed 18 June 2015)Website

15. Ancient Egypt: from origins to empire (10 items)The Nile Valley region of Egypt was one of the original cradles of civilisation some 5,000years ago, and was to be a powerhouse in the development of civilisation across the OldWorld over the next two millennia. In the Nile Valley a highly distinctive civilisationemerged, one which was quite unlike the contemporary civilisations in Mesopotamia, Iranand Anatolia. During the Neolithic period, early farming and settled villages appear inEgypt as elsewhere across the Near East.In this session we will review the processes of Neolithisation, formation of state society inEgypt, including the nature of society in Egypt before the state and the Dynastic period,the development of a unified political system in the early third millennium BC, and alsoconsider possible explanations for these developments.

Core reading (1 items)

Ancient Egypt: a social history - Bruce G. Trigger, 1983Book | Trigger, BG. The Rise of Egyptian Civilization, pp 1-70.

Further reading (9 items)

Atlas of ancient Egypt - John Baines, Jaromâir Malâek, 1980Book

An introduction to the archaeology of ancient Egypt - Kathryn A. Bard, 2008Book | Chapters 4 & 5

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Connah, G. Holocene Africa, pp 350–91. Pages 370–79 especially relevant

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Ancient Egypt: anatomy of a civilization - B. Kemp, 1991Book

The complete pyramids - Mark Lehner, 1997Book

The Oxford history of ancient Egypt - Ian Shaw, 2003Book

Shirai, N. 2006. Supra-regional concepts in Near Eastern Neolithisation from a viewpoint ofEgyptian Neolithic research, Paléorient 32(2): 7–21.

Webpage

Early civilizations: ancient Egypt in context - Bruce G. Trigger, 1993Book

The archaeology of early Egypt: social transformations in north-east Africa, 10,000 to 2650BC - D. Wengrow, 2006

Book

16. Living hunter-gatherers (8 items)Modern hunter-gatherers have often been used by Palaeolithic and Mesolithicarchaeologists as a possible means of aiding our interpretations of archaeologicalevidence. Although hunter-gatherer groups are currently coming under ever-increasingthreats from the expansions of agricultural societies, a wide range of hunter-gatherersocieties have been studied and observed over the past few centuries, ranging from theNunamiut (Eskimo) of Alaska to the Aborigines of Australia, and the !Kung San of southernAfrica to the Yanomami of the Amazon. We will consider both the similarities anddifferences between groups such as these. Yet how can the study of these groups help usto understand prehistory? Can we draw direct analogies between modern and prehistoricsocieties? Do all hunter-gatherer societies share a single set of characteristics? Can wemake a classification between ‘simple’ and ‘complex’ hunter-gatherers, and if so, howdoes this help us to interpret the archaeological record? We will consider these questionsduring the lecture, which includes short videos.

Core reading (1 items)

Willow Smoke and Dogs' Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and ArchaeologicalSite Formation - Lewis R. Binford, 1980

Article

Further reading (7 items)

Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology - Lewis R. Binford, 1978Book

In pursuit of the past: decoding the archaeological record - Lewis R. Binford, 1983Book | Chapters 5–7

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An Alyawara Day: The Stone Quarry - Lewis R. Binford and James F. O'Connell, 1984Article

Meat-eating & human evolution - Craig B. Stanford, Henry T. Bunn, 2001Book | Bunn, HT. Hunting, power scavenging, and butchering by Hadza Foragers and by

Plio-Pleistocene Homo, pp 199–218

Ethnoarchaeological approaches to mobile campsites: hunter-gatherer and pastoralist casestudies - Clive Gamble, W. A. Boismier, 1991

Book

The making of mankind - Richard E. Leakey, 1981Book | Chapter 6

Man the hunter - Richard Lee, Irven DeVore, Wenner-Gren Foundation for AnthropologicalResearch, 1968

