Isolation wards : Muslim scientists were the first to establish isolation .wards for communicable diseases Leprosariums : Muslim scientists were the first to establish .leprosariums .Acids : Developed for use in cauterization by Muslim scientists .Irrigation devices : Introduced to the West by Muslims .Printing devices : Introduced to the West by Muslims .Glass-making devices : Devices introduced to the West by Muslims Surgical instruments : Muslim scientists introduced many surgical .instruments to the West Cardiac medicines : Muslim scientists were the first to make systematic .use of cardiac medicines Iron tablets : A dietary supplement for anemia, developed by Muslim .scientists Intra-abdominal tubes : Muslim scientists invented intra-abdominal .tubes for drainage of abdominal abscesses Test tube : A clear, cylindrical glass tube, used in laboratory .experimentation. It was introduced to the West by Muslims
Cataract extraction : Muslim scientists were the first to perform surgery .for cataract removal Animal experimentation : Muslim scientists were the first to use animal .experimentation for determining drug actions and/or toxicities Hydrocephalus : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis of .hydrocephalus 23 12 Equinoxes : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the .precession of equinoxes .Leather shoes : Introduced to the West by Muslims .Rice : A cereal grass, introduced to the West by Muslims Astrolabe : An instrument used to determine the altitude of the sun or other celestial bodies. It was introduced to the West by Muslim .scientists .Artificial teeth : Devices introduced to the West by Muslim scientists Tri-linear figures : Muslim scientists contributed to the solution of trilinear figures .Plant dyes : Introduced to the West by Muslims Negative numbers and symbols : Muslim scientists contributed to the .use of negative numbers and symbols Nerve : Muslim scientists were the first to make an accurate description .of nerve supply to the viscera
Opium : A narcotic drug from the fruit of the poppy. It was developed as .an anesthetic by Muslim scientists : Pharmacopoeias : Muslim scientists contributed to the production of the .first pharmacopoeias Aconite, or monkshood : The dried poisonous roots of perennial herbs. .It was developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists Veins : Muslim scientists were the first to make correct description of .the anatomy of veins Blood vessels : Muslim scientists were the first to make a correct .description of history of blood vessels Spinach : A plant having succulent, edible leaves. It was introduced to .the West by Muslims Diarrhea : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the .communicable nature of diseases of which diarrhea is a symptom Psychoses : Muslim scientists were the first to treat psychoses with .narcotics Boils and skin tumors : Muslim scientists were the first to use cautery .as a treatment for boils and skin tumors Crystal : A mineral having a crystalline structure. It was introduced to .the West by Muslims Pendulum : A weight suspended from a point so that it swings back and forth. It is one of the devices introduced to the West by Muslim .scientists
Porcelain : Objects made of a hard, white, translucent ceramic, .introduced to the West by Muslims Compass : A device used to determine geographic directions. It was .first introduced to the West by Muslim scientists Anesthesiology : The medical study and application of anesthetics, .originated by Muslim scientists Inhalation anesthesia : Muslim scientists were the first to use inhalation .anesthesia Vaccination : Muslim scientists introduced vaccination as a treatment .for smallpox Almanac : An annual publication including calendars with weather forecasts, astronomical information, tide tables, and other related tabular information, introduced to the West by Muslims Tamarind : A substance from a tropical tree. It was introduced to the .West by Muslims Otitis media : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis of .(otitis media (middle era infection Pericarditis : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis of .pericarditis .Algebra : A mathematical science originated by Muslim scientists Smallpox : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the communicable nature of smallpox. Also, they made the first accurate
.diagnosis of this fatal disease Leprosy : Muslim scientists were the first to determine leprosy a solely .physical disease Square roots : Muslim scientists contributed to the development of the .concept of square roots Surgery : The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of injury, deformity, and disease. It was originated by Muslim .scientists Solar parallax : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of solar parallax Trauma : Muslim scientists wrote the first treatise on trauma surgery in .patients Jalap : A plant whose roots are used as a cathartic. It was developed as .a medicine by Muslim scientists .Cables : For use in shipping, introduced to the West by Muslims Ink : A pigment used especially for writing or printing, introduced to the .West by Muslims Silk : A fine, shiny fiber produced by fibrous secretion of silkworms. It .was introduced to the West by Muslims Measles : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the communicable nature of measles. Also, they made the first accurate .diagnosis of this disease
Enema : The injection of liquid into the rectum through the anus for cleansing the bowels. This medical procedure was introduced to the .West by Muslim scientists Buckwheat : The edible fruits of an annual Asian plant, introduced to the .West by Muslims - - Map : A representation, usually on a plane surface, of a region of the earth or heavens. It was first introduced to the West by Muslim .scientists Calligraphy : The art of fine handwriting. It was introduced to the West .by Muslims Tuberculosis : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the .communicable nature of tuberculosis ( ) Steel (light-weight) armor : Military defensive covering introduced to the .West by Muslims Rudder : A vertically hinged plate mounted at the stern of a vessel for .directing its course. It was first introduced to the West by Muslims Pulmonary circulation : Muslim scientists were the first to make a .correct description of pulmonary circulation Thermodynamics : Physics that deals with the relationships between .heat and other forms of energy. It was advanced by Muslim scientists .Rhubarb : A herb developed for medical use by Muslim scientists 09 Quadrant : An early instrument for measuring altitude of celestial
bodies, consisting of a 90 graduated arch. It was first introduced to the .West by Muslim scientist Western symbol for Zero : Muslim scientists contributed to the invention .of the western symbol for Zero Symbols for multiplication and addition : Muslim scientists contributed .to the use of symbols for multiplication and addition .Colored glass : A substance introduced to the West by Muslims Satin : A smooth fabric woven with a glossy face and a dull back. It was .introduced to the West by Muslims Clock : An instrument for measuring and indicating time. It was first .introduced to the West by Muslim scientists Carpets : A thick heavy covering for the floors, introduced to the West .by Muslims 06 Sextant : A navigational instrument containing a graduated 60-degree arc, used for measuring the altitudes of celestial bodies. It was first .introduced to the West by Muslim scientists Saddles : A leather seat for a rider, secured on an animal's back by a .girth, introduced to the West by Muslims Scammony : A root introduced for medical purposes to the West by .Muslims Sugar : Muslim scientists were the first to describe the presence of .sugar in blood
