AR 2009 Psycho Physiology of Stress SYMP- PARASYMP

8/2/2019 AR 2009 Psycho Physiology of Stress SYMP- PARASYMP

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Psychophysiology of Stress and RelaxationPsychophysiology of Stress and Relaxation

By: Dr. Ernesto Sh. Korenman, MayBy: Dr. Ernesto Sh. Korenman, May 20092009

Take it easy.Take it easy.

Dr. Ernesto Sh. Korenman,Dr. Ernesto Sh. Korenman, 20082008

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Various studies show thatVarious studies show that 6565%%--8080%%of all doctor visits have stress as aof all doctor visits have stress as asignificant componentsignificant component

heart diseaseheart disease

chronic fatiguechronic fatigue

anxiety attacksanxiety attacks

mood swingsmood swings

psychologicalpsychologicaldistressdistress

depressiondepressionsleep problemssleep problems

fluflu

virusesviruses

headachesheadaches

migrainesmigraines

alcoholismalcoholismsmokingsmoking--relatedrelated

respiratory alimentsrespiratory aliments

high bloodhigh blood

pressurepressure

eating disorderseating disorderspeptic ulcerspeptic ulcers

poor immunepoor immunefunctionfunction

chronic painchronic paincoldscolds


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PerceptionPerception


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AwarenessAwareness


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ExpectationExpectation

What is Stress?What is Stress?6

A negative emotional experienceA negative emotional experience

accompanied by predictable:accompanied by predictable:

biochemical,biochemical,physiological,physiological,cognitive, andcognitive, and

behavioral changesbehavioral changes

that are directed either towardsthat are directed either towardsaltering the stressful event oraltering the stressful event or

accommodating to its effects.accommodating to its effects.Baum,Baum, 19901990



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What is Stress?What is Stress?7

1.1. Emotional aspectEmotional aspect

2.2. Physiological aspectPhysiological aspect

3.3. BehaviouralBehavioural aspectaspect


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Sources of StressSources of Stress

PhysicalPhysical Actual physical illActual physical ill--health or harmhealth or harm

PsychologicalPsychological Anticipation of physical harmAnticipation of physical harm

Anticipation of damage to selfAnticipation of damage to self--esteem,esteem,social standing, important relationshipssocial standing, important relationships


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Stress responseStress response Aversive stimuli can elicit emotionalAversive stimuli can elicit emotional

responses:responses: Behavioral component: Fight or FlightBehavioral component: Fight or Flight

responseresponse

Autonomic component: SympatheticAutonomic component: Sympatheticactivationactivation

Endocrine component: secretion ofEndocrine component: secretion ofepinephrine, NEepinephrine, NE

Level of Stress is determined by personLevel of Stress is determined by person--environment fit:environment fit:

Depends upon how an event is appraised, and whether theDepends upon how an event is appraised, and whether the

person perceives themselves as possessing the resourcesperson perceives themselves as possessing the resourcesneeded to respond to the event successfully.needed to respond to the event successfully.



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Parts of the Nervous SystemParts of the Nervous System


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Parts of Nervous SystemParts of Nervous System


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Parts of Nervous SystemParts of Nervous System



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Autonomous Nervous SystemAutonomous Nervous System


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The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System


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Rest & DigestRest & Digest Fight or FlightFight or Flight

Resting HomeostasisResting Homeostasis Stress ResponderStress Responder

BrakesBrakes AcceleratorAccelerator

Point to pointPoint to point Systemic Fire AlarmSystemic Fire Alarm

ParasympatheticParasympathetic SympatheticSympathetic

Autonomic Nervous System BranchesAutonomic Nervous System Branches



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Central Autonomic CentersCentral Autonomic Centers


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HypothalamusHypothalamus



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Blood PressureBlood Pressure

WaterWater balancebalance

ShiveringShivering

FeedingFeeding

SatietySatiety

Body TemperatureBody Temperature


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Autonomic neural pathwaysAutonomic neural pathways


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Visceral ReflexVisceral Reflex



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HomeostasisHomeostasis


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Physiology of Stress ResponsePhysiology of Stress Response


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ThalamusThalamusCortexCortex

HyppocampusHyppocampus

MedullaMedullaCerebellumCerebellum


AmygdalaAmygdala

Emotional BrainEmotional Brain

1122



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The Brain and the Stress ResponseThe Brain and the Stress Response1.1. AAsensory nervesensory nerve registers aregisters a

stressful message.stressful message.

2.2. The message arrives to thalamusThe message arrives to thalamusand from there to the cortex (forand from there to the cortex (for

mental processing) and to themental processing) and to thelimbic systemlimbic system (for emotional(for emotionalassessment)assessment)..

