AQUIFER SYSTEM AND GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL OF KARWAN-SENGAR SUB-BASIN IN DISTRICT ALIGARH DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF jfJlas^ter of ^Iiilogoplip IN BY TAQVEEM Abl KHAN DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH, (INDIA) 1990
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AQUIFER SYSTEM AND GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL OF KARWAN-SENGAR SUB-BASIN
IN DISTRICT ALIGARH
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF
jfJlas^ter of ^Iiilogoplip IN
BY
TAQVEEM Abl KHAN
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH, (INDIA)
1990
DS1927
f^^'^'"^'"'
^i^" \
V\''P K-/,.
J>5
DEDICATED TO
MY PARENTS
Re(. No.
D E P A R T M E N T O F G E O L O G Y ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH-202 002
PHONE : ( 0 5 7 1 ) 2 5 6 1 5 TELEX ; 564 230-AMU-IN
Dated-
0 E R. T i.e..L_(J A T K
This is t,o certify that Mr. Taqveem Ali Khan has
completed his dissertation on " Aquifer System and
Groundwater Potential of Karwan-Sengar sub-basin in
District Aligarh" for the award of M.Phil under my
supervision.
( Mohammad Sami Ahmad Reader in Hydrogeology Department of Geology •
Aligarh Muslim University. Aligarh
AaKWML£DS£UENT
I wish to place on record my sincere thanks to wy
supervisor Mr. Mohammad Sami Ahmad, Reader in Hydrogeology,
Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,
under whose able guidence and constant encouragement this
dissertation work has been completed.
I am thankful to Prof. S.H. Israili, Chairman,
Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh for kindly providing
me the necessary facilities for the completion of this work.
Thanks are also due to Mr. Salimuddin Ahmad,
Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh, for his help he
extended in all the cartographic work.
I acknowledge my indebtness to my colleages,
Mr. Akram All, Mr. Rashid Umar, Mr. Ahmad S. Siddiqui and
Mr. Adil Abba si for their help and valuable suggestion at
every stage during the investigation.
I owe my special thanks to my friends,
Mr. Moizuddin, Mr. waseequddin Ahmad, Mr. Mohd. Muqeet and
Mr. Akram Javed for their help and co-operation.
At last but not least, I express my deep sence of
obligation to my friend Mr. Zafar Hasan for bringing out the
manuscript through computer.
( TAQVEEM ALl KHAN } X c c ^
CLXJJl-XJiJiJLS
LIST OF TAiJLES.
LIST OF PLATES.
LIST OF APPEDICES,
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
GEOLOGY
HYDROGEOLOGY
GROONDWATER BALANCE
HYDROCHEMISTRY
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
1
8
14
20
33
41
60
65
68
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Result of Statistical analysis of annual rainfall at Aligarh, Tehsil Kol, Distt. Aligarh.
Table 2. Result of drought analysis at Aligarh, Tehsil Kol, Distt. Aligarh.
Table 3. Estimate of groundwater balance available for future development in Aligarh city Distt.Aligarh.
Table 4. Drinking water standards
Table 5. Guide to the quality of irrigation water.
Table 6. Quality classification of irrigation water.
Table 7. Trace element tolerance limit of irrigation water as proposed by FWPCF (1968) and Ayer's and Branson (1975).
Table 8. Classification of water on the basis of hardness.
LIST OF PLATES
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
I
II
III
IV
V
Plate VI
Plate
Plate
VII
VIII
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
Map shoiwng location of study Area.
Isohyetal map of Aligarh District.
Departure of annual rainfall from mean annual rainfall.
Soil map of Aligarh City, District Aligarh, U.P.
Sub-surface geological cross-section along Saleempur, Aligarh, Kasganj, Ujhani in parts of Central Ganga basin.
Map of Aligarh City, District Aligarh (U.P.).
Fence diagram showing aquifer disposition in Aligarh City.
Lithological correlation of the bore-hole logs showing aquifer disposition in Aligarh City along A-B.
Correlation along C-D.
Correlation along E-F.
Correlation along G-H.
Depth to water level map of Distt. Aligarh, U.P (June, 1989).
Depth of water level map of Aligarh City, District Aligarh, U.P.(Nov, 1989).
Water table contour map of Aligarh City, District Aligarh, U.P. (Pre-monsoon).
Water table contour map of Aligarh city. District Aligarh, U.P. (Post-Monsoon).
Hydrograph of a permanent network station in Aligarh city, Distt. Aligarh, U.P.
Water level fluctuation map of Aligarh city, Distt. Aligarh, U.P.
Plate XVIII
Plate XIX
Plate XX
Plate XXI
Plate XXII
Plate XXIII
Plate XXIV
Declining trend of water level map in Aligarh city, Distt. Aligarh. U.P.
Grading curves of the aquiper material.
Specific conductance of groundwater in Aligarh city, Distt. Aligarh.U.P.
Distribution of chloride in shallow groundwater in Aligarh city, Distt. Aligarh. U.P.
Distribution of total Hardness in shallow groundwater in Aligarh city, Distt. Aligarh, U.P.
Diagram showing plots of SAP. Values against E.C Values (U.S Salinity diagram).
Diagram showing plots of sodium percent against E.C Values (Wilcox diagram).
LIST QF APPENDICES
Appendix 1(A) Annual rainfall (in mm) at Aligarh rain gauge station, Distt. Aligarh.
Appendix 1(B) Statistical analysis of rainfall data
Appendix II Lithological logs of boreholes drilled by the state Tubewell Department in Aligarh city.
Appendix III Hydrogeological data of dugwells inventoried in Aligarh city.
Appendix IV(A) Result of mechanical analysis of the aquifer material (sample No.l)
Appendix IV(B) Result of mechanical analysis of the aquifer material (sample No.2)
Appendix V(A) Result of partial chemical analysis of water samples collected from observation well network station in Aligarh city, in ppm.
Appendix V(B) Result of partial chemical analysis of water samplecollected from observation well network station in Aligarh city, in epra.
Appendix VI Trace element data of water samples collected from dugwells of Aligarh city in ppm.
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
Without doubt, watnr is vitiU for all living boings. Ar,
wo l-now, the earliest civilisations flouriished alonq the
rivc r bainl'S vii'., Me'^^opotamna bptWG->f?n fagritj and Luphratus,
tho Indus valley civilisation along tho river Indus and
t;hinesF-> cji V I ] icat ion along Yellt)w rivGr. i-lowever, with tht
inereaso in demand, man started search for atJditional water
I't->sourcr'S and discoverd groundwator <\hout 5000 yc->ai's bar ( .
Groundwater is the largest available source of
^ re'->hw-iier on the- earth. It will not be too long be-fore fresh
water tat=>comes the limiting factor- m biological, economic And
<i>ocac\l growth throughout the world. Ihe^refore, it behoves us
to seel- methods, system*; and policies Lo improve national an<J
global admim si r a I; ion of water resources = Utmost c ar c has,
there f<jro, to be e;!ercised m the e); pi oration, development
and manatjement of ttus pr"ecious resource. In nr"der to evolve
a pragmatic and scientific plan for the management of
groundwater resources, one needs to quantify the?
characterstic hydrogeolog ical , liydrometeorol og ical ,
hydrcjl ogicaJ , hydrogecjchemi cal and relevant parameters. Thus,
a precise evaluation of groundwater resource of an area or a
basin becomes an ejst.ential pre~r ec uj si te for its propfM-
devolopmont and managemc-^nt for various usr?s and its
conser vation.
As ttie population is mcrtiasing, the food grain
requirement is also increasing. If these two are not I-ept m
a proportion, by the turn of this ce>n tur y ttiere will ba -food
scarcity m India. Go, to meet the food and fibre
requirements adequately, India has to increase the crop
production to 325 millxon tons as against tht3 present 179
million tons per annum. Thert^ ii> a neetl +or bold si'ratogic
planning to maintain i:ho mom{"n turn o-f "Green Revolution"
(Vohra, 1985).
Irrigation it an important e^Jomont m aqricui tur *"•» input
m soil-crop-water system to raise the? production. I his is
why hirjh priority has L)ec?n (jivt.Hi to wator rewource
development in our plans . Surface water and groundwater ar (.
the two fomponf>nLs Lindf>r water resources development
progmmme.
llroundwai er which contribiites a r.onsi de rata] e part o4
irrigation potential created in the country is, therefore, of
vital 1 mptjr 1 nnce,, The fact ttial ou+ o-f the -lotal feasabJe
irrigation potential by all sources of J 1 ." million hectares
m the country ttie share o-f the qi-oundwate^r is 4 ).?"'; million
hectares, it clearly indicates the impor-tance of groundwater
rc^sources an providing arriqation m the country (Pathak,
1985).
The ach t evemen ts so fcir m developing groundwater to
meet the irrigation needs m the country -a^rc commendable.
Liesides, the e)tressxve application of surface water has
resulted m water logging and soil salmisation m all 76
ce-\nal command areas m ttie country. In al] such situations
detailed hydrogeological studios involving the amount of
seepage and management of groundwater resE'rvoir are very
essential. Conductive use of surface and groundwater will
greatly help to actnove ttie safe and optimum utilisation of
wator m such areas. The situation demands a fresh loal- on
nil our cjr oundwator resources m the country. "I Ins
necessitates precise ovaluaLxon of groundwater resources even
i\\ smalJest level of a villagu / BiocI- / city.
Fof re-fmed quantitative resource evalijatinn and to
delineate harmonious hydr ocjeoloqical framewori- rif the wholr-*
country, micro-level hydrogeoloqical investigation appears to
he ind L<: per sabie. Blori- lev^H r>r ci^y level, hydr ogeol orj jca!
survey becomes a.n essential pre-requisite m this bacMJrap.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
I f-- eping this in view, groundwater j nvestigation of
AJigarh City was under tat en in order to (Jelmeate the aquifer
<>ystem down to the taeriroci and to evali.iaLe their groundwater
resource potential and the quality of groundwater for
domestic, mdut.trial and irragational uses.
LOCATION. EXTENT AND COMMUNICATION
All gar h i^> orie of the most pr ommc-^nt cities of the
(janga- Yamuna doab and forms a part of the Central Ganga
b-T>in. It IS undcrlajin by the Uuaternai'y alUivium comprising
sand, silt and clay. It falls m the sub ~trapic<^l climatic
rones of India. It consists of throe physiographic units, the
Western and tZastern uplands and the Central depression. The
Aligarh city, lies between I-arwan river an the West and
Sengar river m the East and is spread over an area of 152
sql-m and as bounded in the North by hhair and an thc-> South by
Iglas Fehsils of Aligarh District.
II: lie=> betwc?en the latitude :J7"50'and TS' N and the
Junyitude 78° and "/S' S' E, and falls m the survey of India
tQpo<-;heet number r54 I/l (plate~l). The city is Iml-ed with
Delhi <-ind Kanpur through the C-jf eind TrunI- road i s well a<i> by
the Railways.
PREVIOUS WORK
"I fie (•\i'ea ha<b been shidied by the Rooloqical Hurvey of
fndia m the late suities, which are di<->cussed as follows.
Dutt (1969) studied I he hydrorjeol ocjy of the Aljgarh
District and concluded that the aquifers B.r<--i interconnected
m nattirea lUs worl- w< s o-i generalised natui'e as it pertairied
to the study of the whole district rather than specific
basin„
Nazeer and Fahmi (1986) sludged the hydrog€?o3 ogy and
the groundwater resource potential of the A.MJJ. Campus.. They
delineated the oqui(sr system in the area through a fence
diagram down to the taedroci- and tiirough the hydrogeoloqica ]
c ross-sDctions „ ALI (1987) studied in duta\il the hyrirogefjlogy
of the &reo lying around the A.H.U. Campus. He also
rielineated the aquifer system, and water quality m the
Campus and around. However, Ahmad & Ali (1990) studied in
parts the hydrogeology of Aligarh city and they delineated
the gruundwaiter trough m the southern p£*i'1 of ttie city as a
resultant effect of excessive withdrawals. As, the ground
w£\tor IS the only source of water supply in the city. The
heavy withdrawal of groundwc^ter has recently resulted in
water level decline in the city and environ airound it.
77*30
f AS'
.\.-f' I
Plate
78*0 15 30' ,57 DfSTRICT BOUNDARY TEHSIL BOUNDARY
W?0 STUDY A R E A ] •» ^•" c , ^ ^ .
r- > IGLAS f ^
I O (
Km / , ^ J H A T H R A S ^ /
s o iSIKANDRARAO
r" 5 0 5 10 15 I I L_L_I
Km
27 AS"
2 7: 30
LOCATION MAP OF THE STUDY AREA DISTRICT ALIGARH, U.P.
Besides, determining the aquifer geometry and water quality,
the rate of decline per year and remedici. 1 measure to contain
the situation remains to be done.
The present study comprises reconnaissance survey
•f'ol lowed by the detailed hydrogeological investigation,
involving setting up of 50 observation wells network,
collection of hydrogeological data and Wciter samples from the
d u g w e 11 s „ R e p e a t w a t e r 1 e v e 1 m e a s u r s m e n t d u r i n g t h e p r e a n (:;l
post-mansoon periods were carried out during 1989.