Sumac : A substance used in tanning leather and dying. It was .introduced to the West by Muslims Obesity : Muslim scientists were the first to observe that excess .consumption of dietary carbohydrates causes obesity Gonorrhea : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the .communicable nature of Gonorrhea Retina : Muslim scientists made the first correct description of the anatomy and physiology of the retina Paralysis : Muslim scientists were the first to describe paralysis as due .to brain stem or spinal cord injury .Hemlock : A plant used as an anesthetic by Muslim scientists .Soap : A cleansing agent introduced to the West by Muslims Public health : The science of protecting and improving the health of a .community. It was originated by Muslim scientists .Tourniquet : Muslim scientists invented tourniquets Bubonic plague : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of .communicable nature of the bubonic plague Veterinary medicine : The branch of medicine that deals with the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals, especially .domestic animals. It was originated by Muslim scientists Medical examiners : Muslim scientists established the first board of
.medical examiners Psychiatry : The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders. It was .originated by Muslim scientists Preventive medicine : Medical practice that focuses on preventing physical or mental illness in the individual or the community. It was .originated by Muslim scientists Mites : Muslim scientists were the first to recognize scabies as being .caused by mites Irrational numbers : Muslim scientists contributed to the introduction of .irrational numbers .Lenses : Introduced to the West by Muslims Optic nerve : Muslim scientists were the first to make a correct .description of the anatomy of the optic nerve .Psychotherapy : Muslim scientists made the first use of psychotherapy Paper money : Currency in the form of government notes and bank .notes. It was introduced to the West by Muslims Caesarean section : Muslim scientists were the first to systematically .perform caesarean sections Ambergris : A waxy substance formed in the intestines of sperm whales. .It was developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists
Extraocular : Muslim scientists made the first description of the number .and specific function of extraocular muscles Gastric lavage : Muslim scientists were the first to use gastric lavage for .the treatment of poisoning .Hernia : Muslim scientists introduced surgery for hernia repair Strawberry : Fruit that consists of a red, fleshy, edible receptacle, .introduced to the West by Muslims Compass : A V-shaped device for describing circles or circular arcs and for taking measurements. It was introduced to the West by Muslim .scientists Mosaic : A picture or decorative design made by setting small colored pieces, as of stone or tile, into a surface. It was introduced to the West .by Muslims ) ( phlebotomy : Muslim scientists invented a technique for phlebotomy for .stopping cerebral hemorrhage .Pepper : A spice introduced to the West by Muslims Flask : A small container, such as a bottle, having a narrow neck and .usually a cap. It was first introduced to the West by Muslim scientists Secant : A straight line intersecting a curve at two or more points, .introduced to the West by Muslim scientists Melon : A fruit having a hard rind and juicy flesh. It was introduced to .the West by Muslims
Domes : A structural design in the shape of a hemispherical roof or .vault, introduced to the West by Muslims Celestial sphere : An imaginary sphere of infinite extent with the earth at its center on which the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies appear to be located. The concept was introduced to the West by Muslim .scientists Cinnamon : The dried aromatic inner bark of certain trees. It was .introduced to the West by Muslims .Urinary catheters : Muslim scientists invented urinary catheters .Cotton : Soft, white, downy fibers, introduced to the West by Muslims Ribbed vault : An architectural structure introduced to the West by .Muslims Camphor : An aromatic crystalline compound. It was developed as a .medicine by Muslim scientists Sulfur : A nonmetallic element. It was introduced to the West by .Muslims Organic sulfur : Muslim scientists were the first to treat scabies with .organic sulfur Linen : Thread made from fibers of the flax plant, introduced as a cloth .to the West by Muslims Alcohol : A colorless, volatile liquid. It was developed as an antiseptic by Muslim scientists
Globe : A body with the shape of a sphere representing the earth in the .form of a hollow ball, introduced to the West by Muslim scientists Cumin : A herb whose seeds are used in cooking and were developed as .a medicine by Muslim scientists Cholera : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the .communicable nature of cholera Cautery : Muslim scientists were the first to use cautery for wound .coagulation Kerosene : A thin oil distilled from petroleum or shale oil. It was .introduced to the West by Muslims Venomous bites : Muslim scientists were the first to treat venomous .bites with garlic extract Tonsillectomy : Muslim scientists were the first to perform .tonsillectomies Citrus fruit : Edible fruits including the orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime, .and kumquat, introduced to the West by Muslims .Medical ethics : A concept originated by Muslim scientists .Velvet : A fabric introduced to the West by Muslims Medical schools : Muslim scientists were the first to establish medical .schools
Myrrh : An aromatic gum obtained from the trunk of several trees. It was .developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists Glass mirror : A surface capable of reflecting images of objects placed .in front of it. It was introduced to the West by Muslims .Lateen sail : A triangular-shaped sail introduced to the West by Muslims Distance between moon and earth : Muslim scientists contributed to the calculation of distance between moon and earth Modern Hospitals : Muslim scientists contributed to the design and .operation of the prototypes of modern hospitals Ruler : A straight-edged strip, as of wood or metal, for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths. It was first introduced to the West by .Muslim scientists Calipers : An instrument consisting essentially of two curved hinged legs, used to measure thickness and distances. It was introduced to the .West by Muslims Surgical knives : Muslim scientists invented specialized surgical knives, .retractors and saws Racket : A device consisting of an oval frame with a tight interlaced network of strings and a handle. It was introduced to the West by .Muslims Topical antiseptics : Muslim scientists were the first to use topical .antiseptics