3.3. TheThe thalamusthalamus then stimulates thethen stimulates thehypothalamus.hypothalamus.

4.4. TheThe hypothalamus,hypothalamus, in turn,in turn,activates theactivates the endocrine systemendocrine systemand theand the sympathetic nervoussympathetic nervoussystem.system. This action is what initiatesThis action is what initiatesthe stress reactivity.the stress reactivity.



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Stress ResponseStress Response

11 22

HYPAC axisHYPAC axis SAM systemSAM system

aa

bb

cc

bb

aa

cc

30

11

22

aa

bb

cc

aa

bb

cc

Stress ResponseStress Response



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1.1. HYPACHYPAC activation ofactivation of

leading to release ofleading to release of

stress hormonesstress hormones

((cortisolcortisol))

2.2. SAMSAM activation whichactivation which

increases release ofincreases release of

norepinephrinenorepinephrine andand

epinephrineepinephrine

Physiology of Stress ResponsePhysiology of Stress Response

Triune Autonomic Nervous System Triune Autonomic Nervous System by Johnby John ChittyChitty

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Parasympathetic :Parasympathetic : TheThe PolyvagalPolyvagal TheoryTheoryTwo branches of theTwo branches of the vagusvagus forfor

different adaptive behavioraldifferent adaptive behavioral

strategies (facial expression,strategies (facial expression,

vocalization, listening, muscularvocalization, listening, muscular

posture)posture)

Mobilization systemMobilization system: promotes calm: promotes calmbehavioral states by inhibiting thebehavioral states by inhibiting the

sympathetic (fightsympathetic (fight--flight), Based onflight), Based on

modern mammalmodern mammal myelinatedmyelinated fibers.fibers.

Immobilization systemImmobilization system that producethat produce

a behavioral shut down (e.g.,a behavioral shut down (e.g.,

feigning death,feigning death, vasovaso--vagalvagal syncope,syncope,

etc. Based onetc. Based on phylophylo--geneticallygeneticallyprimitive system (primitive system (unmyelinatedunmyelinated

fibersorfibersor as in other vertebrates.as in other vertebrates.


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Short term effects of StressShort term effects of Stress

Release ofRelease of CatecholaminesCatecholamines::

Increase cardiovascular responseIncrease cardiovascular response

Increase respirationIncrease respiration

Increase perspirationIncrease perspiration

Release of Corticosteroids:Release of Corticosteroids:

Increase access to energy storageIncrease access to energy storage Increase of Protein and Fat mobilizationIncrease of Protein and Fat mobilization Decrease inflammationDecrease inflammation


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Long term effects of chronic stressLong term effects of chronic stress

Adrenal exhaustionAdrenal exhaustion

High blood pressure (High blood pressure (----> stroke, heart attacks)> stroke, heart attacks)

Loss of neurons in brain (e.g.Loss of neurons in brain (e.g. hippocampalhippocampal fieldfieldCACA11))

Suppression of the immune system (Suppression of the immune system (----> illness)> illness)

Suppression of the inflammatory system (delaysSuppression of the inflammatory system (delayshealing)healing)

Prolonged excess glucose availabilityProlonged excess glucose availability ----> diabetes> diabetes

(dysfunction in normal regulatory(dysfunction in normal regulatorymechanisms for stress)mechanisms for stress)

Panic disorderPanic disorder

Obsessive Compulsive DisorderObsessive Compulsive Disorder

Post traumatic stress disorderPost traumatic stress disorder

PhobiasPhobias

Generalized Anxiety DisorderGeneralized Anxiety Disorder

Collectively, effectCollectively, effect 1010--1515% of population.% of population.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders


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Courtesy of the Erikson Institut e, ChicagoStress can be studied byStress can be studied by

measuring the stressmeasuring the stress

hormonehormone cortisolcortisol

Cortisone can be measured inCortisone can be measured insmall samples of childrenssmall samples of childrens

salivasaliva

Children dip cottonChildren dip cotton

dental rolls in a fewdental rolls in a few

grains of sweet crystalsgrains of sweet crystals

and lick off the sweet tasteand lick off the sweet taste

Like dip stick candyLike dip stick candy



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Coping Babysitters Who were:Coping Babysitters Who were:

Sensitive and ResponsiveSensitive and Responsive Cold and DistantCold and Distant


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Sensitive/Response Care bySensitive/Response Care by BabysittersBabysitters BuffersBuffers

Stress Hormones inStress Hormones in 99--monthmonth--oldsolds

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Sensitive/Responsive CareSensitive/Responsive CareHigh LowHigh Low


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The EndThe End


AR 2009 Psycho Physiology of Stress SYMP- PARASYMP

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