Sand samples from a drilling site in the arcssn were
collected and mechanically analysed and their hydrological
p a ram e t r e s were s t u d i e d.
In all 29 water samples of dug wells were collected., The
water samples were chemically analysed in order to study the
chemical quality of the ground waiter in the area. Out of 29
samples, 6 samples were analysed for the trace element
studies and 23 samples were studied for the major ions.
On the basis of the data collected, soil map of the
area was prepare?d «
Rain f a 11 data were co 11 ec ted , pre:)cessed , p 1 o11ed and ,
analysed, and the frequency of drought analysis were made on
the basis of the departure from the normal.
The hydrogeological data were processed and utilised
for the preparaition of depth to water level, waiter level
fluctuation and, water table contour maps of the area. In
ordejr to depict the aquifer disposition penal diagram and
various hydrogeological cross-sections were prepared.
I
The results of the chemical analysis we;re utilized in
the preparation of specific conductance, isochlore and
hardness maps. Besides, sodium percentage diagram, U.S.
Salinity diagram were also prepared. Moreover, water balance
study of the? arBs. was also carried out to estimate the
utilizable groundwater resource potential and also to suggest
remedial measures to contain the declining trend of the water
table. Finally, all these were utilised in the quantitative
and quailitative evaluation of the groundwater resourcces of
the study area in the form of the present dissertation.
CHAPTER - II
PHYSIOGRAPHY &
DRAINAGE
PHYSIOGRAPHY
The arect under i n v e o s t i g a t o i n may be de^vided i n t o two
d i s t i n c t p h y s i o g r a p h i c u n i t s .
1. Central Depression.
2. Western Upland.
3. .. Central Depression
West of the upper Ganga canal lies a broad centraxl
depression continuing throughout the Tehsil from NW to SE
bounded roughly by upper Ganga canal on one side and G raind
Trunk Road on the other.
It is charaxcterised by a heavy clay soil, imperfect
natural drainage and numerous lakes in which the surface
water collects without finding an cid equate outlet. In
consequences of the resultant saturation, the fertility is
ma^rred by frequent stretches of bai.rren usa^rs and soil
sa 1 in isa t ion pa. tc hes .
The d express ion appE>ars to be caxrved out by any big
river. Another possibility regarding the origin of this
depression is attributed to a saigging in the bedrock
topography, which was latter filled up by the Gannga a.nd its
t r i b u t a r i e s . T' h e 1 e v e 1 v a r i e s f i'- o m M W t o S E with a n a. v e r a g e
gradient of 0.26 meter/ki lomete^r«
2.Western Upland
Beyond the central depression the surfc:ice rises up
which forms the Western upland. The G.T. Roa d passes over
this upla\nd.
It is charaicterised by sajndy to sandy loam. In the
North-West, the general chairatc teristics of the Doata arei
10
maintained by loam alternating with clay in the depressions
and lighter ground on the banks of few dr^iinage channels.
Further West of Aligarh city presents some what remairkable
features i.e., a light sailed and distinctly sandy tract of a
very homogenous type, in which there ars practica11y no
depresions, whereas the only variation in the general level
o f the CoL.in tr• y are those f ormed by the minu.tB valley of
Ka rwan and the 1 ines o f sand h i 11 s .
DRAINAGE
As far as the drainage is concerned the study area is
drained merely by Aligarh Drain. Which enters into the areci
from north and passes through the western part of the city
and flows further due south.
CLIMATE AND RAINFALL
Climate
The area falls under sub-tropical climatic zona and is
characterised by hot summer and chilly Winter. During summer
the temperature shoots up to 47''''C and in Winter some times
falls to 2°C.
Rain -fall
The monsoon norma 11 y breaks in the se?cond wee|:: of June
and ends in September. Heavy precipitation takes place in
the months of July and August. The airea on an average
recieves 760 mm rainfall per year.
Areal Distribution Q-f Rainfall
The Isohyetal map (Plate - II) of the district shows
that the intensity of the rainfall decreases from east to
<
UJ >-X o if)
2 2 O " - , • C D T
y
/^ S j
<,
r
^J^''
I
we<3t, whcTG fch'3 e a s t e r n p a r t o f thi? (ii<-j t r i e t renxeve<3 morcj
t h a n 9 0 0 mm r a m + a l l w h i c h c j r a c l u a l y dec r ea&e i i t o 600 mm JLII
t h e we<5t, p r o ; ! i m a l t o t h e r i v e r Yamuna.
V a r i a b i l i t y Of R a i n - P a l l
I hip a v a i l a b l p . ^ a n n u a ] r a i n f a l l d a t a o f t h e E>-lLidy an-^'a,
c o l l e c t e d -from A l i y a r h , t l i e n e a r e s t r a i n q a u q e s t a t i o n , f o r
t h e p p r i n t i J9'- j0-17G9 hat^ been t. t a t i w t i r a l l y a n a l y s e d . The
r e s u l t s h a v e been t a b u l a t e d ( A p p e n d i x - I ) , I t i s s e e n t h a t
h j q h e s t r a a n f a l J J S rec ord^^d a s 1 4 3 3 . 0 mm(19n f { ) , whE-TC a ^ th€->
l o w e s t r a i n f a l l i'-5 6 9 . B mm ( 1 9 / ' . ! ) .
Mean annuaJ F<aanf<*3] i s "/CJb.W? mm. "the s t a r K J a r d
d e v i a t i o n i s 29 ' J .0B and t l i e c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n i s
J.V. 0 0 .
] ab_l_e Np„:" .J R e s u l t s o f s t a t i s t i c a l a r i a l y s i s cjf a n n u a l r a i n f a l l a t A l i y a r h .
H i g h e s t R a i n f a l l ( 1 9 8 8 ) 1431.8mm
Lowest R a i n f a l l ( 1 9 7 2 ) 69.Smm
Mean 755.02mm
S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n 2 9 5 . 0 8
C o e f f i c i e n t o f V a r i a t i o n 3 9 . 0 8
D r o u g h t A n a l y s i s
The d e p a r t u r e s o-f t h e a n n u a l r a i n f a J J f r o m t h e mean
a n n u a l r a i n f a l l ( P l a t e ~- I I I ) have been c a l c u l a t e d and u s e d
f o r t l- io d r o u g h t a n a l y s i s ( l a b l e -2).
o (Ti
cn
CO CD
o 00 O)
U1
CD
o 1^ CD
LO
LX.
<
U)
> •
_J
<
2 <
cc
<
3 Z -«i <
<
2 7 O
Uu ^ 1
<
—I <
2 <
UJ
cr
cr <
LU Q
(uiuj) mvjNiva
12
fab It? Results of Draught analysis at Aligarh city (lehsil I-u I. , Di" ^ 11. Alayarh;.
Types of Drought Year
1- Mild drought <07. to 25"/. >
2— Normal drought (25,17. to507.)
Frequency of occurrence.
1952,1959,1967,1975, 1981.
1953,1957,1965,1966, 1968,1969,1970,1971, 1974,1976,1979,1989.
12.27.
3- Severe drought (50.17. to 75%)
4— Very severe drought 1972 (75.17. to 1007.)
1 9 7 3 , 1 9 8 7 .
137.
57.
2 . 5 %
ThQ t-rociuKncy o f m i l d t o n o r m a l d r o u g h t a t A l K ^ a r h i<3
A7'u67''A and t h e f req i i c>ncy o f t i o v e r e d r o u g h t !<=; b .02" / , .
SOIL TYPE
r ho boil 5>urvoy of the Aligarh di<:>trj( t wa'=> carriod out by
Agriculture Department of Uttar Pradte'sli in 1933. In all, two
types o-f soils have been reported pertaarunq to the
ph/Tioqraphic units of the city (AgarMai and Mehrotra 1953}
(F'late IV) ,
3. Sandy to Sandy loam
About 7ti'/, of the ^.\r(ia\ is covered by thj<:> type of
soil. The profile development of soil is mature and it is
brown to reddish brown m colour. The texture is sandy to
sandy loam. Usually the soil surface down to a depth of 20 to
25 Cm as a well drained soil and contains loose loam that cs.t\
be easily cultivated. The percentage of lime is very low and
Plate IV
INDEX
• Loam-Clayey loam
Sandy-Sandy loam
SOIL MAP OF ALI6ARH CITY,
DISTRICT ALI6ARH; U.R
13
magnesia xs equal la ii(i».>. Therc^ is no concretion m the
scpil. The clay lo low but more at lower depth. The pH of the
soil ranqcjrj from 6.. b to Vu^i.
',1.Loam to clayey loam
I his soil c Dver<--j a <:,maJ 3 strip in the Nor th~Ld<~.tei'n
part of the; area. Those soils are <3tt(:i-y and qenerally loam
in clayey loam m torture, varymq an colour from qri^y to
darl- qrey and blaci- whon moist. Caltareou<3 ctDncretion oi-
I-cint ai' formod a%> a separate.' hori;L'on or m tore alateii within
the clay beds.
"I he pl"l value of thas <-~>oil ranges from / to B and
above. Iron and alumina remam'B constant and maqnesna i*-; less
throucjhout Lho area.
LANDUSE PATTERN IN THE STUDY AREA
The statistics reqardincj I he 1anclui>c pattern Jiri the
study Area is qiven below:
1- Total Area
2- Forest
3- Land Barren
4- Current Fallow Land
5- Other Fallow Land
6- Waste Land
7- Other Used
8- Pasture Land
9- Orchard
10- Net Area Sown
15200
10
110
425
395
600
1335
125
30
7000
ha
CHAPTER -
GEOLOGY
15
1 hD Drpn under study -formi, a part ai the Oanqa-Yamuna
doab which m t'.irn i<-5 a part of the central Ganga taasxn,
Thp Ui ncja baoin xs an imporiant phy<r.i nnrapha c unit of
Xndia, which 13 boundod on the <-iouth by f-he penin<;ula an(J m
the north by tht> outer mo&t r^uiqe of the l-lima I ayas, The ban in
wa<5 formed a<5 a reaull: of the downbu':!- I iny of the northern
frinye of the Jndian l-'eninijiJ lar <:->hield. Latter on, tht-->
depre'^^ston wa-.; filled up by the i;ediment<5 brought down by the
rivei'a omerqang from the newly rx<">en HimKiiayas c<5 well cis
from the peninsula and finally giving rise to th(? present
configuration of the Banga bai>jn. However, a=. regards a tu
oriqm there 'Sire various shades of opinion, which ora
mentioned a<=3 beJow.
Suess (1893-1909} IN^X^, the first I0 suqqest the ]ndo-
(sanqetic depression as a "foredeep". Burrard( 1915) ori the
basis of variisble depth of isostatic compensation,, and other
gravity and qoodetic nhservataoris assumed that the Indo
(3ang(3tic plain represented a "great rift valley", which was
filled up with alluviam of t he> thiclness • i.SIm (Oldham, 1917)
to 20^ m (Pascoe, 1964).
At cor ding to a recent view iL was a i:,si.Q an the crust,
Efut at present it is generally accepted that the Ganga basin
was formed ixs a result of the bucl-ling down ci f the northern
fringe of the Peninsular shield thrust over from north
(Krishnan, 1968).
According to Valdiya (1982) at as a resultant effect of
the sagging of the northern flani- of the platform around the
Bundellhand shaeld, following the m a m episode of Himalayan
16
o r o g o n y . The dP3prt?<--5sod pla+-fc3rm became t h e <-3it(a oh
stM"J i m e n t a t i o n by vaqorou<-.> - f J u v i p J agenc !£-•>'•> prrjclomiDe-Ti 13 y f r o m
t h e n e w l y r i t > o n H i m a l a y a s .
Dickenson (1974) t o n s i a e r e d t h e I n d o - B a n q e t i c p l a i n af> a
p e r i p h e r a l f o r o l a n d b a s i n , f o r m e d as a r e s u l t o f c o n t i n e n t -
c o n t i n e n t c o l l i s i o n brtwe>c*n Iridi<:xn and Aj» ian plaLc".-..
The <5ub-i5urf ace? t o p o g r a p h y o f t h e Ganga b a s i n
!;cumpri<_>xng a l t f i r i a L e ridge<-^ and r lepressioni : -> (Sastrz et al.,
1971f RaOf 1973) a r e a!= -f o J luw<:> s -
1 - H a r i d w a r - R i ^ j h i l - e s h *3piar.
2 - F^'am^anga De'pr 6I<->B i o n „
!• - A l x g a r h - l - a<3gan j - - rana l - p u r Spu r ^
^\~ Barc ia Depref>5>i(jn .
5 " Fa i r :a taad F\ ' idge.
Ratnqanqa D e p r e s s i o n
T h i s depre<^F>aon i<:> l a m i t o c J t o t h e Nor L i i -Wes t t)y
H a r i d w a r - R i s h i l - e s h s p u r and t o t h e s o u t h - c ^ a s t by A l i g a r l i -
I a s g a n j - T a n a l - p u r i.>pur . Iha<^j !<=-> mar i -ed by + he s c h u p p e n
s t r u c t u r e s m t h e m a j o r p a r t o f t h e STBA. The p a l a e o g e n e
r o r l - s , p r e s e r v e d Ji n •( h i s r k a p r e s s i o n c o n t i n u e i n t o O a r d a
d e p r e s s i o n a c r o s s T a n a t p u r s p u r CO.N.G.C.,1983).