Book | 3–12

17. Ancient China: from late Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithicfarming villages and origins of the state (7 items)Previously closed off from the western world, this lecture examines the development ofChinese archaeology since the early twentieth century as a mechanism by which to definenational identity. Since the mid 1980s, international collaboration between Chinesearchaeologists and foreign scholars has gradually increased, allowing the exchange ofideas and approaches that have enriched interpretive frameworks posed for Chinese stateformation. This lecture uses one such scholarly collaboration emanating from theUniversity of Reading as a case study to examine the origins of the state emerging from aNeolithic settlement at Chengziya, arguably one of the most important archaeologicaldiscoveries in China. Beginning with the Late Pleistocene–early Holocene transition and thelast hunter-gatherer groups, this lecture covers the transformation over a period of about10,000 years of Chinese societies from Neolithic villages and the origins of agriculture tothe Bronze Age Shang dynasty in the second half of the 4th milliennium BP.

Core reading (1 items)

The archaeology of China: from the late paleolithic to the early bronze age - Li Liu, XingcanChen, 2012

Book | Chapters 3, 4 and 5

Further reading (6 items)

Temporal trends in millet consumption in northern China - Pia Atahan, John Dodson,Xiaoqiang Li, Xinying Zhou, Liang Chen, Linda Barry, Fiona Bertuch, 2014-10

Article

Settlement, society and cognition in human evolution: landscapes in mind - Fiona SusanCoward, Robert Hosfield, Matthew Pope, F.F. Wenban-Smith, 2015

Book | Bar-Yosef, In search of group identity — Late Pleistocene foragers in northern

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China, pp 214–233.

8000-Year old rice remains from the north edge of the Shandong Highlands, East China -GuiYun Jin, WenWan Wu, KeSi Zhang, ZeBing Wang, XiaoHong Wu, 2014-11

Article

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - ChristopherScarre, 2013

Book | Chapters 7 and 15

Prehistoric demographic fluctuations in China inferred from radiocarbon data and theirlinkage with climate change over the past 50,000 years - Can Wang, Houyuan Lu, JianpingZhang, Zhaoyan Gu, Keyang He, 2014-08

Article

Archaeology of the Anthropocene in the Yellow River region, China, 8000-2000 cal. BP - Y.Zhuang, T. R. Kidder, 2014-11-01

Article

19. Case-Study of an archaeological project: the Central ZagrosArchaeological Project (CZAP) (5 items)The Central Zagros Archaeological Project (CZAP) is a major multi-component investigationof the origins and early development of farming and sedentary life in the Neolithic periodof a key region of the Middle East. The Central Zagros mountains, which are located alongthe borders of modern Iran and Iraq, were one of the earliest regions of the world wherehuman communities made the transition from mobile hunter-foraging to sedentaryfarming.In this session, presentations will be given by several members of the CZAP team as ademonstration of the multiple strands of expertise that are required in order to carry out afully modern archaeological investigation in the field. Specialisms include zooarchaeology,archaeobotany, micro-archaeology, micromorphology, lithics analysis, shells, and a host ofscientific applications, all conducted at the University of Reading.

Core reading (2 items)

The Central Zagros Archaeological ProjectWebsite

Investigating the Early Neolithic of western Iran: the Central Zagros Archaeological Project(CZAP) - R.J. Matthews, Y. Mohammadifar, W. Matthews, A. Motarjem

Webpage

Further reading (3 items)

The Neolithic of the Near East - James Mellaart, 1975Book | Chapters 2 and 5

The Neolithic Settlement of Highland SW Iran: New Evidence from the Mamasani District -

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Lloyd Weeks, Karim Alizadeh, Lily Niakan, Kourosh Alamdari, Mohsen Zeidi, AlirezaKhosrowzadeh and Bernadette McCall, 2006

Article

The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East - Melinda A. Zeder, 2011Article