Quadratic equations : Muslim scientists contributed to the solution of .quadratic equations Solution of Cubic equations : Muslim scientists contributed to the .solution of cubic equations .Cotton clothing : Introduced to the West by Muslims Catapult : A military machine for hurling missiles, such as large stones .or spears. It was first introduced to the West by Muslims Handkerchief : A small square of cloth used especially for wiping the .nose or mouth. It was introduced to the West by Muslims Bellows : An apparatus for producing a strong current of air. It was .introduced to the West by Muslims Protractor : A semicircular instrument for measuring and constructing .angles, introduced to the West by Muslim scientists Banana : The long, edible fruit, having a thick yellowish to reddish skin .and white, aromatic, seedless pulp, introduced to the West by Muslims Encyclopedia : A comprehensive reference work containing articles on a wide range of subjects or on numerous aspects of a particular field, .usually arranged alphabetically, introduced to the West by Muslims Muslin : A sturdy cotton fabric of plain weave. It was introduced to the .West by Muslims Cataracts : Muslim scientists were the first to use hypodermic needles .for the removal of cataracts by suction
Benzoin : A balsamic resin obtained from certain tropical Asian trees of .the genus Styrax. It was developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists Chronometer : An exceptionally precise timepiece. It was first .introduced to the West by Muslim scientists .Mechanics : The physical science originated by Muslim scientists .Eye glasses : Introduced to the West by Muslims Mortar and pestle : A club-shaped, hand-held tool for grinding or mashing substances in a mortar. It was introduced to the West by .Muslims .Asparagus : Introduced to the West by Muslims Engineering : The application of scientific and mathematical principles .to practical ends. It was advanced by Muslim scientists Lettuce seed : Developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists A compass with movable arm : Muslim scientists contributed to the .production of the first compass with movable arm Bookbinding : The process of enclosing and fastening of books between .covers. It was introduced to the West by Muslims Determination of duration of the calendar year : Muslim scientists contributed to the precise determination of duration of the calendar .year
Determination of the stars' positions : Muslim scientists contributed to .the precise mathematical determination of the stars' positions .Silk cultivation : A process introduced to the West by Muslims Synthesis of drugs : Muslim scientists contributed to the synthesis of .drugs . Anatomy : Muslim scientists were the first to make a detailed description of the anatomy of the liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, intestines and stomach. Also, they made the first systematic use of .human dissection for the study of medical anatomy Wounds dressings : Muslim scientists made the first use of cotton for .dressings wounds .Metal inlay : A decorative process introduced to the West by Muslims Logarithms and logarithmic tables : Muslim scientists contributed to the .production of logarithms and logarithmic tables Squatting posture : Muslim scientists introduced the squatting position .for obstetrical delivery Nutmeg : A seed from a tree, developed for medical purposes by Muslim .scientists Sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent : Muslim scientists contributed to .the calculation of tables of sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent Sine and cosine : Muslim scientists contributed to the introduction of .sine and cosine
Cubeb : A plant whose dried fruits were developed as a medicine by .Muslim scientists to cure bronchitis and urinary disorders .Calculus : A branch of mathematics advanced by Muslim scientists Bladder stones : Muslim scientists were the first to perform the surgical .removal of bladder stones Water baths : Muslim scientists were the first to use water baths for the .treatment of severe fevers Acetic acid : A clear, colorless organic acid. Muslim scientists .contributed to its development as a medicine Sulfuric acid : A highly corrosive, dense, oily liquid. It was introduced to .the West by Muslims Nitric acid : A transparent fuming corrosive liquid. It was introduced to .the West by Muslim scientists Tongue depressor : A thin blade for pressing down the tongue during a medical examination of the mouth and throat. It was invented by Muslim .scientists ) ( Mediastinal abscesses : Muslim scientists made the first accurate .diagnosis of mediastinal abscesses Lunar eclipses : Muslim scientists contributed to the prediction of lunar .eclipses .Sandalwood : A wood from India, introduced to the West by Muslims
Latitudes and longitudes : Muslim scientists contributed to the .rectification of latitudes and longitudes Jasmine extract : A plant extract developed as a medicine by Muslim .scientists Lemon peel extract : Developed for medical purposes by Muslim .scientists Fig extract : A plant extract developed as a medicine by Muslim .scientists Wound closure : Muslim scientists were the first to use silk and wool .sutures for wound closure ( ) Suture : Muslim scientists were the first to perfect suture made from .(animal intestines (catgut Obliquity of the ecliptic : Muslim scientists contributed to the .determination of the obliquity of the ecliptic Intestinal tuberculosis : Muslim scientists made the first accurate .diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis Ceramic tiles : Floor and wall covering introduced to the West by .Muslims Ginger : A plant of sweet-smelling root. It was developed as a medicine .by Muslim scientists Darnel : A long-day plant that was developed as an anesthetic by Muslim .scientists
Lavender oil : An oil from flowers developed as a medicine by Muslim .scientists Musk oils : A substance derived from animal glands, developed as a .medicine by Muslim scientists Orange blossom water : Developed for medical use by Muslim .scientists Solder : Any of various fusible alloys, usually tin and lead, used to join .metallic parts, introduced to the West by Muslims Lithotrity : Muslim scientists developed lithotrity, a surgical procedure .for crushing bladder stones for removal Colon cancer : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis of .colon cancer Esophageal cancer : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis .of esophageal cancer Genetic deformities of mouth and dental arches : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis of genetic deformities of mouth and dental arches Honey-based syrups : Developed for use as a medicine by Muslim .scientists Pharyngeal paralysis : Muslim scientists made the first accurate .diagnosis of pharyngeal paralysis Heart valves : Muslim scientists were the first to make a correct .description of the function of heart valves
Pharmacy : Muslim scientists contributed to the creation of the first .pharmacy .Gauze dressings : Introduced to the West by Muslims ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Pi squared : Muslim scientists contributed to the calculation of pi .squared Windmill : A machine that runs on the energy generated by a wheel of adjustable blades or slats rotated by the wind. It was first introduced to .the West by Muslim scientists Pediatrics : The branch of medicine that deals with the care of infants and children and the treatment of their diseases. It was originated by .Muslim scientists Pulmonary Medicine : A medical science originated by Muslim .scientists Ophthalmology : The branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, functions, pathology, and treatment of the eye. It was originated by .Muslim scientists Ear drum : Muslim scientists were the first to perform surgery by lancing .the ear drum Treatment of poisoning : Muslim scientists were the first to use emetics .and laxatives for the treatment of poisoning Gastroenterology : The study of the diseases of stomach and intestines, .originated by Muslim scientists