A l i q a r h - K a s q a n j - T a n a k p u r Spur
T h i s s p u r mar l -s t h e e a s t e r n l i m i t o^ t h e A r a v e t l l i
H o r s t . S a r d a r i v e r f l o w s a l o n g t h i s s p u r . E a s t e r n etJqe o f
t h i s s p u r c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e s u b - s u r ' f £ \ L e e j i t e n s i o n o f t h e
B r e a t B o u n d r y F a u l t o f Ra j as I-ban w h e r e i t s e p a r a t e s t h e
17 A r a v a l l i r oc I <b f r o m t h e V i n d h y a r t s .
S a r d a D e p r e s s i o n
T h x s I S bounciod by A r a v a l J a h o r n t t o tht.^ N o r t h - E a s t and
by l-"ax,j:abad r<id( jo t o Lh<^ S o u t l i l l a t j i : . I h(- b-W l : r (?nd inq Dudwa
R i d g e l i e s on i t < i n o f i h y r n s x d e . The? crode^d V x n d h y a n s
s e q u o n r p form^j i:h<.' f Ujor f o r t\n~j' upp'^-'i" r (? r tLa r "y sed imen ha L K J H
a<;> 5e>en an l a l h a r , h 'u ranpur and D j h a n i WulJs , . T h j : * d & ^ p r e s s i o n
c a n bo d e v a d e d t n t c j '-sm^*! ] o r s u b - b a ' a x n s w h i c h w o r o GV(3ived dtuD
t o th(? i n t e r p l a y o f A i - t t v a l l a and 8 a t p L " r a t r e n d s . I n the?
c o n t r a l p a r i : o f t h i s d(-ipros<"iXon a wodqo o f l-'al aooqon(?
s p d i m o n t s as p r e s e n t b o u n d e d b o t h nn t o p -and b o t t o m hy
u n c o n f o r m i t i o s n I h x s wodqo e j i t o n d s x n t o Lhe . ^ d j a c o n t Ramyanqa
D e p r e s s i o n t o w a r d s n o r t h w e s t and Gandal- D e p r e s s i o n t o w a r d s
south(--^ast a c r o s s t l i e basemon t s p u r s .
A n a l y s i s o f t h e s t r u c t i i r a l p - i t t e r n o-i t h e e^;posed
f o o t h x l l s , < n(J g r a v i t y ,Hnamoly And t h e b a s e m e n t conhcaur maps ,
o f t h e p l a i n r e v e a l t h a t t h e s p u r s a r e - f a u l t bound (O.N.G.C. ^
1983).
The s t i i d y <:ArtiB 1 xest on fchf.-' w & ' s t e r n Han i - o f A l x q a r h -
I -asgan J - i anat p u r s p u r and t o t h e s o u t h o f t h e Ramyanqa
D e p r o s s x o n .
SUB - S U R F A C E GEOLOGY OF THE AREA
The g e o l o q x c i x l c . r o s s - - s e c t x o n d r a w n < l - ' l a t e V ; on + he
b a s x s o f t h e d a t a o f t h e deep w e l l s d r i l l e d by t h e O . N . B . C a t
I -asgan ) and U j h a n i and C . G . W . B . a t S a l e e m p u r and A l i q a r h ,
r e v e a l s t h e s u b - s u r f a c e q e o l o q y o f t h e AY-i^a. The taedrocl-
e n c o u n t e r e d a t s a l e o m p u r a t a d e p t h o f 1 '86.94 m . b . q . l - i s
SLEEMPUR
A
280 IBed^rockHj;
Bhander"^ ''
GARH KASGANJ
Plate V
UJHANI
&>
3A2, sandstone B c - t n . .
Delhi { I •\ W a n l V; ^
\ ,«*;:^Bi)auil * Aligarh Kasga-'^
«_—_
1 1 • 1 1
- ^ p> p
CLAY SAND SANDSTONE PEBBLES KANKAR LIMESTONE CARBONACEOUS ORTHOaUARTZITE METAMORPHIC BASEMENT PYRITE
SUB-SURFACE GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION ALONG SALEEMPUR, ALIGARH, KASGANJ AND
UJHANI 206; y J
Basement
18
upper I5hander sandstone. In Aligarh the bedrock encountered
at a despth of 340 m.b.g.l. is upper Bhander red shale. The
bedrocks encountered at Kasganj and Ujhani at 620m and 967m
depth respectively, are reddish brown Lower E hander
limestones.
In Aligarh the bedrock is a rBd shale of upper Vindhyan
group of upper Proterozoic age which is overlain by the
Quate;rnary alluviam. The allu.viam consist of alternate beds
of clay and sand in the varying proportions.
The Seological sequencers in the study area as discussed above arB as follows:
Age Sequence Thickness in metres.
Q U A T E A Alternate beds of sand & Clay 340 R L ocassionally intermixed with N L Kankar A U R V Y I U M
UNCONFORMITY. U P P V E I R N D H G Bhander Shale Y R A O N U
P UNCONFORMITY
A R C H Sranite Basement E A N
19
Thfc> O u e ^ t e r n a r y s e d a m e n l s d c p o t i j t c d on t h e e r o d e d
s u r f a c e o f t h e u p p e r - V L n d h y a n s a r e m a i n l y d e r i v e d f r o m t h e
nowJy r i o e n l- l imal^^yas and a l s o f r o m t h e r t o r t h r > r n f r j i n q c o<
t h e p e n i n s u l a by t h e r i v e r 6 a n g a an(J i t s v a r i o u s t r i b u t a r i e s .
At A i i g a r h R a i l w a y J u n c t i o n w e l J , au<-iLt.M'-nary s e d i m e n L s a r e
f o u n d t o d i r e c t l y o v e r l i e t h e u p p e r V m d h y a n r e d s h a l e
b£->3ortginy t o Lih!:\nclc>r G r o u p ni u p p e r V m d h y a n . , ! f ie p r e s e n c e o f
Neoyene ^ l i w a l i l - s as r e p o r t e d f r o m I - a s y a n j was f o u n d m i s s m y
a t A l i g a r h w o l J . Howevt.M'", i h(r- t lua+er n a r y sedimr->nLs w e r e
d e p o s i t e d on t h e e r o d e d s u r f a c e o f t h e uppter V m d h y a n E-ihander
BYnup o f r o c i s q i v m q r i s e t o Irhe p r e s e ^ i t r-t jnf i g u r a t i on o f
t h e Ganqa-Yamuna doab o f t h e ( . e n t r a l Ganga b a s m .
CHAPTER - IV
HYDROGEOLOGY
21
Hydrocj€?o3 ogy deals with ihie water bearing, and
transmitting capaciLy of geological formations. Systametxc
well invontQrip<--. of ti& dugwpJ Is and 18 luboweDlls (shallow an(J
deep) were carried out and relevent hydrogooloyicaI data were
ccillt-T-ted to briny oi.it valuable informations pertaining to
groundwater conditions m the <3^rG<-i.
]n order to study the oc curance and movement o-f
groundwater m the area, depth to water level maps, water
level -fluctuation map, pre and pjost-monsoon wafct.r table
contour' mapt have been pr-eparod. Lithologs of shallow and
deep tubewel Is w(- re used to prepcu F> -fence diagram and
geological cross-sections m order to depict the sub surface
geology and the aguifer deposition m the arE->a» Location o-f
dugwolls and tubewells inventoried are shown m the plate-VI.
GROUNDWATER CONDITION
Ur Gundwater in thf> arBO. occurs both under pheralic and
semi-c(jnf ined to confined condition depending upon the
^^bsence or preser^ce o-f aquitard and aqui elude as cofining
beds. The shallow aquifers are pheratic m nature whore as
the deeper aquifers are semi-confmed to confined m nature
The rainfall is the mam source of groundwater recharge
m the area. The recharge als.o occurs through irrigation
return flow.
EVOLUTION QF AQUIFERS:-
1 he evolution of ijquifers in fluvial system is
dependent upon hydrodynamics of the flow regime, geology and
Plate V(
ligarh Muslim
. STATE V-TUBEWELL O WELL
INVENTORIED
jKm 5'
MAP OF ALIGARH CITY DISTRICT ALIGARH Showing location of Dugwell & Tubewell
22
topography of the terrian, leading to the terrigenous clastic
depositional system, which sort's typically represented as the
channel, flood plain and back swamp deposits.
CHANNEL DEPOSITS
The typical channel deposits of the river 6anga as
observed in the study area from bottom upward cQmpri'->e
coarse through me-?dium to fine sand, and a. very thin clay
layer on the top. This top clay and some fine sand layers
a.re washed away during the succeeedincj flood period and a
fresh body of sand with fining upward sequence is deposited
a g a i n 6> a c h Y e a r, forming thereby a re a s o n a b 1 e t h i c k
terrigeneous deposits till the river changes its course due
to some tectonic control through convulsion. These thick
bodies of sand form the potential aquifers.
FLOOD PLAIN DEPOSITS
During the flood season when the flood water overflows
the banks, medium to fine sand bodies of moderate thickness
and of limited areal extent are deposited over the flood
plain. These lenticular bodies of sand form the moderately
potential 1 aquifers in compearison to the highly potential
aquifers of the channel deposits. The lenticular shape of
these aquifers is due to the fact that flooding takes place
in a limited stretch of the river banks at a time.
BACK-SWAMP DEPOSITS
From the high banks, the flood water, moves down the
slope towards the low lying areas where it is left
23
predominantly with the suspended materials only, which get.
settled under the influence of gravity and form a lensoid
body of sand which is latter on overlain by clayey hori2:on.
Thus there occurs enclaves of sand bodies intercalated within
the underlying and overlying thick clay beds. Such taodie?s of
sand form the poor aquifers. These aquifers are typical
representatives of back swamp enviorenme^nt.
Further, as the river changes its course, the position
of the channel, flood plain and baick swamp deposits also
continue changing with the passage of time. This is the
re^ason that no continous body of sand or clay &re found in a.
borehole except in the extraordinary geologic conditions.
Thus the lithological variations stres attributed to their mode
of deposition by the constantly shifting nature of the stream
draining the-? area.
The various aquifer systems, thus generated by river
Yamuna and its tributers Carvan and Sengar are as follows
(ax) The channel deposits are thick bodies of aquifers of
infinite areal extent, hence form the most potential
groundwater reservoirs.
(ta) Floodplain deposits form the lenticular type of
aquifers, limited in thickness and areal extent and are only
moderately potential.
(c) Lensoid bodies of sand occuring as enclaves or
stringers within the thick clay bed, generally forms the low
potential aquifejrs often with quality problems-
2^
AQUIFER GEOMETRY
The fence diagram (F'la tes Vll) and various geological
cross-sections (Plate V111~X1) of the study &re& depict the
lateral and vertical disposition of the aquifers. Th» litho--
Units show alternate clay and sand formations. There occurs
three to four-tier aquifer system. Aquifers seem to merge
with each other and thus developing a single bodied aquifer.
The granular zones comprise 40 to 50 pc-:;rcent of the; total
formations encountered at various depths. The deepest well
drilled is down to the depth 150 meters b.g.l, which lies in
the vicinity of Aligarh City and situated in the western
upland. Here the Claty formation has attijined considerable
thickness, and predominance of the clay to the granular zones
merely form 50"/. of the total litho-Units encountered.
However,, the Clay beds pinch-out laterally. In the central
depression the; granular ::oneos a^re considerably thick and
forms about 55 percent of the litho-Units down to the depth
of 110 meters b.g.l.
Fine through medium to coarse sand generally comprise
the aquifer material in the area, and are of varying shades.
The nature is predominently micaceous. Eiased on the persual
of ff^nce diagram as well as the geological cross-sections,
lithologs of bore holes and their hydrogeological properties,
the aquifers can obviously be described into two categories.
a. Shallow aquifers - They occur to the depth of 50
meters b.g.l.
6 6 | -
E
"^ 0, < o <« 201 .J
y Aoi
* 6 0 L — CLAY
AND
AY ANKAR JBEWELL NO.
HORIZONTAL SCALE
FENCE DIAGRAM SHOWING AQUIFER DISPOSITION
IN ALIGARH CITY
a
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25 b. D6?£?per aquifers - Which lie below 50 meters to the
depth o-f 150 meters b.g.l.
a.Shallow Aquifers
Shallow aqui-fers mainly comprise fine to medium sand
and varies in thickness from 3 meters to 26 meters. The
groundwater occurs in these aquifers under pheratic
conditions. These aquifer are generally tapped by open wells,
i"i a n d p u m p s a n d s h a 11 o w farmer' s t u ta e w e 11 s. D u e t o e x c e s s i v e
withdrawal of water from these aquifers they are moderately
strained. The discharge of these wells varies from 30 to
50m'~'/hour at nominal drawdown of 3 to 4.5 meters.
b.Deeper Aquifers
The deeper £^quifers sire encountered generally within
the depth range of 50 to 150m b.g.l. The perusal of fence
diagram and geological cross-sections re?veal that the deeper
aquifers are semi-confined to confined in nature and by and
large they form an interconnected aquifer system. The
thickness of the aquifers range between a minimum of 3 meters
(Plate XI) to a maximum of 28 mt^ters (F'late IX) m-aximum. The
state tubwells tape the granular zones lying in the depth
range of 38 to 150 meters.b.g.1. The discharge of these wells
varies from 50m'^/hour to 227m'"'/hour with a drawdown varying
from 2 to 11.7 meters.
DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL
Water table is the upper surface of the zone of
saturation in an unconfined aquifer, at which the water
26
pressure* is equal to the atmospheric pressure. It is
defined by the levels at which water stands in the wells that
penetrates the aqui+'er, just G?nough to hold standing water.
However, in c^eneral the water level standing in dug wells are
considered accurate enough to represent water table of an
area.
Water level data of 50 dugwells evenly spaxce d at a
distance of one kilometer were utili2:ed to prepare the depth
to water level maps of the study area. Plates XII and XIII
show depth to water for the pre-monsoon (June--S9) and post-
monsoon (November--89) periods respectiv£?ly„ In the pre-
monsoon period the depth to water ranges between 8.7 to 15.00
meters b.g.l. and in post-monsoon period it rangers between
8.06 to 14.05 meters b.g.l. The arBB. has been divided into
five depth to water ::ones varying from (1) less than 8m, (2)
S t0 10m.b.g.l., (3) 10 to 12m (4) 12 to 14m <5> 14 to 16m
.b.g.l. The deepest water level 15m. b.g.l was recordcv?d at
Rasaiganj in the western upland and the shallowest 8.70
m.b.g.l. at Flathgawan in the central deipression. A perusal
of the map shows that in the upland ansa, the depth to i-jater
generally, varies from 11.50m to 15 m. b.g.l. which covers
major portion of the study area.
The shallow water table in the central depression
is the indicative of the recharge through the run-off from
upland area. The deep water table in the upland area is due
to the presence of thick clay beds and low recharge.
Plate XII
76° 0'
DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL MAP OFALIGARH CITY DISTT.ALIGARH, UP (PRE-MONSOON)
Plate XI
INDEX Depth to water in mts.
<10
10-12
jKm 5 '
DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL MAP OFAUGARH CITY DISTT.ALIGARH, UP. (POST MONSOON)
H '2- 1
CD > u
97 >_i •
MOVEMENT OF SRQUNDWftTER
Water level data of wells c;:c)llG?cted during the pre
monsoon and post monsoon periods, were analysed and altitudes
of water level with reference to the mean sea level were
worked out. The reduced level of water with reference to the
mean sea le)vel were plotted and water table contour map was
prepared, with contour interval of one meter.
The water table contour maps are used in deciphering
the groundwater flow direction, gradient and area of recharge
and discharge. In such maps convex contours indicate the area
of groundwater recharge and the concave contours the area, of
groundwater discharges, (Todd, 1980),
The elevation of water table ranges between 179 meters
in north-west to 171 meter's in south-east above the mean sea
level. A perusal of water taible contour (Plates XIV & XV)
show that the general direction of groundwater is from North
west to South-East with little variation at places caiused by
the local factors. In the Northern part of the area, flow is
from east to west. In general, the gradient varies from
o.37m/Km to 0.1m/Km. The areas with wide contour spacing
(flat gradient) seems to posses high hydraulic conductivity
than those with a narrow spacing i.e. steep gradients.
In the Noth-Western part of the area the
hydraulic gradient is very steep i.e. 5m/km. This steep
gradient is due to low permeability of aquifer material.
Plates XIV and XV show that two groundwater
troughs have been formed in the western and south-eastern
parts of the area. These troughs are the indicative of
Plate XIV
INDEX Contours height
in mts. I7«-173
Water table contours with flow direction
7 8"0
WATER TABLE CONTOUR MAP OF ALIGARH CITY DISTT.ALIGARH,U.P (PRE-MONSOON )
Plate XV
INDEX Con tou rs he ight
i n m ts 174-173'
Water table contours with f low direction
78°0'
WATER TABLE CONTOUR MAP OF ALIGARH CITY DISTT.ALIGARH, U.P. (P0ST-M0N^00N1
1 •• CO
excessive ground water development through shallow and deep
tubewelIs.
HYDROBRAPH
The water levels o-f the key observation well has
been utilised -for preparing continuous hydrograph of the well
with a view to study its behaviour with respect to time and
space and its dependence to natural phenomenon. The
hydrograph o-f the well for the period of 1980 to 1990 is
given in Plate XVI. A perusal of hydrograph indicate that the
water level variation is cyclic and sinosoidal as a function
of time and space. The water level is deepest during the
month of June and shallowe^st during the month of November. It
is observed that water level starts rising by the last week
of June and attains shallowest level in November. F"rom mid-
November onward there is sharp decline in water level till
January. From January onward the recession in water level is
slow indicating natural groundwater discharge through steady
sub-surface outflow, in harmony with regional ground water
movement.
From the above? discussion it will be seen that the
water level has a rising and declining trend with respect to
time and a function which causes such rises in water lesvels
i.e input source of groundwater (ram fall).
WATER-LEVEL FLUCTUATION
The waiter level fluctuation is a function of time
and space in response to precipitation. The change in water
levels in an aquifer can also be caused due to the excessive
>
o a!
d;
c
11 - 1
£ (b > o z It 2
a a CT
o o o
]
]
2 -I
Z - I
Z -I
± _L
O en
CO
CO CD
GO
00
00 < u > •
00
oo
rsi oo
y-]i
O X cr <
<
2
<
in
5 Q: o
UJ
z
z Ixi
z < cr ui 0. u. o X a. <
o o a: Q >-X
X <
o or
Q
«- rsi CO - r- ^ ^ lO tr>
13A31 a3iVM
2S
withdrawal and low infiltration. Since the rainfall is the
pjrincipal source of groundwater recharge, water table rise
has sympathetic relation to a rainfall in a particular
period. Intensity, duration and distribution of rainft^ll Bre
the controlling factors for groundwater recharge. However
topography also plays a vital role on the water table
fluctuation and quantum of recharge. It is observed that the
water tables is de e p in topographic; high and shallow in
topographic lows; correspondingly, the annual fluctuation of
water tatble is more in the uplands and less in the
depressions. Water level fluctuation map (Plate XVII) shows
the difference in Pre and post-monsoon water levels. In all
there are four distinct water level fluctuation zones, viz
(1) <0.2m (2) 0.2-0.4m (3) 0.4-0.6m (4) >0.6m. In genera1 the
water level fluctuation is recorded between 0.2-0.4 and 0.4-
0. 6m „
T h e s a m e a m o u n t o f r at i n f a. 11 i n t h e a r e a w i 11 h a v e
different effects on different litho units. The litho units
comprising medium to coarse? sand show a large aimount of
fluctuation, the sandy Clay unit shows a medium fluctuation
axnd the clayey units mixed with Kankar shows a lowest amount
of fluctuation in the area.
TREND OF WATER TftBLE
The study reveals thstt the heavy withdrawal of
groundwater much higher than the quantum of average annual
r• echarge, has inducec:l a dec 1 ini.ng trend (Plate XVIII) of
water level in the area . The rate of decline since 1980 to
1990 has been computed as 0.37m/ye?ar. The trend is alarming
Plate XVII
INOCX
B>o.
< 0.2
0.2.0.«
4-0.6
6
WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION MAP OF ALIGARH CITY DISTT.ALIGARH, U.P.
o O) en
O CD
CD OO
to 00
CO
NT CO
CO CO
(SI 00
r^ CO
o 00 o> *"
t/) cc <
lU >
1— —" O X cr <
<
z Q. <
^
LU > Ui _J
LxJ
<
u. o
ixl
o 2 2 —• ^
o UJ
o CM « ^ vj m
13A31 y3iX/M
CD
3a
and may aggravate in -future due to increase in population, up
coming of new colonies, e^Kcalating industrialisation and
extensive agricultural activities. The main reason of the
declining trend in the area is the excessive pumping ats
groundwater is the only source of water supply in the Aligarh
c i t y for t h e v a r i o u s p u r pose s.
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS OF THE AQUIFER MATERIAL.
F'article size of Bangetic alluvial deposit is an
important tejctural element as it is related to the
hydrodynamic condition of transportation and d£-?position«
The most common methods of measuring particle size is
sieving. The f:>urpos£? of the mechauiical analysis is to obtain
graphic or numerical data about the particle size in a
sediment. Size analysis has been used in determining, if a
sand will contain water.
Various workers have attempted particle size ainalysis
to determine various hydrogeological parameters like
effective grain size, uniformity coe f f icient, hydrau„ilic
coductivity etc. (Kruabezn & Monk 1942, Bedinger 1961, Cohin
1963, Preuss & Todd, 1963, Masch 1966, Uma et.al., 1989,).
In the present study aquifer materials collected from a
drilling site were mechianicaly analysed.
The equipment required for sievt^ analysis include a
small hot plate for drying the samples, a set of standard
testing sieves and an accurate physical balaince for weighing
the aquifer material . A repressentative sample of 100gm was
taken in laboratory by coning and quatering, ovan dried and
31
e;;act weight poured into the top sieve and covered with a
lid. The whole nest was shaken through electrical sieve
shaker for about 15 minutes and material retained in each
sieve was accurately weighed auid data obtained were
statistically analysed Appendix (IVA &. IVB) . F-'ercentage of
material passing through e ach sieve gave a point on grading
curve. The grading curve was plotted on a semi-log paper
(Plate XIX) and following parameters were deprived.
1 - Effective grain size.
The term effective grain size was developed by Allen
Hazenf (1892), in his studies of filter sands, he defined as
particle size where 107. of sand is finer and 907. coarser.
Uniformity co£^fficient of a sediment is a measure? of
how well sorted or poorly sorted it is. The uniformity
coefficient CU is the ratio of the grain size i.e.^ 60Z
finer by weight , d . 0, to the grain size i.e., 107. finer by
weight, dj^ .
CU - d 0/di(g
A sample with a CU less than 4 is well sorted, if the
CU is more than 6, it is poorly sorted.
Hydraulic Conductivity;
Hydraulic conductivity was evaluate?d by using formula
of Uma et.al., (1989).
K = A (di0)2
Where
A is a constant halving value 6 for alluvial aguifers
dj0 is effective grain size.
P l a t e XIX
100
80
60
40 -
20 -
%r:%:r-r=^r^
• • S a m p l e - 1 d^Q=0.12,d^Q = 0.2 2
O O Sample-2diQ«0.088,dgo=0.2
—
—
—
1 1 1
\ \ \
\ \
\ \
^ \
\ \
k ^ I I 1 1 1 • - 1 1 ^
7.84 0.7 0.50 0.35 0.25 0.177 0.125 0.088 0.0625 <0.0625
GRADING CURVES OF THE AQUIFER MATERIALS LOCATION:LALDIGGI
32
The result of size; analysis shows that the effective
grain size ranges betweejn 0.088 to 0.12, which shows that the
samd size ranges between medium to fine..
The uniformity coefficient ranges between 0.183 to
2.27. The? result of uniformity coefficient shows that the
porosity of upper aquifer is higher than the deeper one. The
hydraulic conductivity ranges between 77.15 m/day to 40.08
m/day. The result shows that the hydraulic conductivity
decreases with depth.
CHAPTER - V
WATER BALANCE
34
Quantification of groundwater and surface water
resources of any taasin (or area) involves the application of
principle of conscervation of mass, to account for the
quantitative changes occuring in the various components of
hydrogeologic cycle as applied to the basin. The quantitative
changes may be expressed as a water balance equation, in
which the inf 1 ow, outf low and change in stc:;raige in a pe>r• iod
of time are represented by individual components. The
groundwater balance may be expressed in the form of an
equation as;
I - 0 ~ s
where,
1 0 S
-• I n f 1 ow
•"= Gut flow = Change? in
storage.
For the proper, management and conservation of
groundwater, refined quantitative answers are require^d. In
Uttar-Pradesh, on the one hand, there is a large scale water
logging in all canal command areas, on the othe- r hand, the
excessive withdrawal has resulted into the declining water
leivel in all tubewell irrigated arenas.
In thej study area groundwater forms the only source of
water supply for domestic, industrial and irrigational
purposes. So, in accordance to the present situation the
precise evaluation of groundwater resource at the block/
city/ village level is required as it forms the lowest unit
of administration and development xn India.
The study area has no canal except a Kol distributary
which traverse a small portion in the North East of the
study is^rea.
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
The groundwater recharge p^irameter forms an important
element of groundwater resource evaluation. It is a product
not only of hydrometeorologic and hydrologic process taking
place on the surface, but also of complex sub-surface
lithologic characterstics and changing situa\tions imposed by
groundv^ater recharge, movement and discharge.
The major sources of groundwater recharge in the axrea
&ri5 as follows:
Recharge through rainfall.
Recharge through irrigation return flow.
Filecharge through distributory.
There are various methods to estimate ground waiter
recharge, two of them a.re as under
water level fluctuation -- specific yield method.
Water be*lanee method .