18. Ancient Peru: From feeding Kin to feeding the Ancestors, thedevelopment of complex society in the Andes (9 items)This lecture introduces the early civilisations of Peru. From independent roots the earlyplant and animal domestication in the Andes formed the foundations for the developmentof complex hierarchical societies in the 2nd millennium BC. This development initiatedincreased social complexity in coastal valleys, including sedentism among pre-agriculturalpopulations. Complex religious belief systems were established, which moved on intowarring states in the same valleys. The large highland-based states of Wari andTiahuanaco arose during the 1st millennium AD. Following their disintegration the IncaEmpire emerged out of numerous competing regional polities, with its agriculturalintensification, large-scale tribute system, and the construction of a road andcommunications system.

Core reading (1 items)

The Incas - Terence N. D'Altroy, 2001Book | Chapter 7 (Inca Ideology: Powers of the Sky and Earth, Past and Present;

141–76)

Further reading (8 items)

The Incas - Terence N. D'Altroy, 2001Book | Chapter 8 (Family, Community and Class; 177–204)

World prehistory: a brief introduction - Brian M. Fagan, 1999Book | Chapter 14

The Origins and development of the Andean state - Jonathan Haas, Sheila Pozorski,Thomas Pozorski, 1987

Book

Peruvian prehistory: an overview of pre-Inca and Inca society - Richard W. Keatinge, 1988Book

Huanuco Pampa: an Inca city and its hinterland - Craig Morris, Donald E. Thompson, 1985Book

The Incas and their ancestors: the archaeology of Peru - Michael E. Moseley, 1992Book

The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies - Christopher

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Scarre, 2013Book | Moseley, ME. & Heckenberger, MJ. From Village to Empire in South America, pp

640–77.

Patterns in prehistory: humankind's first three million years - Robert J. Wenke, 1990Book | Chapter 14

20. Searching for Out of Africa dispersals in Sudan (6 items)This lecture reports on a new Reading research project, exploring the prehistoricarchaeology of western Sudan. This is a key area in northern Africa, with particularsignificance for the dispersal of modern humans from Africa, but also with reference tovariations in prehistoric human activity in the Sahara during wetter and drier phases.This session will explore methodologies for identifying and surveying potential prehistoricarchaeological field sites in semi-desert environments: in particular the use of remotesensing technologies to identify possible palaeo-lakes and palaeo-channels of Pleistocene(= Palaeolithic) age, and the use of reconnaissance fieldwalking to assess landscapes andtheir archaeological contents. It will conclude by reviewing the prehistoric artefacts fromthe first season of fieldwork: material ranging from the Early Stone Age (Acheuleanhandaxes) through the Middle Stone Age (e.g. Levallois cores and points) to the earlyHolocene (e.g. microliths, grinding stones/quern stones, and pottery).

Core reading (1 items)

Palaeoclimate in the Saharan and Arabian Deserts during the Middle Palaeolithic and thepotential for hominin dispersals - Nick A. Drake, Paul Breeze, Adrian Parker, 2013-06

Article

Further reading (5 items)

The global origins and development of seafaring - ©2010Book | Bailey, G. Earliest coastal settlement: marine palaeoeconomies, submerged

landscapes and human dispersals: the Africa–Arabia connection, pp 29–40.

Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert -Nick A. Drake, Roger M. Blench, Simon J. Armitage, Charlie S. Bristow, Kevin H. White andOfer Bar-Yosef, 2011

Article

The Middle Stone Age of the Central Sahara: Biogeographical opportunities andtechnological strategies in later human evolution - Robert A. Foley, José ManuelMaíllo-Fernández, Marta Mirazón Lahr, 2013-06

Article

The Wadi Muqadam Headwaters Survey, a report on the 2013 fieldwork season. InternalReport to the Sudanese National Corporation of Antiquities & Museums (NCAM). - K. White,R. Hosfield, N. Drake, 2013

Book

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‘Out of Africa’ from an Egyptian point of view - Pierre M Vermeersch, 2001-1Article