.Gynecology : The medical science originated by Muslim scientists Cartography : The art or technique of making maps or charts, originated .by Muslim scientists Embryology : The science that deals with the origin, structure and .development of the embryo, originated by Muslim scientists Biology : The science of life and of living organisms. It was originated .by Muslim scientists Meteorology : The science that treats atmospheric phenomena, .originated by Muslim scientists Pathology : The scientific study of the nature of diseases and their causes, processes, development, and consequences. It was originated .by Muslim scientists .Internal diseases : The medical science originated by Muslim scientists Dermatology : The branch of medical science related to the skin, .originated by Muslim scientists Ethnology : The study of racial and ethnic groups, originated by Muslim .scientists Sociology : The study of human social behavior. It was originated by .Muslim scientists Optics : The branch of physics that deals with light and vision. It was .originated by Muslim scientists
Taxonomy : The classification of organisms in an ordered system that .indicates natural relationships. It was advanced by Muslim scientists Obstetrics : The branch of medicine that deals with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the recuperative period following .delivery. It was originated by Muslim scientists Geography : The science that describes the surface of the earth, .originated by Muslim scientists Zoology : The branch of biology that deals with animals and animal life. .It was originated by Muslim scientists Toxicology : The study of the nature, effects, and detection of poisons .and the treatment of poisoning. It was originated by Muslim scientists Acoustics : The scientific study of sound, its generation, transmission, .and reception. It was advanced by Muslim scientists Parasitology : The scientific study of parasitism. It was originated by .Muslim scientists Pharmacology : The science of drugs, including their composition, uses, .and effects. It was originated by Muslim scientists Astronomy : The scientific study of matter in outer space. It was .advanced by Muslim scientists Physics : The science of matter and energy and of interactions between .the two. It was advanced by Muslim scientists Ecology : The study of organisms in relation to their environment,
.originated by Muslim scientists Chemistry : The science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter, originated by Muslim scientists Electrochemistry : The science of the interaction or interconversion of .electric and chemical phenomena. It was advanced by Muslim scientists Trigonometry : A branch of mathematics, originated by Muslim scientists who contributed to the systematic use of this science for .astronomical calculations Mineralogy : The study of minerals, including their distribution, .identification, and properties. It was originated by Muslim scientists .Botany : The science or study of plants, originated by Muslim scientists Psychology : The science that deals with mental processes and .behavior. It was originated by Muslim scientists .Geometry : A branch of mathematics advanced by Muslim scientists Agronomy : The application of scientific principles to the cultivation of .land, advanced by Muslim scientists Genetics : The branch of biology that deals with heredity. It was .advanced by Muslim scientists Anatomy : The science of the shape and structure of organisms and .their parts. It was advanced by Muslim scientists
Orthopedics : The branch of medicine that deals with the prevention or correction of injuries or disorders of the skeletal system and associated .muscles, joints, and ligaments. It was originated by Muslim scientists Cardiology : The medical study of the structure, function, and disorders .of the heart, originated by Muslim scientists Horticulture : The science of growing vegetables, fruits, flowers, and .ornamental shrubs, originated by Muslim scientists Geology : The science that traces the origin and structure of the earth, .originated by Muslim scientists Geophysics : The science that deals with the physics of the earth and its .environment. It was advanced by Muslim scientists Human physiology : The medical science originated by Muslim .scientists Emergency rooms : Muslim scientists contributed to the design and .operation of the first emergency rooms Science of midwifery : Muslim scientists created the science of midwifery .Cassia : A herb developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists Iris and cornea : Muslim scientists were the first to correctly describe .the anatomy of the iris and cornea Sugarcane : A tall tropical perennial of the grass family. It was .introduced to the West by Muslims
Grenade : A missile containing priming and bursting charges. The .concept was first introduced to the West by Muslims Clove : A plant whose buds are used as a medicine. It was developed by .Muslim scientists Letter of credit : A letter issued by banks. The concept was introduced .to the West by Muslims Forge : A furnace or hearth where metals are heated or wrought. It was .introduced to West by Muslim scientists Borage : An annual, bristly European herb having blue star-shaped .flowers. It was developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists .Insane asylums : Muslim were the first to establish insane asylums Rose water : A fragrant preparation made by steeping or distilling rose .petals in water. It was developed for medical use by Muslim scientists .Needle : Muslim scientists were the first to use hypodermic needles Earth's circumference : Muslim scientists contributed to the .measurement of the earth's circumference Lathe : A machine for shaping a piece of material, such as wood or .metal. It was introduced to the West by Muslims School of pharmacy : Muslim scientists established the world's first .school of pharmacy
Trauma centers : Muslim scientists contributed to the design and .operation of the first trauma centers The diabetics : Muslim scientists were the first to observe the presence .of sugar in the urine of diabetics ( ) Glandular extracts : Muslim scientists originated the use of glandular .extracts in the treatment of endocrine diseases Deodorant : A substance applied to the skin to mask or suppress body .odors. The concept was introduced to the West by Muslims .Mercury antiseptics : A medicine developed by Muslim scientists Equations to the fourth degree : Muslim scientists contributed to the .solution of equations to the fourth degree Senna : A plant of the genus Cassia. It was introduced as a medicine to .the West by Muslims Aloe : A plant having rosettes of juicy, often spiny-margined leaves. .Muslim scientists were the first to use it for medical purposes Turmeric : The root of a tropical plant. It was introduced to the West by Muslims Coriander : An aromatic herb having parsley-like leaves. It was .introduced to the West by Muslims for use as a spice Hemophilia : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis of .hemophilia