Here water level fluctuation - specific yield method
has been adopted for the evaluation of groundwater recharge.
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE BY SPECIFIC YIELD METHOD;
Total arBB. - 152 sq. km
Average fluctuation in water level over 10 yrs = 0.94 m period (1980 -• 89)
Average specific yield = 157.
3S
(a)Broundwater Recharge;
Groundwater rechctrge ~ Area ;•; sp.yield K water
1eve1 f1uc tua t i on.
3.52 X 0.15 ;•! o. 94
21.43 HCM
< b)Recharge through irrigation return flow;
(i) Total draft by tutaewells ~ 2E3.05
I n f i 11rs . t ion -f ac: tor = 25'X
Groundwater recharge through ••= Total dra-ft ;<
irrigation return flow infiltration factor,
•••^- 28,05 K 25/100
= 7.01 MCM
(c)Quantum of Recharge through Kol Distributary.
The seepage from distributary canal depends on
infiltration capacity of canal bed, rsnd sides, sub-surface
litholoqy, length of canal and discharge etc.
Satish Chandra, (1983) opined the following equation to
determine the canal seepage in alluvial regions of U.P.
W = C 0.005(B-i-D)' " ''
W - Recharge from canals, in m"'/S/Km length of u nlined c han n e1
B = Bed width, in m
D =~ Water depth, in m
C = a constant, being 1.0 for intermittently running and 0.75 for constantly running canals.
B = 6.5 m
D ^ 0.95 m
W = C 0.005(8+0)''"^^''
37
^ ^ 1 . 0 ;•; 0 . 0 0 5 ( 6 . 5 0 + 0 , 9 5 ) ' ^ " ^ ' ^
= 1 .0 X 0 . 005 ( 7 . 45 ) " " * -' -
= 1 .0 !•; 0 . 0 0 5 ;•; 3 . 8 4
= 0 .0192m'-7S/ l<m
•f o t a :i. 1 eng t h o f t l i e d i s t r i b u t a i ' " y i n t h e a r f sa . = 7 . 5
Total seepage in the area, through the total lenght
o-f the Kol Distributary in the area.
= 0.019 K 7.5 !•; 60 K 60 K 24 x 251
= 0.144 H 3600 X 24 K 251
= 3122841.6 m-^/S/Km ;•! 10""^
= 3.12 MCI1
Gross Gtroundwiiter F^echarge =< fi\) + ( b )-Kc )
-21.43 + 7.01 + 3.12
-31.56 MCM
Wi~;kJS@,£j.r!.§£.ae.
85% of the Gross F<ec:harcje has been takcen as n€?t
Recharge =31,56 K 0.85 = 26.82 HCM
GROUNDWATER DRAFT
(jroundw^iter withdrciwaU. through state tubewells and
shallow farmer's tubewells hcive been taken for groundwater
d r a f t c a 1 c u 1 a t i o n .
In the study area there are 50 deep tubewells and 1200
shallow tubewells. The unit drafts for both the type of
tubewells have been taken as p6?r estimates by U.P. State
Groundwater Department for the avaluation of total ground
water droift (Hassan et.al-, 1982)
38
^ i) DRAf-T BY STATE TUBEWELLS.
Unit draft, of state tu.bewe 11 s
Total number of state tubewells
Total Draft
= 0. 175 MCM
== 50
~ unit draft tubewelIs.
•-^- 0.175 ;•; 50
=== 3.75 HCM
No. of
< i i > DRAFT BY SHALLOW TUBEWELLS
Unit Draft
Tota1 Mo. of tubewelis
Total Drsift
= 0.0105 MCM
= 1200
=•= u n i t dra i f t ; t u b e w e l I s
-- 0.0105>-;12Q!)B
= 12.6 MCM
Mo of
( iii) DRAFT BY PUMPING SET
Unit Draft
Total M(3. of Pumping set
Total Draft
•-^-- 0.0068
== 765
= Unit draft >; No. of pumping set
0.0068 K 765
5.202 MCM
< iv) DRAFT BY DUGWELLB
Unit Draft
Total No.of dugwells
Total Drsift
= 0,00036
~~ 250
" Unit draft ;•; No,of dugwelIs
= 0.00036 X 250
=•' 0.09 MCM
s
(v) TOTAL DRAFT ~ < i > 'I' < i i ) + < i i i ) + < i v >
=8. 75-1- ]. 2. 60H-5 . 202-f-0 - 09
= 26.642 HCM
NET DRAFT
707. o-f ODross; Draft is taken as Net Draft i.e.,
= 26.642 >; 70/100
- ;i.8.65 MGM
WAIERJMLANCE
Net Recharge - Net D r a f t
26 .32 - 18.65
U t i 1 i z a t a l e r e s o u r c e p o t e n t i a l
S .17 MCM
U t i l i z a b l e r e s o u r c e p o t e n t i a l 8.17 MCM
The aiaove evaluation of groundwater resource of Aligarh
city £\nd around is alarming and appropriate? management is
required for the development of groundwater.
Groundwater Potential & Stage o-f Development
Estimate of groundwater balance available for future
development in the Aligarh City, Distt. Aligarh.
Gross GW recharge MCM
r Net eiW Gross 6W recharge draft ( S5Z of Gross Recharge MCM)
Net GW Balance (3W Stage? of GW draft (707. available Development of Gross MCM draft MCM)
• 1 . 5 6
GW
26.82
Groundwater
18.65 8.17 69.53 %
40
STATUS QF' 6RQIJIMDWATER DEVEL(3PHENT
T Q determine the stcitus of groundwater development
in the study ^.riB^, NABARD'S norms have been taken into
account which are as follows.
An area where the status of groundw-ater
developme?nt is less than 657. is considered as 'white', 657. to
857„ as 'Grey'and with more; than £i57„ development is as 'Dark.'
Status of groundwater development in the study i-^rea
~- (Net yearly draft/Net recoverable recharges) X 100
= (13.65/26.82) XI00
= 69.53X
In view of 69.537. development in the area, it f£ills
under 'grey' category. It is imperative, therefore, whatever
futures groundwci.ter exploitation is to be done should be
executed with care, caution and restrained.
CHAPTER - VI
HYDROCHEMISTRY
4.2
T he qua 1 i ty of g rou.nd wa. tBr is as impor tan t as i ts
quantity. Water being univer-sal solvent its purity can not
remain intact. The pollution of grounwater can impair its use
and can create ha;:ards to public health through toxicity or
the spre^ad o-f diseases.
In order to study the quality of graundw£*ter in
Aligarh city water samples from groundwater structure were
collected. In all 29 samples were collected and analysed, of
which 23 samples were analysed for major ions and 6 for trace
element s t u d i e s.
Method of Sampling
The samples for partial chemical analysis were
collected in well cleaned one litre capacity double stoppered
polythene bottles. The bottles after collection of samples
were i n s t a n 11y c a p ped an d sea1ed w i t h wa K i n t he f i e1d.
For the trace element studies, water samples were
collected in one litre capacity bottles and duly treated with
5 ml of 6N.HNG;;;, capped and sealed on the site as above.
Analytical Procedure
The samples for detailed chemical analysis (major
and trace) were analysed in the Geochemical Laboratory of the
C:)eology Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, as
per standard methods recommt^nded by APHA (1975). The Samples
were analysed for major elements like Na, K, Ca, Mg, CI, CQ-T ,
HCG-T and SO^. The chlorides, Carbonates and Bicarbonates were
analysed by volumetric method where? ais the concentration of
other major elements like Na, K, Ca and Mg were determined by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The determination of
43
trace elements like Fe, Cu, Zrij, Mil, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd, was
carried out in the same laboratory with the help o-f Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer.
Series of blank samples were? prepared -for the
Spectrophotometric analysis of each element in order to
a c c o u n t for any anal y t i c c\ 1 a ri d i n s t r u. m e n t a 1 e r r o r., T h e
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and electrical conductivity
of the water sampleis were determined with the help of C425
combined pH/Ec/*"'C meter. The analytical data £ire appended
vide Appendices V(A) and V(B) , The discussion for the s ime
ai r • e g i v e n a s f o 11 o w s.
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
In cjeneral the groundwater of the area is
moderately alkaline in reaction with the pH values varying
from 7»1 to 8.6. The highest va\lu€5 8.6 of pH was recorded
in the wi .ter sample of Sarai Rahman.
Electrical Conductivity (micromhos/Cm at 25°C)
Electrical conductivity is the measure of the
mineralisation and is indicative of the salinity of
groundwater. The specific conductivity valuers in the? areax
varies between 434 to 1375 microhoms/Cm at 25*'''c. The sample
from £5 w a r j e n a k K a r • a m s h a 1 a s h o w s a h i g h ( 13 7 5 m i c r o m h o s / C m >
value.
These values were plotted on a map. The perusal of Iso
Conductance map (plate XX) indicate that about 557, of the
total area lies between 250 to 7 50 micromhos/Cm.
Plate XX
INDEX
2 5 0 - 7 5 0
750- 2000
78°0' 5'
SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE OF GROUNDWATER IN ALIGARH CITY, DISTRICT ALIGARH; U.R
4'i
MAJOR ELEMENTS
Carbonates!
The concentration of carbonate ranges between nil
to 29 ppm only- The highest value of carbonate i.e, 29 ppm
is rejcorded at Diwani Kaxcheri.
Bicarbonates:
The bi c j.r b on a te?s concentration in groundwater
depend upon the partial pressure of the Cartaondioxide in
B o i I - B i c a r ban a t e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c a r ta o n a t e s a f f e c t t fi e
a 1 k a 1 i n i t y o f gr o u n d w a t e r. T h e c o n c e n t r a t ion vsir i e s f r" o fn 40 9
ppm to 885 ppm. The highest value (E)S5 ppm) is recorded in
the sample of Barai Subhangarhi only.
Chlorides;
Indian Council of Medical Research (1975) while
recommending 250 ppm as desirable limit of chloride in
potable water, has also laid down 1000 ppm as maKimum
permissible limit where no other alternative source is
available.
The concentratoin of chloride varies from 13 ppm to
152 ppm. The values indicate that the groundwater in the
B.rfsa. is suitable for irriqcition and drinking purposes,, as
per IChR (1975). The chloride map has also been prepatred
(Plate XXI) to show the chloride distribution of the
grounwater in the study area.
Sulphate;
The sulphatoi> concentration has been found to vary
from 25ppm.to 228ppm, The highest concentration was found in
water sampler of Mir:-:apur Siya., So, the sulphate; concentration
Plote XXI
BO'L
I N D E X
<150
> 150
78°0' 5'
DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORIDE IN SHALLOW GROUNDWATER
IN ALIGARH CITY, DISTRICT ALIGARH, U.P.
45
was found well within the limit of 250ppm= Low concentration
of sulphate may be because of less o;;idation of sulphide to
sulphate.
Sodium:
The concentration of sodium ranges between 22ppm to
245ppm. "I"hie h ig hes t c oncen t ra t i on i . e, 245ppm wai3 recorded in
Barai Subhangarhi. However, the concentration of sodium was
f ou.nd well wi thin the reasonab 1 e 1 imi ts . Sod ium c oneen t r-a tion
c'Above 2100ppm may be harmful 1 to persons suffering from
c a. r d i a c , r 63 n a 1 a i 1 m e n t a n d d i s e a s e s p e r t a i n i n g t o c ire u 1 a t o r y
system.
Potassium;
The concentration of potassium in the groundwater
samp less varies from llppm to 144ppm. The highest
concern t rat ion of potassium has been found in water sample of
Barai Subhangarhi sample. The concentration of potassium is
g e n e r a11y 1ow in g r • oun d wa te r» Po tass i urn salts a re o f
therepeutic value in the treatment of familiar periodic
pari*, lysis while no desirable or £s;;ecessive limit for
potassium seems to have been set, though 1000--2000ppm seems
to be? th£? extreme limit of K~ion in drinking w-ater.
Calcium;
It is a common constituent of groundwatc?r. The
dissolved CO-, generally controls the Ca~ion concentration in
natural water (Psthak^1980). Calcium is also an essential
element, and human body reguires 0.7 to 2.0 gm per day. The
concentration of cailcium ranges between 23ppm and 170 ppm.
45 The highest desirable Level of Ca in drinking water is 75 ppm
and maxim permissible level is 200ppm (H.H.Q., 1984 and
I .CM.R. ,1975) n The highest value illW-'Pm) was recorded at
Sarsool. However, its concentration is within the permissible
1imit.
Magnesium;
It is one of the constituents responsible) for
hardness of water, while low concentrations ana not harmful,
higher concentrations are luKative,, The concentration of
Magnesium varies from 16ppm to 29ppm. The highest
concentration wais found in we? 11 water of Pala. However, its
cQn c en t ra t i on i s w i t h i n t he 1 i m i t i , e 50 p pm.
Total Hardness
Total hardness ais CaCO-.-, ranges between 180 to 504ppm.