21. Climate Change & Prehistoric Societies (9 items)The steadily increasing number of well-dated Holocene paleoclimate and archaeologicalrecords from across the globe, and from Eurasia in particular, allows us to assess thepossible effects of climate on prehistoric societies. Though the subject of controversialdebates (climate determinism versus purely social explanations), mounting evidenceexists that gradual and abrupt climate changes as well as a series of extreme weatherevents are one factor for the emergence and decline of prehistoric societies.In this lecture we will present an overview of the major Holocene climatic changes andabrupt events, and show the effects of a distinct centennial-scale arid event at around4200 cal yr BP (2200 years BC) on the Akkadian empire in Mesopotamia.

Core reading (1 items)

The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization - H. Weiss,M.-A. Courty, W. Wetterstrom, F. Guichard, L. Senior, R. Meadow and A. Curnow, 1993

Article

Further reading (8 items)

A pronounced dry event recorded around 4.2 ka in brine sediments from the northern RedSea - Helge W. Arz, Frank Lamy, Jürgen Pätzold, 2006-11

Article

Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate during the Holocene - Gerard Bond,Bernd Kromer, Juerg Beer, Raimund Muscheler, Michael N. Evans, William Showers, SharonHoffmann, Rusty Lotti-Bond, Irka Hajdas and Georges Bonani, 2001

Article

The bigger picture: towards integrating palaeoclimate and environmental data with ahistory of societal change - C. J. Caseldine, C. Turney, 2010-01

Article

Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire: Evidence from the deep sea - H.M. Cullen, P. B. deMenocal, S. Hemming, G. Hemming, F. H. Brown, T. Guilderson, F.Sirocko, 2000

Article

Climate in the eastern Mediterranean, and adjacent regions, during the past 6000 years –A review - Martin Finné, Karin Holmgren, Hanna S. Sundqvist, Erika Weiberg, MichaelLindblom, 2011-12

Article

Holocene climate variability - Paul A. Mayewski, Eelco E. Rohling, J. Curt Stager, WibjörnKarlén, Kirk A. Maasch, L. David Meeker, Eric A. Meyerson, Francoise Gasse, Shirley vanKreveld, Karin Holmgren, Julia Lee-Thorp, Gunhild Rosqvist, Frank Rack, Michael

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Staubwasser, Ralph R. Schneider, Eric J. Steig, 2004-11Article

Archaeology: What Drives Societal Collapse? - H. Weiss, 2001-1-26Article

Structure and origin of Holocene cold events - Heinz Wanner, Olga Solomina, MartinGrosjean, Stefan P. Ritz, Markéta Jetel, 2011-10

Article

22. Prehistory in the Severn Estuary: A case study in geoarchaeology (8items)In the Severn Estuary between South West England and South Wales an exceptionally finesediment sequence is exposed by erosion in the intertidal zone and preserved belowreclaimed wetlands. Within this sequence are exceptionally preserved prehistoric siteswith wood artefacts and abundant environmental evidence. The sequence of humanactivity will be outlined from the later Mesolithic settlement at Goldcliff East with evidenceof human and animal footprints, burning of vegetation and seasonal activity byhunter-gatherers. Evidence will be outlined for Bronze Age settlement at Brean Down onthe wetland edge and settlements of middle Bronze Age to Iron Age date at Redwick andGoldcliff within the wetland which were used by seasonal cattle herders. The case studydemonstrates a geoarchaeological approach and the contribution which wetlands andenvironmental evidence make to the solution of archaeological problems.