Hemorrhage : Muslim scientists were the first to use ice and cold water .to impede or stop hemorrhage Radius of the earth : Muslim scientists contributed to the calculation of .the radius of the earth Arabic numerals : Muslim scientists contributed to the introduction of .Arabic numerals to the West Modern number theory : Muslim scientists contributed to the creation of .the modern number theory Sinus theory : Muslim scientists contributed to the invention and synthesis of the sinus theory Introduction of binomial theorem : Muslim scientists contributed to the .introduction of the binomial theorem Apogee of the sun and moon : Muslim scientists contributed to the .calculation of the apogee of the sun and moon Hospital shifts : Muslim scientists were the first to institute the procedure of morning and afternoon hospital shifts ( ) ( )953-163( )079-279 . 1691 . . Al-Azhar Mosque : Al-Azhar Mosque was built in Cairo, Egypt by Jauhar Al-Siqilli at the bidding of the Fatimid caliph Al-Mu`izz in the years 359361 A.H./970-972 A.D. It is considered one of the most famous Islamic mosques and one of the greatest centers of religious learning. Al-Azhar was named after Fatimah Al-Zahra', the Prophet's daughter. Al-Azhar became a university for the first time during the Mamluk era. Secular sciences were introduced in 1961, when it was upgraded to the status of a modern university with a number of different faculties. It has five minarets in different styles, thirteen mihrabs (Prayer niches) and a huge .library attached to the mosque
( )- Islamic Cultural Center and Mosque, London ( ) )68-69( )507-417( ) (. ) . ( The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus : The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria was built in the reign of Al-Walid bin `Abdul-Malik from 86-96 A.H./705-714 A.D. It was constructed inside a Roman temple dedicated to the god Jupiter. Its layout was a reproduction of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. It was the first mosque built in Syria that had three minarets. All four walls of the courtyard were decorated with mosaics. These mosaics were well preserved and had recently been restored. The mosque once contained an extensive library of manuscripts ( ) )05-55( )076-576( . The Great Mosque of Qairawan : The Great Mosque in Qairawan, Tunisia was founded by `Uqbah Ibn Nafi` between the years 50-55 A.H./670-675 A.D.during the Umayyad era. It was renovated on behalf of the Umayyad caliph Abdul-Malik Ibn Marwan by the Moroccan governor, who built turrets at the corners of the courtyard in order to give it a fortified appearance. It is considered one of the four great mosques in the Islamic world ( ) . Al-Masjid Al-Jami` (the Great Mosque) in Lahore : Al-Masjid Al-Jami` was founded in the 17th century during the reign of Sultan Jahangir. It has a .dome constructed of elaborately carved pieces of stone ( ) 3972 . . . The Sacred Mosque : The Sacred Mosque in Mecca was the first mosque built on earth. It was founded by Abraham and his son Ishmael in the year 2793 before the Hijrah (the Prophet's Emigration). The sacred mosque encompasses the Ka`bah, a shrine held sacred by more than 800 million Muslims, to which they are required to make Hajj (Pilgrimage). It has been renovated and expanded several times. It also .includes a comprehensive Islamic library ( )
)758 - 3541( . . . Hagia Sophie Mosque in Istanbul : Hagia Sophie was originally the most renowned church in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. The church building was constructed during the reign of the Emperor Justinian in the sixth century A.D. and was famed for its immense dome. It was richly decorated with mosaics and costly marble. After the capture of Constantinople in 1453 A.D.by Fatih Sultan Mehmet, it was converted into a mosque and continued to function as such until it became a museum during the early years of the Turkish Republic. It is surrounded by tombs of Ottoman rulers and their families, as it was always considered the premier mosque of the Ottoman Empire. Its architecture had a profound influence on the subsequent development of the .Ottoman architectural style ( ) )362 - 678( )562 - 878( ) (. . Ahmad Ibn Tulun Mosque : Ahmad Ibn Tulun Mosque in Egypt was founded by Ahmad Ibn Tulun in 876 A.D./263 A.H.and completed in 878 A.D./265 A.H.It is situated in Al-Saiydah Zainab quarter in southern Cairo, a place in which the ancient city of Al-Qata'i` was once located. The general layout of the mosque was modeled on that of the Great Mosque of Samarra. It has a minaret with spiral staircase winding .around its exterior ( ) . . . . The Sulymaniye Mosque : This outstanding structure was erected in the reign of the Sultan Sulyman Al-Qanuni. Selim I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire, was buried in a tomb to the rear of this mosque. The mosque was erected on a hill near the University of Istanbul. With its four minarets, it is considered one of the major monuments of the Islamic antiquities. The marble used in its construction was brought from the Marmara region, the Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. Hasan Celebi, the student of Ahmet Karah, the most famous of all Ottoman calligraphers, executed the Arabic inscriptions which are intermingled with colorful ceramic decoration. A huge library was constructed in the mosque complex ( ) )291 - 808( . . . . Al-Qarawiyin Mosque : Al-Qarawiyin Mosque was founded in Fez,
Morocco in 192 A.H./808 A.D. by Idris II during the Idrisid Dynasty. One of the greatest achievements of Islamic civilization, it is a center of worship and one of the most ancient universities in the world. It is now a modern university teaching religious and modern secular sciences. Its pulpit is considered a model of the outstanding beauty of Andalusian .art. Subsequent Moroccan dynasties have contributed to its renovation ( ) 12 )( - - . Amr Ibn Al-`As Mosque : `Amr Ibn Al-`As Mosque was founded by `Amr` Ibn Al-`As in 21 A.H., in the newly established city of Fustat, Egypt. Today nothing remains of its original structure. The Umayyads and the Abbasids renovated it several times. In the Fatimid era it was luxuriously .furnished and equipped with scores of lamps ( ) . Isfahan Mosque : Isfahan Mosque in Iran is also known as 'Masjid AlShah Al-Kabir'. Many scholars have been associated with this mosque ( ) The Sultan Mosque, Kuala Lumpur ( ) 0751 4751. . . The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, Turkey : The Selimiye Mosque was constructed in 1570-1574 A.D. by the Sultan Selim II. This building was the masterpiece of the great court architect Sinan. He designed many mosques, in addition to over 300 other buildings, including baths, schools, markets, caravansaries and bridges. The mosque is famous for .the perfection of its design and the quality of its decorations ( ) ) ( )1 - 226( . The Prophet's Mosque in Medina : The Prophet's Mosque in Medina was built by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 1 A.H./622 A.D. It was the second mosque in the Islamic era and the headquarters of the first Islamic government. Moreover, it is considered the center of Muslims and the symbol for their spiritual, political and intellectual unity. In this .mosque, the first Islamic constitution was laid down ( ) )4461-8561( .