Plate XXII shows the? total hardness distribution in the are?a,
Total Disolved Solid
T h e total d i s s o 1 v e? d !s o 1 i d s a r & d i r e c 11 y r e-; 1 a t e d w i t h
e 1 ec tr ica 1 Conduc t i vi ty or sa. 1 in i ty . I nd ian Counc i 1 of
Mediccxl Research while? recommending 500 TDSi for p)ot£ible water
has also laid maximum permissible limits of 1500ppm TDS,
where, no a 11ernative source i<-> avai 1 ab 1 e . TD£> i'"artges betwe?en
243 to 881 ppm. The highest value was recorded in Swarjenak
Ka r ams ha1a, we11 wa te r.
TRACE ELEMENTS
The elements present in the water in very low
concentration, which plays a major role in the human and
animal me?tabolism and healthy growth of plcxnts, £>.re known as
trace elements. However, these very elements at higher level
Plale XXII
DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL HARDNESS'lN
SHALLOW GROUNDWATER
IN ALIGARH CITY, DISTRICT ALIGARH, U .P
INDEX
V. ^
180-240 PPm
2AO-300 "
300-360 "
> 3 6 0 M
47
may F)rove injurious or even to;;ic to animal and plant life .
Although human being and animals take a fraction of
these constituents through their respective diet and also
through the medium of drinking water and beverages.
Deficiencies of 2!0-24 elements in animal and man
(Frzedin, 1972 ) and 13 to 17 elements in plants have been
recongnised (Epsteinf 1965). It must, be stated that it is
not the overall concentration of an element that is
importcint, but the species of metal present in water that is
available to an organism or plant that must be taken into
concentration,, The present study depicts; the total
concentration of trace elements present in groundwater of the
area.,
Traice elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni,, Co, Pbn Cd, and
Rb were determined. The results of the analytical data show a
higher concentration of to;;ic heavy metals in shallow
aguifers. It may be due to excessive use of fertilizers,
pesticides, herbicides household refuses and sewatge disposal
etc. The re?sults of chemical analysis given in
ApjpendiK VI.
The concentration of various elements arB
discussed below :
IRON:
It is an essntial nuteritsnt for humans, animals and
plants ( Fairbanks et.al., 1971 ) . Its concentration ranges
between 0.26 to 1.661 ppm.
The concentration in the saxmples of Sarai Rehman and
•S
Lai MasjId was observed above the permissible limit of Ippm
(HHOf 1985) which is due to the presence of Metal processinq
factories in and around the city area. The maximum value
(1.66Ippm) was observed in the well o-f \...a\l Masjid.
MANGANESE;
The manganese concentration ri^nqes between 0.012 to
0.261 ppm, which is above the permissible limit for the use
of drinking water. The highest concentration was observed in
Sarsoo 1 we 11 wai ter .
COPPER;
Copper concentraxtion ranges between 0.055 to 0«63ppm
which is below the permissible limit. The highest
c o n c e n t r a t i o n < 0 . 6 3 p p m ) i s r e c o r d e d i n £> a r s c :• o I w ell w a t e r „
ZINC;
The concentraion of 2:inc ranges between 0.062! to 1 .79£!
ppm. The ma;<imum concentration i.e., 1.79S ppm, was recorded
from the groundwater sample? of Efrahman ka Nag la.
NICKEL;
T h e cone: e n t r a t i o n o f IM i c k e 1 rang e s b e t w e e n 0 „ 14 7 t o
0.225' ppm. The maximum concentration i.e., 0.225 ppm, was
recorded from the groundwater sample of Sarax Flehman.
HoweVer , tI'le ma;•( imum concen tration is within the limit of 1
ppm (HHO, 1985).
COBALT;
The concentration of Cobalt ranges between 0.368 to
0.561 ppm. Its maximum conccentration 0.561 ppm was found in
the well of 11ampur,
49 LEAD;
The cc:'nc:€?ntr"at.iori o f 1 eacl ranqes betwee-;n 0 to 0.028
ppm. Ths maximum concentration of tho lead was found in the
grou.ndwater <5amp) 1 e of Brahman Ka Nag 1 a.
CADMIUM;
Cadmium has a cumulative auid highly toxic €?ffect on
human beings. The concentration ranges between 0.021 to
0.1972 ppm. The maximum concentr<at.ion was recorded in the
g r o u n d w a t e r s amp1e o f Sa ra i Re hman.
RUBIDIUM;
Rubidium is a ra re element. and occurs in naiture
dispersed with potassium. The concentration ranges between
0„02!3 to 0„087ppm. The highest value was recorded in the dug
well sample of Lai Masjid.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY CRITERIA
The term quality ats applied to water embr-aces the
combined physical, chemical and biological characteristics
and is a deminent fe^ctor in determining the adequacy of any
supply to satisfy the requirements of various water uses.
The interpretation of chemical analysis is highly
subjective? matter, and is not possible to have a single
criterion that can have universal application. This is
because the water quality of an area should satisfy the
requirements set for the specific uses, namely domestic,
irrigational and industrial uses. However, keeping with this
object in veiw following criteria has been adopted for the
interpretation of the results. The main classes of uses are
as follows ;
5G
1 • Domestic
2 . A g r i c:: u 11 u r e
3. Industrial
WATER QUALITY FOR DOMESTIC USES
Various organisations all over the world, viz., USPHA
(1962), MHO (1975, 1984) and Indian Council of Medical
Research (1975) haxve laid down certain guidelines for
evaluation of water quality for domestic supplies. The
primary aim of these guidelines is the protection of public
health.
Accordingly, the concentration of various major and
trace elements determined in the water samples of the study
3.reB. B.re depicted in Table No. ( 4 ).
The table shows that the concentration of pH, Ca, Mg
auid CI and total hairdne^ss B.r& well within the permissible?
limits as recommended by HHO and INCR. The groundwater is
safe for drinking purpose, on the other hand concentration of
some trace eleme?nts like?, Fe, Mn, Cd and Pb Bre found higher
than thei r s tandard 1im i ts. These t race e1emen ts spec ia 11y Cd
and Pb have adverse effects on human health. It has been
studied by many workers (Craun and WcCade, 1975f Neri
et.al.f 1975 ; and Olnin, 1977). A significaint positive
correlation between mortality from various types of c.B.v\c.Gr
cind concentraition of trace elements in water supplies has
also been described (Berg and Btirbank, 1972).
High level concentration of heavy toxic elements in the
groundwater of the are?a concerned and their various health
51
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52
ha,":ards are d i<5cu*-5<5ed -as below,
Cadmxum has dffi wn vpry much attf^nti on amonq a]] tor.ir
metal<5. It i<=i highly tn;;ic mf-Dt'-al ' nd i<-; widely di'strilDu ted in
the e-mvxronment an Ira'.e amourils. Cadmium m hiqh
concentration i<5 a deadly poison, hut small amount of cadmium
jf tal-en ov£->r a long foriorl of Lime , ac(.umu] a i"ec> in 1 he
biological system and cauoo's <'ieriou'3 illness ( VerrsBf 1987).
Ca<Jmium gets accumulated and is retained mainly m the liver
cxnd l•ldneys^ thus cauwanc) pathaluqical changes of the
iiepatocytes of the 1 iv^r as well as l-idneys, tubules and
c) Lomru] 1 changes (Itokatia et.al., 1974f Colucez etMsI,,
1975)^ I he maiui' effects in tlie per<=>nris ore upalj onaJ ly
exposed to C(i <B.rn limg diseases and renal dysfunctions. The
health aspects of Cd <ArB reviewed by several worl-ers
(Fleisher et.al., 1974f Friberg et.al.f 1974f MHO, 1977).
Thie lead is aJsci responsible l(j cause menial
retardation iii children, increased abortion rates m females
and in fp r ti I ity m males, fi'ecent literature") show that it a <;>
also a c<iusative factor of hypertension < Vermafl987}. Higher
concentration of lead than permissibU-' limits, at most of the
places m the area, may caus€. (Adverse effects on the
mhabi tan ts.
Iron IS essential element in human nutrition but
becomes highly to!;ic when administered parentally (Fairbanks
et.at.f1971). Affected persons frequently develop diabetes
mellitus and heart failure. These symptoms <3i.rB caused by a
tO!;ic accumulation of iron in the body tissues (Britanica,
1973-74).
13
M<:\nqanus£=> a r L i v a t t ^ s a h o s t o f c r i t i c a l i n i e r e e»Li 1 lc-*r
e n z y m e s . The m e t a l appear -s t o p l a y a r o l e m CD; ; i da t i ve
pho iap l io ryJ a t i o n , f a t t y a \c id me tabo l x%m e t c . . I t has.
n e u r o l o q t e a l i:iymptam<-5,
Copper j s ps?>en taa l an human meta t i f ) ] i sm (Horld
Health Organisation, 1973) and i n c r i t j c a J t o '•.ut h d i v e r s i e
a c t i v i t i e ' s a<3 hemi - syon the i : i i =i, c o n n e c t i v e t i s ' s i u ^ m e t a b o l i s m ,
hone r i t i v l o p m e n t and nerv^-'^ fiMU t i on . C J e v a l e d c onr r-int r a f ICJI i
o f cn i - iper m s e r u m a.ri^ o b s e r v e d i n a I a r t j e ni.imber (i ^ a c u t e
aii(J c h r o m e d i f-ioa'^c^n. The r o n ( e n l r a t i o n o f c o p p e r i\\ thf-*
ArK<i v---> w i t h m t h e l i m i t .
MATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION USE;
W a t e r q u a l i t y c r i t e r i a f o r th(.> L r r i q a t i o n i s a c o m p l e ; ;
s u b i e c t , taec"ause g r o w t h o-f a p a r t i c r u J a r c:rap d e p e n d s on many
f a c t c D r s and i i o t m e r e l y on c h e m i s t r - y o f the? w a t e r . The
n a t u r e o f s c s i ] , t h e c -J imaLe , t h e t y p e o< c r o p , t h e i r i " i q a t i o n
me thod and t h e l o c a l d r a m a q e c o n d i t i c D n s 3.rc sc^me o f t h e
f a c t o r s .
S e v e r a l c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t ' - ! a f f e c t t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f
w a t e r f o r i r r t q a t i c i n . Som(3 o f t h e s e a r e s
3 - l o t a l c:onc e n t r - a t i o n t)i s o l u b l e <-,ai ts ( b r o a d l y r e l a t e d t o
s p e c i f i c conduf : tancc» o f w a t e r ) .
'.1 ~ R e J a t i v e p r r s p o r t i o n rsf scsdium t o o t h e r c a t i o n s .
Z - C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c e r t a i n s p e ' c i f i c t r a c e e l e m e n t .
The cJata o t ) t c \ i n e d f r o m c h e m i c a J f>nalysi<:> ai w a t e r
samplers srG i n t e r p r e t e d on e s t a b l i s h e d q u i d e l i n e s and
dLscussc>d b e l o w .
Salinity and Sodium Hazards;
Irrigation water is one of the maj or cQntributors of
soluble salts to the soil in addition to those already
present. Water present in the soil is mainly removed by
evaporation and transpiration, and these are the two process
which altimately control the ds^gree o-f osmotic stress to
which plant will be exposed » In the shallow water table
area wftere g round is sa 1 ine, the evapotr£inspi ration procE;SS
also creates a suction force that may produce 3.n appreciable
upward flow of waiter and salts to the root zone by which
many types of soi 1 s become sa 1 inize(d and the water soil
sa 1 ini.ty becmes; so high a.s to retard the ge;rmination of seed
o r grow t h o f p1an ts.
In place of rigid limits of salinity, for irrigation
water, water quality is expressed by classes of relative
suitability (Wilco;;, 1955). WilcoK prepared a. classification
based on t he e1ec trie a1 c on d uc t i v i ty, sod i um pe rc en tag e,
Boron concentration and residual alkalinity which is given in
the table (5).
Table — 5 I Guide to the quality o-f irrigation water.
Specific Conductance mmho/Cm
<0.75
0.75-2.00
2.0-3.0
>3.0
Sodium Percen
<50
50-65
92
>92
tage Boron ppm
0.3-1
0.7-2
1 - 3
1.2-3.8
Residual Na2C03 meg/I
<<1.25
<1.25
1.25-2.5
>2.5
Quality of irrigation water
Excel lent to good Good to Permissible Doubtful to Unsuitable Unsuitable
55
To ta1 d i ssQ1ved so1i d s a re gen e rally i n te r p fe ted as
electrical conductivity aind irrigation water classification
based on electrical conductivity is given below. The U.S.
Salinity laboratory staff (1954) has proposE^d the use of the
S Q d i u m A b s o r p t i o n R a t i o (S A f-i;) f o r s t u d y i n g t I'l e s u i t a b i 1 i t y o f
groundwater for irrigation purposes. It is defined by
S . A. R - Na'^/ < (Ca"'""'""i-Mg"'•••'") /2 )
Table (6)5 (3uality classification of irrigation water (After U„E). Salinity laboratory)
Classification Electrical Salinity Alkali conductivity Hazards Hazards in micromhos/Cm
Class I-Excellent < 250 Low (C^) upto 10(Sj>
Class II-Good 250-750 Moderate(C2) 10-18(82)
Class Ill-Moderate 750-2250 Medium 18-26(83) (permissible with High(C3) caution)
Class IV 2250-4000 High(C4) >26(S4) Unsatisfac tory
The SAR and EI. C. values (Appendix V(E-i) ) of water
samples have been plotted ( Platen XXI11 )
F"rom the diagram ( Plate XXIII ), it is found that water
quality belongs to C^S^, C-,S., C-.- SJ and C~:rS^, . Among these
four C-i£)\ and C-^S^ contains majority of the samples.