Core reading (1 items)

The Severn Estuary: addressing the ecological footprint - Martin Bell, 2008Article

Further reading (7 items)

Subfossil Mammalian Tracks (Flandrian) in the Severn Estuary, S.W. Britain: Mechanics ofFormation, Preservation and Distribution - J. R. L. Allen, 1997

Article

Brean Down excavations 1983-1987 - Martin Bell, M. Allen, English Heritage, 1990Book

Prehistoric coastal communities: the Mesolithic in Western Britain - Martin Bell, Council forBritish Archaeology, 2007

Book

Prehistoric intertidal archaeology in the Welsh Severn estuary - Martin Bell, AstridCaseldine, Heike Neumann, Barbara Taylor, Council for British Archaeology, 2000

Book | Chapter 17 Discussion

Sweet Track to Glastonbury: the Somerset Levels in prehistory - Bryony Coles, John Coles,1986

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Book

The Severn estuary: landscape evolution and wetland reclamation - Stephen Rippon, 1997Book | Chapters 1–3

Archaeology in the Severn estuary: annual report of the Severn Estuary Levels ResearchCommittee - Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee

Journal | Papers by various authors. Archaeology in the Severn Estuary (Volumes 1–17).Archaeology Reading Room1990-1994; Vol. 6 (1995) to date available in the library at PERIODICAL FOLIO--913.42424 on the 4th Floor

Seminar 1: Making Sense of Lithics (1 items)The preparatory reading for this seminar is:

Prehistoric flintwork - Chris Butler, 2005Book | Chapter 2: You can find a digital copy of this item in the Seminars area of the

module Blackboard site. Thanks, Rob

Seminar 2: It's all in their heads! Changing skull morphology duringhominin evolution (1 items)The preparatory reading for this seminar is available on-line at:

Human Fossils | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins ProgramWebsite

Seminar 3: Understanding Prehistoric Lithic Artefacts (1 items)The preparation for this seminar is available on-line:

British Museum - A History of the World in 100 objectsWebsite

Seminar 4: Bronze Age Hoards (2 items)The preparatory reading for this seminar is either of the two items below:

The passage of arms: an archaeological analysis of prehistoric hoards and votive deposits -Richard Bradley, 1998

Book | Bradley, Richard, "A mirage, but permanent" pp.1-42

Bronze and the Bronze age: metalwork and society in Britain c.2500-800 BC - MartynBarber, 2003

Book | Barber, Martyn, "Deposition: anecdote and evidence" pp.43-78

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Enhancement Week (Week 10) Field Trip (11 items) This reading list also relevant to essay question no. 5 for this module AR1P2 (Primates toPyramids)

Fragments from antiquity: an archaeology of social life in Britain, 2900-1200 BC - JohnBarrett, 1994

Book | Chapters 1 and 2: Processions of the living… and of the dead

Stonehenge: making space - Barbara Bender, Paul Aitken, 1998Book

The prehistory of Britain and Ireland - Richard Bradley, 2007Book | Chapter 3: North and south

Stonehenge in its landscape: twentieth-century excavations - Rosamund Cleal, K.E.Walker, R. Montague, English Heritage, 1995

Book

Avebury - Mark Gillings, Joshua Pollard, 2003Book

Stonehenge for the ancestors: the stones pass on the message - Pearson, M. Parker;Ramilisonina,, 2015/01/02

Article

English Heritage book of Bronze Age Britain - Michael Parker Pearson, 1993Book

Stonehenge: exploring the greatest Stone Age mystery - Michael Parker Pearson,Stonehenge Riverside Project, 2012

Book

The Stonehenge environs project - Julian C. Richards, Mike Allen, English Heritage, 1990Book

Understanding the neolithic - Julian Thomas, 1999Book | Chapters 3, 7 and 9

Understanding the neolithic - Julian Thomas, Julian Thomas, 1999Book | Chapters 3, 7 and 9

Scans not on reading list

Sections previously scanned but scan now no longer legal (1 items)These will mostly be American published titles

The Oldowan: case studies into the earliest Stone Age - Kathy Diane Schick, NicholasPatrick Toth, Stone Age Institute, c2006

Book | Schick, Kathy and Toth, Nicholas, "An overview of the Oldowan industrialcomplex: the sites and the nature of their evidence" pp.3-42

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