Delhi Mosque : Delhi Mosque was founded by Sultan Shah Jahan in the 17th century (1644-1658 A.D.) It is the biggest mosque on the Indian subcontinent. It is built in Indian style, which combines Persian, Buddhist and Hindu architectural elements. It has two beautiful, slender .minarets, each 40 meters high ( ) )812-822( )338-348( . The Mosque of Samarra : The Mosque of Samarra was founded in Iraq by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil in the period 218-228 A.H./833-843 A.D.in Samarra, Iraq. The mosque has a minaret with a spiral staircase, with sixteen gates opening onto a courtyard. It is considered the most spacious mosque built in the Islamic world ( ) - )632 058( . . . The Mosque of Sousse : The Mosque of Sousse was built in Tunisia by Abu Al-`Abbas `Abdullah Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Ahmad Al-Aghlabi during the reign of the Aghlabids in 236 A.H./850 A.D. One of the biggest and most beautiful of the surviving ancient mosques, it occupies an important place in the history of Islamic architecture. It has a movable wooden mihrab (Prayer niche), similar to that in Al-Masjid Al-Jami` (the Great .Mosque) in Algeria and Jami` Al-Zaitunah (The Olive Mosque) in Tunis ( ) The Mosque of Salah Al-Din, Malaysia ( ) The Mosque of `Ibad Al-Rahman, Indonesia ( ) )778 - 2741( . . Qait Bay Mosque : Qait Bay Mosque was founded by Sultan Qait Bay in Egypt during the Mamluk era in 877 A.H./1472 A.D.It is now situated in Maqabir Al-Khulafa' (or the Caliphs' Cemeteries), Cairo. It is the last architectural achievement of Qait Bay, and is especially famed for the beauty of the decorations on its dome. This dome was highly praised by .the French archeologist Jaston Wiett ( ) ) ( 1 - 226 . . . . The Mosque of Quba' : The Mosque of Quba' was the first mosque built in the Islamic era. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) built it in 1 A.H./622
A.D.in Quba', about 5 km southeast of Medina. The Holy Qur'an referred to it as: "A mosque whose foundations have been laid on piety from the first day" Surah Al-Taubah (No. 9, Verse 108). The Caliph `Umar bin `Abdul-`Aziz was the first to construct a minaret on it. It has been renovated several times throughout the ages, most recently by the .Saudi Government ( ) )56-68( )486-507( . ) . ( 4551 The Dome of the Rock Mosque (Qubbat Al-Sakhrah) : The Dome of the Rock Mosque was founded by the Umayyad Caliph Abdul-Malik Ibn Marwan in Jerusalem in the period (65-86 A.H./684-705 A.D.) It was built in memoriam of the rock from which the Prophet began his ascent to heaven (Al-Mi`raj). The mosque has been renovated several times. It was .decorated with fine mosaics and Turkish faience in 1554 A.H ( ) 071 - 687. . .6321 The Great Mosque in Cordoba : The Great Mosque in Cordoba, Spain was founded during the reign of the Umayyad caliph `Abdul-Rahman AlDakhil, in 170 A.H./786 A.D.It was completed over a period of nearly two and a half centuries. This mosque is considered one of the greatest architectural achievements in the Islamic era. The famous "History Tree" was planted in the pillared court [Sahn], later known as the Court of History. The mosque was then converted into a cathedral after the Spanish conquest of Cordoba in 1236 A.D. For many years it was the greatest educational center in Europe. It has been renovated several times Linen Fibres : Used to make paper for writing )( Calligraphic exercise : These are exercises written by eminent .calligraphers for learners to take as models to better their handwriting Andalusian Modes of movement
Prolongation Suggestive Melodious rhythm 414/2301. . . . : Ibn Al-Bawwab : A very famous Arab calligrapher (died 1032 A.D.), lived during the Banu Buyid rule. He was taught at the hands of Ibn Muqlah. He used the Arabic calligraphies perfectly and added so much to them. He mastered the following: Manthur, Murassa`, Lu'lu'i, Washi, Hawashi, .Muqtarin, Mudmaj, Mu`allaq, Qasas, Musalsal )272-823/688 -049(. . . Ibn Muqla : A very famous Arab calligrapher who lived during the Abbasid rule (272-328 A.H./886-940 A.D.). He was minister for the Caliph Al-Radi Billah. He was given the nicknames "Prophet of Arabic ."Calligraphy" and "Master of Arabic Calligraphy : , , , , , The Six Pens : These are the main Arabic calligraphies: Thuluth, Riq`ah, .Naskh, Al-Rihani, Tawqi`, Muhaqqaq Perfection Characters with points and others without points Rhythm : Rhythm represents the outcome of elements such as .similitude, diversity, unity, and harmony gathered together Timurid Trend Balance : This aesthetic value is to be realized through designing the .letters' courses and directions Inward El-badie : A name given to Naskh by Ibn Muqlah
Al-Basmalah Contrast : Moving from bold fonts to other thin ones and from curved to .straight ones Transcendence Symmetry ,Harmony : Relationships between fonts whether curved, vertical .horizontal, high or low , , Diversity : This diversity is represented in letters in regard to their being bold, thin, being upward or downward, to the left or to the right. This .diversity is meant to save the reader from dullness and boredom Al-Jamiado : See also: Morisco Distinctive shape . Movement : These are the positive elements in a manuscript. As the letter, segment and word are positive elements in Arabic script, while .the in-between empty places are the negative ones (Taji (calligraphy )758 (. , , , )( )( )( )( )( Diwani : Turks introduced the Diwani script after the conquest of Constantinople by Muhammad Al-Fatih (858 A.H.). This script is derived
from the Riq`ah Supreme Office. It was used in writing the sultanic grants, permissions and the divan orders. Hence, it got its present name. Mustafa Ghazlan, the Arab calligrapher, reestablished and added to it many remarkable features and it is also named after him (Ghazlani Script). Also among its famous users were Muhammad `Abdul-Qadir and Muhammad Ibrahim (Egypt), Ibrahim Al-Rifa`I (Syria), Kamil Al-Baba (Lebanon), Muhammad Tahir Al-Kurdi (Saudi Arabia), and Hashim Al.(Baghdadi (Iraq Al-Raihani script Arabic Script , )( , Farisi : It is called Nast`aliq, taken from Naskh Ta`liq. It is an Arabic script inspired by the Persian calligraphy. The Persian calligrapher Mir `Ali Al-Tabrizi added many rules and much beauty to it. It is distinguished for the various widths of its letters and the clear .distinction of its letters Kufi script Muhaqqaq script (Maghribi (script Proportional script Hijazi Naskh Script Hilali script Darij (the Current) : The old name of Naskh Reed pen Marginal ornaments