Now it can be inferred from the above result that the
water may be used for irriqational purposes, but soil water
300 600 Plate XXIII
1250 1750 2000 3000 AOOO 5000 r
100 250 500 750.1000 1500 2250 5000
CI
Low
Conductivity (i
C2 Medium
Tiicromhos/cm at 25^^
C3 Hiqh
CA
Very Hiqh
Salinity hazard
SHOWING PLOTS OF SAR VALUES AGAINST E-C.VALUES
56
mariagetnen t. and proper clrainaqe f ac i. 1 i. t ies wi .1.1 be requi rfsd in
order to avoid ha:;:ards.
The data obtained <Appendi!< V(B>) are plotted on WilcoK
diagram (Plate XXIV ), which reveales that 45 percent of
the samples,, fall in excellent to good class and about 347.
of the samples fall in good to permissible clasvs, and the
remaining in permissible to doubtful class.
Trace Elements
Apart from useful function of major ions, need of some
trace elments are now being recognised as profoundly
beneficial to crops for proper growth of plants at their
different stages. The trace elements such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni,
Mn J Co „ etc. 3.rB now being considered to be essential for
proper growth of plants nutrition are yet to be emphasised
with complete awart^ne^ss.
P e r u s a 1 o f a n a 1 y t i c a 1 r e s u 11 s r e v B a 1 t f i a. t c o n c e n t r a t i o n
of above micro-nutrients in the water of different sources
ATB within the recommended limit of F"ederal water Pollution
control Federation (1968) and Ayers and Branson (1975) table
7. As such they will not produce any to;<ic effect to plants
if waters are used continously for irrigation purpose.
PlateXXIV
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY(micromhos>t:mat25t 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 350C
10 15 20 25
Total Concentration, epm
SHOWING PLOTS OF SODIUM PER CENT AGAINST
E . C , VALUES.
57
Table 7 ! Trace elements tolerance limit of irrigation water as proposed by FWPCF (1968) and Ayers and Branson (1975) (Concentration, expressed in mg/1)
Elements Water use (FWPCF,1968) Water use (Ayers, Branson, 1975)
Continous Short term Continous in feric texured
Soils
Short term in fine textured
soils
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Manganese
Strontium
Nickel
Zinc
Cadmium
Cobalt
Lead
Chromium
0.20
-
5.0
2.0
-
0.5
5.0
0.005
0.20
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.0
10.0
0.05
10.0
10.0
0.05
0.20
5.0
2.5
0.2
0.2
2.0
0.01
0.05
5.0
0.1
5.0
15.0
2.5
10.0
2.0
10.0
0.05
5.0
10.0
1.0
Water quality for industrial use
Chemical quaJitv criteria -for jnduotrial LISO vary
widoly. I'hf? pure water is required for the manufac turo of
pharmaceutica lt>, papers and boveraqes.
An (-'-(tensive survey carried out tn the United States,m
respect of cooper Industry, the? rusiilts of which are useful
m many other base metei industries, showed that the water
uf vc->rv hiqh pLiraty for rpfininq where cis for rertaan phase<->
Df m m i n q cind f l a t i t a t t o n prarr-5<5<-;r-?<i, t h u q u t l a t y may n o t hu
c r a t i c < : T l (Karanthfl987}.
I n t h e l i q h t ppf t^poc I" i v e f ) f t hc» f a n (•'••s d j ?>c:tisGed abov-^ ,
t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y o f t h e B.rB<3. may be r r-^r.(3mmended - for a l l
i f i d u s t n a l use's e;;c e p t f o r pharmar e-Mit i r a J and re r j f i n j i nq
purpo<=JD<^,
In ?>ome -j,ve.3'.>^ q r c m n d wa te i r have been u s e d e;;ten<-~>i v e ] y
t o r i n d u s t r i a l purpQ<-5es becai . ine o f t h i e r l ow and r e l a t i v e l y
f . o n t i t a n l t t . ' fTiperaturt?» The accep t -ed r 1 Ai:ii=>i f i c a 11 on o f wa t f ^ r
w i t h r e q a r d s t o h a r d n e s - i i i i ao f o l l o w s :
T a b l e ( 8 ) C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o-f w a t e r on t h e b a s i s o f h a r d n e s s . ( S a i d w i n * McGuiness, 1970y
C l a s s H a r d n e s s
S o f t 0 - 6 0
M o d e r a t e l y h a r d 61 - 120
Hard 121 - 180
V e r y h a r d > 180
The a n a l y t i c a l r c - ' suJ ts (ApF)endJi;! V ( b ' ) ) show t h a t
t h e g r o u n d w a t e r o f t h e 3.rii<3. ii5 ^ s u i t a b l e f o r i n d u s t r i a l
p u r p o s e .
Prom c J f f o r e s a i d discu<^sion<:> o f t h e c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s
r e s u l t s i t can be c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s h a l l o w g r o u n d w a t e r o f
t h e areax i s not" s u i t a b l e f o r d r m l - m q p u r p o s e s as i t c o n t a i n s
some o f t h e h e a v y m e t a l s l i l - e I r o n , L o a d , Manganese and
Oadmium. How€?ver „ i t c a n be u s e d f o r i r r i q a t i o n a l and
5S
industrial needs. As, some toxic elements B.rB above
the permissible limit in shallow groundwater, it is advisable
to exploit deep groundwater, for drinking purposes, to avoid
any hazard.
SUMMARY &
CONCLUSION
6:
The study areas i.e., Aligarh city spreads over an area
of 152 Sq. Km, forms a part of Central Ganga basin. Regarding
the origin of the Ganga basin there are many shades of
opinion, it was interpreted to be a foredeep; or a rift
valley which was latter filled up with alluviam of the
thickness 4.5 Km to 6 Km. A third view regards it a sagging
in the crust, while the fourth more accepted view presents it
as a buckling down in the crust. According to a recent view,
it is thought to be a resultant of phenomenal sagging of the
Northern platform of the Bundelkhand shield following the
main Himalayan episode. Another view regards the Indo-
Gangetic plain, a peripheral foreland basin formed as a
result of continent-continent collission between Indian and
Asian Plates.
The wells drilled by O.N.G.C. and C.G.W.B in the Ganga
basin depict the sub-surface topography, it is found that the
Sub-surface topography beneath the Quaternary alluviam,
consist of alternate spurs and depressions. The northern
fringe of the peninsula is intact close to the right bank of
the Ganga, but Ganga itself flows presently along the fault
plane, the northern side of which is a downthrown side.
Accordingly the thickness of the alluvium increases due north
which attains its maximum close to the foothill. Quarternary
sediments, comprising clay and sands of various grades in
multiple alternation. were deposited on the eroded and
upturned surface of upper Vindhyan rocks leading to the
present configuration of the Ganga basin.
S2
Hydrogeologically speaking, there occurs three to four
tier aquifer system down to the depth of 340 m.b.g.l. The
aquifer material consists of fine through medium to coarse
sand of varying shades. The nature is predominantly
micaceous. The thickness of the aquifer varies from 3 meters
to 28 meters.
The granular zones generally comprise 50% of the total
lithounits encountered. The discharge of the shallow
tubewells varies from 30 to 50 ra /hr with a nominal drawdown
of 3 to 4.5 meters. The discharge of heavy duty tubewells
varies from 50 to 227 m /hr with a drawdown varying from 2 to
11.7 meters. The groundwater of the area accurs in pheratic
condition in shallow aquifer and semi-confined to cofined
conditions in the deeper aquifers.
The pre-monsoon depth to water level ranges between
8.70 to 15 m.b.g.l. and in the post-monsoon period it ranges
between 8.06 to 14.05 m. b.g.l. In general water level
fluctuation is recorded between 0.4 to 0.6ra. Regional flow of
groundwater is from NW to SE with little variation at places
caused by local factors.
A perusal of the water table contour map shows two
groundwater troughs have formed in the Western and south
eastern parts of the area, which is due to the excesive
withdrawal from shallow aquifers, moreover this excessive
withdrawal has generated declining trend of water table. Some
provision for recharge of the depleting aquifers should be
made. A canal may be passed through the area in order to
63
arrest the declining trend of the water level in the area.
Sand analysis was done to delineate the
hydrodynamic condition of the aquifer material. The study
revealed that the sand size ranges between meduim to fine,
the porosity of upper aquifer is higher than the deeper one
and the hydraulic conductivity decreases with depth.
Water balance studies show that the net recharge is
26.82 MCM and the net draft is 18.65 MCM, leaving a balance
of 8.17 MCM as utilizable groundwater resource potential. As
per NABARD'S norm the status of groundwater development is
69.53% and accordingly, the area falls under the 'Grey'
category.
In view of the 69.53% groundwater development,
cautious groundwater development is required to avoid any
scarcity of the groundwater in the area. Further it is
suggested to develop the deep aquifers rather than the top
aquifers which are already under great strain.
In groundwater resource evaluation, the quality is as
important as the quantity. Qualitatively the groundwater of
the area is moderately alkaline in reaction, hard and
slightly mineralised, and is suitable for irrigational and
industrial purposes. The shallow aquifers being polluted with
heavy toxic metals (Fe,Pb,Mn,Cd,) and the metals are in
higher concentration than the permissible limits, may not be
safe for drinking puposes. For the safe drinking water,
groundwater from the deeper aquifers should be supplied, duly
disinfected at the pumping site itself, for the population in
64
the area.
In the years to come when, the area will reach its
optirauin development, sometimes in the 21st century, the major
problem will be that of artificial recharge to augment the
reservoir potential of the depleting aquifers in Karwan-
Sengar Doab. It is necessary, therefore, to continue
monitoring of water level for the proper understanding of the
groundwater behaviour vis-a-vis the pace of development of
groundwater in the area and continue searching various
alternatives for scientifically planned water management
programme.
65
AgarNalfR.R. and HalhotrafC.L., 1953 Soil survey and isoil work in U. F', Vol . 1
APHA 1975 Standard methods for Examination of water and wastewater, 14th edition. American F-'ublic Hesalth Association I, Washington, D.C.
AyerfR.S. and BransoTifR.L 1975 Guide line for interpretation of water quality for agriculture, Un i V e rs i ty o f c a 1 i. f o rn i a, E x ten <i!; i on M e i mog ra p h p -13.
Baldwin f H.L. and McGuiriess ^C. L. , 1970 A F'rimer on Groundwater, U.S.(3.S. p •- 11 .
BaNejaf B.K, and Karanth. 1980 G)round water recharge estimation in India Tech, Series H. Bull. 2. C e n t r a 1 G r o u n d w a t e r B o a r d „
BedingeKf H.S.f 1961 Relation between me^dian grain sise and permeability in the Arkansas Rive?r valley, Arkansas, U.S. Geol. Surv. Proffessional Paper. p
Berg fJ .i^. and Bur bank, 1972 Geochemical Environment in Relation of Health and Disease. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. V. 199, p - 249 ••• 264.
BurrardrS.G.f 1915 Origin of Indo-Gangetic trough commonly cailled Himcilaiyan Foredeep. F'roc. Roy. Soc, London, 91 A, p ••- 220-238.
C o h e n f P h i J i p /, 19 6 3, S p e c i fie y i e 1 d £A n d P a r t i c 1 e s i z e relations of quaternary alluviam, l-lumtaolt River V a 11 e y, N e v -a da, !..).£!„ Geol. S u r v., w a t e r s u p p 1 y paper, 1669~-M.
D i cken son , M, R, , 1974 Tec ton ic and sed imen ta t i on Sp)ec . Pub. Soc. Econ. Paleont. Mine, 22, pp 204. Tulsa.
Out t, U.K., 19 6 9 H y d r o g e o 1 o g y o f A1 i g ax r • h d i s t r • i c t, U. P. India, Minerals, V.23 (2) p. 1-14.
Fairbanks, V.F. et.al.,, 1974 Clinical disorder of iron metabolism. 2nd ed. Grune and statton. New, York, p " 486.
Fleishefr, i1. et.al., 1974 Environmental impact of cadmium -A review by the panel on the hazardous trace subtances.Environ. Health perspect., 7.7, p - 253-
Hassan , N. et .al. , 19632 In tensive Geohydro 1 ogica 1
66
Investigation, Block 'Jagat', district Badaun, U. F- „
Iridian Council of Medical research .1975 Manual of
s t a n d a r d o f q u a 1 i t y f o r d r" i n k i n g water- B U p p 1 i e s . 1,.CH.R., Mew Delhi, 2nd sedition.
Karanthf K.R,, 1987 Groundwater assessment Development and Manageme^nt. First edition Tata McGraw Hill, p •- 720.
Kr ishnan, M.S., 1982 Geology of India and Burma 6th edition, p - 5.'36 .