Domination : This represents the domination of a certain part of the manuscript over its whole form in a way to attract the attention of .everyone . ) ( Siaqah (script) : Of unknown origin calligraphy used by the Persian traders (17th and 18th centuries). It is similar to the Mu`amma script. .Some of its letters are to be omitted or combined together Swastika ( ) Chalk Static Nature Infinite nature .Tughra : Signature of the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud Khan II Tomar Outwardness (Sacred art (Arabic Calligraphy (Al-Qur'ani (old name for Naskh script . . Al-Qar` : A kind of Naskh script. It is subtle, soft and more free than the Naskh in its pen movement. It has no interlaces or curves. It was used for writing signs, seals for copies of the Holy Qur'an, chronologies and .writer's name A reed pen
Totality Plain (simple) Kufi (Pearl-like cursive (Persian script Formlessness Infinitude Color : Color plays an important rule in asserting the aesthetic aspects .of the Arabic calligraphy ( ) Malachite , , , Mudejars : Muslims who remained in Spain after it had been reconquered by the Christians. They stuck to their Arab traditions and .transferred the Arab heritage to Europe Mozarabs, (Arabized Christians) : Christians who lived with Muslims in Andalusia and adopted certain aspects of Arab culture and used their .language. They also showed great care for the Arabic letter Visual plane Deceptive appearances Al-Mu`amma (vague) : A phrase written in an artistic way that makes it .hard to read Geometrical equivalent Module
( , ) Morisco : Muslims who remained in Spain after the fall of Granada. They used a Romance dialect (taken from Latin). They used Arabic letters ."called "Al-Jamiado Nabato-Arameen Proportions : Measurement and proportionality found in writing letters .and words Unity and Harmony : Integrity of the calligraphic piece of work Fluidity () (Aerial fluidity (Persian Calligraphy Fusion (1940 - 1879) Paul Klee : A famous Swiss artist (1879 - 1940) who was inspired by the .Arabic letter in his abstract works Primordial -2 : "1- -4 3- Sharpening of the reed pen : A process of preparation for the reed pen to use in inscription. It goes in four steps: Fath (slashing) : In solid pens it is shorter, 2- Naht (scraping): This is to scrape the edges and bottom of a pen. 3- Shaq (cutting): This is to open a cut in the pen's tip, The cut's length is determined according to the pen's solidness. 4- Qat .((chamfering Limitation
Geometric interlacing Inscription Phrase sequence Interlacement : To connect by or as if by lacing together Contemplative Implications Farisi Talisman Chant Disparity : This is the disparity between the spiritual illumination and .arts of calligraphy through the Ottoman era Prolongation Preference Dotting (Pointing) of letters Signature Fragment . ( ) Rosetta Stone : A large tablet of basalt found near Rosetta (1799 A.D.). Its polished surface has been carved with Greek, hieroglyphic and demotic characters. Thanks to that tablet it was possiple to decipher the .Egyptian hieroglyphics Precincts of text Letter
Semi-talking characters (Thuluth (calligraphy (Al-Jalil (Script )0021 (. )5221 ( , )2721( Riq`ah script : During the regimes of Sultan Sulaiman Al-Qanuni and `Abdul-Hamid I (1200 A.H.), Riq`ah script progressed much. The Turkish calligrapher Abu Bakr Mumtaz bin Mustafa Afandi (1225 A.H.), is considered as the theorist of this script as he devoted himself to study its characters and letters and laid down certain measurements and proportions. It was known as Hamayon Script (1272). It spread all over the Ottoman Empire and replaced the Naskh Script, which then became almost sacred as it was used for writing copies of the Holy Qur'an and .Prophetic Hadith )( Chikestah : This is a way of writing that emerged at the early days of the 11th century, during the reign of the Saffauid State (Iran). It was used in writing the rulings and messages. First, it was called Chikestah Ta`liq, .then, it became Chikestah Nasta`liq ( ) Qiramuz script : The script from which the Farisi one is derived .((uncertain Epigraphy Precise Tip : Pointed tip of pen or feather Monotonous Calligram
Parchment Symbolism () (Graphic emblems (Turkish Script Epigraphic Blazon : A writing emblem or mark that includes the sultan's .name, titles of honor and is written on all his properties (Zulfa `Arus (calligraphy ( ) Vitriol Nib Strokes Arboreal Palmette .Squirrel Hair : A material for making brushes for writing and painting Cipher Rhomboid Beauty of scripts Echo
Arabic Gum : Gum extracted from some acacia trees in Istanbul used in medicine and art Sacred formula (Proportionment (of letters Implicit Monogram Pigment , Gallnut : Tannic acid, used in ink, is extracted from it () (Magic knots (Turkish script Vowel points Vowel point (mark) : Any mark added to the letter to show its correct .pronunciation ) 004( , : , , , , , , , , , , Ilm Al-Kitabah (Science of Script) : Title of the study made by Abu` Hayian Al-Tawhidi (died in 400 A.H.) in which he mentioned the Kufi Script types known during his life. They were 12: Isma`ili, Malaki, Madani, Andalusi, Shami, `Iraqi, `Abbasi, Baghdadi, Musha`ab, Rihan, .Mujawwad, and Misri . . Ghubar Al-Halabah (calligraphy) : Very small and short script, written in the form of compressed circles. It was derived from Al-Riqa` and Naskh. It used to be written on very small pieces of paper.It was given the name Qalam Al-Janah (Calligraphy of the Wing) for it was used in writing .messages carried by the homing pigeons
Calligraphy Qur'anic Calligraphy Phoenician Reed Diagonally Colophon : An inscription placed usually at the end of a manuscript, .giving facts about its writer, publisher, author and date of writing Standard Proportions : Laid down by Ibn Muqlah (Perfect (description of Naskh Interlaced inscriptions Mirrored lettering Calligraphy with human face Calligraphy with human shapes Cryptography : Science of translating messages into ciphers or codes (Phonetic transliteration (Arabic Script Anthropomorph
Pictographic calligraphy Kufic writing Pseudo-kufic decoration : Ornaments seem to be writings in Kufic script .but are not Cursive script Inscription Contour Kufic (Square Kufi (calligraphy Floral Kufi Kufic plaited Foliate Kufi () (Azurite (blue color Allah Frontispiece Lithography Softness Concentric
Orthogonal Explosive Symmetrical (Muhkam (Moroccan calligraphy . )809 ( 71 . Muhammad ibn Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmed ibn `Umar Al-Taibi AlShafi`i : One of the outstanding figures of Arabic calligraphy. He wrote an important book (908 A.H.) in which he described 17 types of Arabic calligraphy. This manuscript was found in the treasury of the Sultan Al.Ghuri, the last Mamluk sultan who was killed in the Marj Dabiq Battle Angular outlines Manuscript Cursive (Trembling (tremble (Murassa` (Inlaid Flexibility Cuneiform : A character or characters formed by the arrangement of small wedge-shaped elements and used in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, .Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian writing Trimmed Calligraphic exercise
Space handling : Matching between letters in complete conformity and .harmony (Moderate (description of Naskh script Truncated pen Pencase : Small case for holding and keeping pens Touch Feel Features Curves Proportional (Organized and well-ordered (description of Naskh Miniaturist Luminous Nabatean Proportion Nasta`liq Naskh Radii
Dot Geometry Lucid Explicit Legible ) ( (Wafir (Moroccan script Recto Aesthetic Unity Papyrus Plenitude Circumscribe Backed brick Kiln brick Headers Vistas Basin Dimensions
Rotating doors Monument : A structure, such as a building or sculpture, erected as a memorial Precious stones Flutes " " Ground Column " . " Threshold Star patterns Style Precincts , Apse Iconic Needle-like " " Stile Frieze
Cornice Eaves : A decorative horizontal band, as along the upper part of a wall in a room Compositions Rotundity Three dimensions Axonometric projection " )( 03 . Isometric projection Trap door Sculptured decoration " . " Spandrel Ground floor Riser Majestic sweep Naval architecture Dovetail Plumb line
Alveolus Parabola Ogive Main entrance Span Al-Aqsa Mosque Sassanian prototype Decorative motifs Anhydrite Staircase Trap door Secret door Portcullis Postern False door Sliding door
Intermediate door Bazaar Basement Shaft Pier Tower Turret Bastion Watchtower Pool Bulb Slip Intrados Court Rock crystal Polygonal masonry
Stone masonry . Dry walling Hall " " Peristyle Hypostyle Arcade Portal Porphyry Elliptical Egg and anchor "" Capital Bulbous capital " 0361 )2361-4561( " (Taj Mahal (the crown of the locality Alternative Pavement
Parquetry Frieze " " Recess Grooves Packing Rustication Sketch Cruciform Quarries : Glaze or ware boards used as covering of windows or any surface Restoration )( Schematic form Brick design Geometrical expression Joint Curve of a dome " " Pointing
Revetment Brick dressing Setting Arrow slit Material heaviness Octagonal Bilobed Cemetery Gesso Gypsum : A widespread colorless, white, or yellowish mineral, used in the manufacture of plaster of Paris, various plaster products, and .fertilizers Retaining wall Drawbridge Window sill Balustrade Annex "(" ). Pavilion
Flight of stairs Bailey )4341 ( Gur Emir Transversal wall Screening wall Edging Rim Screen Quoin Dressing stone Ashlar stone Rusticated stone Horseshoe arch " " Wrought iron Fortress
Debris Shed Slanted carving Excavations Arena Roundels Moldings Archivault Hoodmold Scotia " " Niche Arch Vault Curve Eaves Courtyard Pendentive
Khan Bay Bay window " " Skyline " " Torus Moat Wicket Trap Basket-work Imaret : A room for eating Anta Bust flying butteress Compound pier Pile " " Pendent Vestibule
Corridor Acme Spire Cap Quadrangle Precinct Roominess Enclosure Anteroom Marble " " Variegated marble Lobby Anteroom Underglazed painting Diagram Landing Drum
Bracket Pillar Rafters Porch Sanctuary Cloister Blind lantern Alley " " Fascia To adorn Lintel Window blind Parapet Hexagonal ) ( Hexafoil Crypt
Catacomb )( Cypress Edge Soffit : . . Plinth Wooden Scaffolding Ceiling Gable roof Inclined roof )( Gable roof Spiral stair Pilaster Buttress " " Pediment Loft Attic Barricades
.Astragal : A narrow convex molding often having the form of beading City wall Curtain wall Pole " " Tombstone Archeological evidence Blind window Bull's eye window Ocular window " " Bull's eye window Grille window " " Splay window Reticulate " " Traceries " " Window grille
" " Fanlight Merlon Battlement Oriental Flap Loophole Form Crestings Post Gallery Cut rock Monumental building Edifice Colonnade " . " Portico Adamantine Masonry
Faucet Voussoirs Joggled vousoirs Arch stone Massive Mausoleum Mezzanine Lunette arch Fort Scalloped niche Star polygon Socle Knocker Daubing Spire " " Spiral Apex
Aisle Cornice Brick )( Adobe Hollowed Brick Fired brick Dried brick Perforated brick Air-dried brick Baked brick Glazed brick Plastic Tester Architrave Crenelations Decagonal
Jamb Jamb post Vault ) ( Groin vault Intersecting vault Cusped arch Elliptical arch Barrel vault Relieving arch Acute arcade ) ( Horse-shoe arch Cinquefoil arch Shouldered arch Intersecting vault " " Squinch arch Tripartite squinch
Lancet arcade Horseshoe arch Stilted arch Keel arcade ) ( Segmental arch Ogive : Pointed arch Dropped arch Multifoil arcade Undulating arch Rampant arch Equilateral arch Skew arch Parabolic arcade Relieving arch Equilateral arch Ogee arch
Thrust of arch Pointed arch Cusped arch Lancet arch Transversed arch Flat arch Flat arch Broken arch Ogee arch Broken arch Bell arcade Semicircular arch )( Triangular arch Foliated arch Trefoil arch Interlaced arcade Undulating arches
Agate Rectangular Baluster Corner post Corinthian Column Colossal order Rusticated Column " " Engaged column Twisted Column Coupled Column Guardrooms Rumpus room Entrance Room Aperture Louver Slit Canopy
Fountain Roomy Sculpture Banister Newel Pedestal Base of column Reed mold Dome Square dome Shallow dome Gadrooned dome Barrel vault " " Cross vault Cross vault " " Double vault
. Cupola Honeycomb )( Alhambra Tesserae ) ( Cavetto Flight of stairs Citadel Summit Pinnacle Lunette Cone Kiln . Arch Conduits " " Stylobates Convex cyma Concave cyma
Fashioning Modeling Architrave Joist Beam : Any of the parallel horizontal beams set from wall to wall to support the boards of a floor or ceiling Alcove Lantern aperture Chalet Ancon " " Stretchers Stone cist Volute Scroll Helmet-form minaret Rotunda Rubble
Ramparts " " Uniaxial Bulwark Equilateral Polygon Winding Model Spherical triangle " " Triangular prisms Duct , "" Foundation complex Building complex Concave ,Mihrab : Almost all prayer niches are concave from inside the mosque thus the name Mihrab means concave Concave
Keep Shelter Openwork Anchor Layout : An arrangement or a plan, especially the schematic .arrangement of areas Scheme of orientation )( (Balcony (of minaret Rubble courses Access Entrance Main entrance Triple entrance ) ( Bent entrance Course of building materials " " Lawn Ramp Stairway Corbelled
Bolt Machicolation Oblong Transverse Garret Trowel " . " Plan Abode Convex Grille Pattern Shrine Molded Stone bench seat Prayer room
Depicted " " Stucco Hospice " ) ( Joggle : A joint between two pieces of building material formed by a notch and a fitted projection Flagstone Castle Console Architectonic Light-flooded Keystone Hinge " " Stalactites : An icicle-shaped mass of calcite that hangs from the roof of a cave Cabin Seating box Lodge " " Spatula
Truncated Vaulted Cube " " Plaster Passage Minaret Dormitory Skylights Spring of arch Pulpit Bombe Spiral ramp Catenary curve Hewn Concordant Chevrons ) (
Loggia Belvedere Perspective Bird's eye view Ant's eye view Ordered Columns Confrontation Cyma ,Mortar : Any of various bonding materials used in masonry, surfacing and plastering, especially a plastic mixture of cement or lime, sand, and water that hardens in place and is used to bind together bricks or stones "