Krinnbein, W.E- and G.D.Monk. ^ 1942, Permeability as a function of the size parameters of unconsolidated s a n d , T r a n <•:;» A m e r „ 1 n s t. M i n „ a n d M e t „ E n g r s u , V.151 , p. 153 ••- 163,
Haschy F.D. & Deny, K.J. 1966, Grain si::e distribution auid its effect on permeability of unconsolidated sands, Water F?esource Research, V.2 p« 665 -• 677,
Nazir/, K.K., 19S6, Aquifer systo^m and groundwater potential of A.M.U. campus.
Oldhan. R.D. 1917, The structure of Himalayas and the Gangetic Plain. Mem. Oaeol. £>urv. lnclic"*-9, V.42(2) p.153.
OlNin, J.H.,1977, Metals on the life of Man. Jour, Amer. water works Assoc., V,67, p. 403-409.
Pascoe , E.H., 1964, A manua 1 of 6eology of Inc:iia and Burm3., Govt, of India press, Calcutta, p 21.
Pathak, B.D., 1978, Hydrogecology and groundwater potential of U.P.
P at ha k , B. V. , 19 8 5, G r o u n d w a t e r i. n I n d it* an d f u r t h e r development, current trends in Geology VII VIII, P573-577.
Pruess, f.A. & Todd, D.K,, i96'-5. Specific yield of
unconsolidated alluviam, W.R.C.C, No - 76, Univ. of California, 12 - 18.
Rao, I1.B.R., 1973, The subsurface Geology of Indo-Gs^ngetic Plains. Jour . Geo 1 . Soc . I nd i a, V. 14 (3) p . 213--242.
Sastr i ,1/.1/. et.al., 1971, Tectonic framework and subsurface stratigraphy of Ganga Basin,Jour.Geol.Soc.India,V-12(3)p.223"-233.
6?
Suess,E., 1904-1924, The face of Earth,5 clarendon Press Oxford.
Todd f U.K. , .1.980, (Broundwater Hydrology .2nd edition,John Wi1ey and Sons,p.535.
U m BfK.O. , E g b o k a , B. C. E. &. 0 n \-' o h a., K, II. , 1989, Mew s t a t i B t i c a 1 grain si;:e-method for evaluating the hydraulic conductivity of sandy aquiftsrs.Jour.of Hydrology 108 p.343-366,
/./« S. Pab 1 i c Healt h Sei- v i ce 1962 , Pub 1 ic Hea 11i"i Servxc.e Drinking Water Standards Publications, 956, U.S. Sovt. Printing Office,Washington,D.C.
i/S-S£. 1954, Diagononis and Improvement of saline and Alkaline soi 1 s , U . S . Depaxrtmen t of Agricu 1 ture Ci re , p. 969 .
Valdiya,K.S. 1982, Geology of Vindhyachal. Hindustan Pub 1 ishing Corp. , India «
\/erma,M ,t1, f 1987, Health Hazards from water. The Hindustan Times.New Del hi , EJaturday, April 18 , 19EJ7 pp» 17 .
1/ o h r a,, B»B.,, 19 8 6 , T o w a r d s a N a t ion a 1 w a t e r P o 1 i c: y. B h u - J a 1 News i, V. 2 No . 1 , p3-4 .
14,H.0. 1977, Environmenta 1 Hea 1 th Criteri^i for Cadmium,Ambio 6,p„287-290.
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H.H.O. 1973, Tectonical report series, Trfice element in Human Nutrition,Report of W.H.O,Expert Committee.,No
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APPENDICES
^ j R - e - E j ^ o z X T < iPi > ANNUAL RAINFALL IN mm AT ALIGARH RftIN BAUGE STATION
6^
YEAR F^:AINFALL YEAR RAINFAL
1951 503.0
52 684„0
479.0
54 774.5
55 972.0
56 841,,3
58 1178.6
59 '712.2
60 895.8
61 1025.2
62 1153.9
63 1004.9
64 1123.0
65 467.8
66 523.4
67 697.6
68 409.4
69 544.1
70 417.0
1971
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
560.4
69. S
371 .6
412.3
697,9
502.9
857.7
1359.8
79 DOO . O
80 778.4
81 736.7
82 935.2
83 1123.2
84 756.6
85 933.1
86 970.2
37 459.4
88 1431.8
89 544-4
i=kF>R-E:r«40 I X I C JB >
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS QF RAINFALL DATA ALISARH RAIN BAUSE STATION. DISTf. ALIGARH
u
CLA£
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1 100 1200 1300 1400
-
iS
---... ... ... .... .... ... _. .... ... .... -• ... —
INTERVAL
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1 100 1200 1300 1400 1500
FREQUENCY
1 0 0 1 6 7 ..... 5 ..... 5 2 4 0 1 1
U
..„7
••-6
••-5
-../| - - . " • '
f " i
-1 0 1 '"> •~',' 4 5 6 7
U""
49 36 25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49
„. ™, ,„. ...„
Uf
-7 0 0
...4 -18 1 -l-
- • ' . " \
0 3 10 6 16 0 6 7
„ „ ... _„ „. _„ „„ „„.
y-f
49 0 0 16 54 28
y.
0 .3
20 13 64 0
36 49
, .„. „„ „„.
U f u-"-f 3 4 0
Mean Ra..tn-fal 1
Mean R a . i n f a l 1
S t a n d a r d D e v i a t . i o n
X
X
nn:
~
=
=
!:-.
Xj.., -I- C(Uf/f)
750 + 100(2/3
755.12
/bb.12 mm
S.D. - C
= 100
•'^ 100
- 100
- 100
9)
U-"f/-f ••- <Uf./f.) ~
340/39 ••- (2/39)
8.71 " 0.0025
8.7075
:; 2>950
S.D. - 295,08
Coeff.icient of Va\riat.ion (%) (S.D./Mean );< 100
(295.08/755, 12);; 100
39 .08
< i=-F=>E:t>4D I X — I T
LITHOLOGICAL LOGS OF BOREHOLES DRILLED BY STATE TUBEWELL DEPARTMENT IN ALIGARH CITY,
DISTRICT ALIGARH.
Lithology Depth range is meters Thickness in meters b.g.l.
(1) (2) (3)
Tubewe11.No.9 VillagezRasulpur
Surface Clay
Sc3ft Clay
Sand & Kankar
Sandy Clay ?< ke*.nkar
Med Sand
Med Sand & Kankar
C1 a y &. I< a n k a r
Sand Clay &. Kankar
Hard Clijy & Kankar
Sandy Clay
Hard Clay
Sand Stone
Fine Sand
Sand ?< Kankar
Med Sand & Stone
Med Sand
Yellow Clay
0,00
9.14
15»23
'7 1 "'T '•?
24.36
27.40
31 .97
50.26
53.30
65.49
71 .58
S0.72
81.32
82.84
85.88
88.84
90.05
~ 9.14
-• 15.23
.... 21 . 32
•••• 24.36
- 27.40
"- 31.97
•- 50.26
-" 53.30
- 65.49
•- 71 .58
•- 80.72
-- 81.32
- 82.84
- 85.88
- 88,84
- 90,05
- 90,87
9.14
6.09
6.09
3,04
3,04
4.57
18,29
3.04
12 „ 19
6,09
9,14
0.60
1 ,52
3.04
3.96
1.21
72
<1) (2) <3)
Tubewell No - 24 Location - Tubewell Colony,
Clay Kankar 0 ••- 12.19 12.19
F-ine Sand 12.19 •••" 18.28 6.09
Clay «c Kankar 18.28 -- 22.54 4.26
Yellow Fine Sand 22.54 "- 24.36 1,82
Fine to rried Sand 24.36 ••- 29.23 4.87
Fine Sand & Stone 29.23 - 34.1 4.87
Clay «: Kankar 34.1 - 36.53 2.43
Very -fine sand 3 6, 5 3 -• 3 9. 5 7 3. 0 4 and stone
Fine sand 39.57 -•• 43.83 4.26
Clay Kankar 43.83 ••••• 48.7 4,87
Med Sand 48.7 - 54.79 6.09
Clay & Kankar 54.79 ••- 79.79 25.00
Fine sand 79.79 -••100.52 20.73
Fine sand &. stone 100.52 -107.83 7.31
Clay Kankar 107.83 -124.9 17.07
Tubewell No - 28 Village — Kulwa.
Surface Clay 0 -• 1.52
Clay with Kankar 1 , 52 -- 12.20
Fine to medium 12.20 - 15.25 Sand
Medium Sand 15.25 - 18.30
Sandy Kankar 18.30 -- 21.35
Sandy Clay 21.35 - 24.40
1 .52
10
3
3
3
3 .
. 6 8
. 0 5
. 0 5
. 0 5
, 0 5
73
(1> (2> (3)
Medium Sand 24.40 - 30.50 6.10
Clay with Kankar 30.50 ••- 34.39 3.05
Fine Sand 34.39 "•• 36.60 2.25
Fine to medium 36.60 ~" 42.70 6.10 Sand Loose clay with 42.7'0 -~ 45.75 3.05 Kankar Sandy Clay 45.75 -• 48.80 3.05
Loose Caving Clay 48.80 ~- 55.60 6.80
Hard C l a y 5 5 . 6 0 ••••• 5 7 . 9 5 2 . 3 9
Very fine sand 57.95 - 61.00 3.05
Fine to medium 61.00 - 67.10 6.10 sand Very fine yellow 67.10 - 71.75 4.68 sand Clay with Kankar 71.75 •••• 79.30 7.55
Caving Clay with 79.30 - 82.28 2.95 Kankar Medium sand with 82.28 - 96.10 13.85 stone Clay with Kankar 96.10 -100.00 5.0
Tubewell No; 34 Village: Alampur Subkhara
Yellow Clay 0 - 1 . 5 2 1.52
Yellow fine sand 1 . 5 2 - 9 . 4 4 7.92
Clay & Kankar 9.44 - 12.18 2.74
Fine Sand Kankar 12.18 - 15.22 3,04
Med Sand Kankar 15.22 - 18.87 3.65
Clay Kankar 18.87 - 23.44 4.57
(1) (2) (3)
Fine Sand Kankar 23.44 ••- 32.58 9„.l4
Clay 32.58 - 36.5 3.96
Tubewell Nos 38 Village: Nagla Masani
1.92
4.26
3.04
3.(34
3,04
3.04
3.04
3.04
5.48
5.IB
3.04
5.79
1.82
9. 14
6.09
4.57
3.04
7.62
3.04
4.87
£)u r - fac .e C l a y
S l i c k y C l a y
Siaxndy C l a y
C l a y S i c i k y &. K a n k e ^ r S a n d -"•• F i n e
C3ood •- F i n e S a n d
C l a y & K a n k a r
S a n d - F i n e
F i n e S a n d & Siand S t o n e s C l a y & K a n k a r
P o o r F i n e S a n d
C l a y & K a n k a r
L a w a 1 & K a n k a r
C l a \ y & K a n k a r
H a r d C l a y &. B a j r i
H a r d C l c t y
L a w a l ?< K a n k a r
H a r d Claxy
P o o r F i n e S a n d
C a w i n g C l a y
0 . 0 0
X H O x -
6 . 0 8
9 . 1 2
1 2 . 1 6
1 5 . 2 0
1 8 . 2 8
21 . 2 8
2 4 . 3 2
2 9 , 8 0
3 4 , 9 8
3 8 . 0 2
4 3 . 8 1
4 5 . 6 3
5 4 . 7 7
6 0 . 8 6
6 5 . 4 3
6 8 . 4 7
7 6 . 0 9
/ 9 . 13
- 1 „ 82
~- 6 , 0 8
- 9 . 1 2
- 1 2 . 1 6
J. W H J^\,\U
- 1 8 . 2 4
••••• 2 1 . 2 8
•- 2 4 . 3 2
-' 2 9 . 8 0
- 3 4 . 9 8
-- 3 8 . 0 2
"•' 4 3 . 8 1
- 4 5 . 6 3
.... 5 4 . 7 7
-- 6 0 . 8 6
•- 6 5 . 4 3
- 6 8 . 4 7
-- 7 6 . 0 9
- 7 9 . 1 3
- 8 4 . 0 0
7a
<1) (2) (3)
Safety Clay 84.00 -• 85.21 1.21
Sand Medium 85.21 •- 88.25 3.04
Sand Clay , Sand 88.25 - 92.29 3.04
Stone & P a ta b1es
Clay & Kankar 92.29 -• 98.38 6.09
Soft Clay 98.38 - 101.42 3.04
Clay &. Kankar 101.42 -- 104.46 3.04
Browm Med Sand 104,46 - 111.16 6.70 & Sand Stone? Clay &. Kankar 111.16 -• 116.95 5.79 Tubewell No: 40 Village: Pala Sahibabad
Surfaces Clay
Sticky Clay
Kankar
Clay & Kankar
Siticky Clay
Med Clay Send
Siticky Clay
Me?d . Send
Eiticky Clay
Sticky Clay Kanl-;
Fine Sand & Kank
Clay &. Kankar
Med Saxnd &. Sand
Clay &. Kankar
•.^r
•.ar
Stone
0.00 -
3 . 0 4 ••
5.96 •-
S.8S -
11 , 80 •"
14.72 -
17.76 -
20.50 •"
32.69 -
35.00 -
37.92 -
40.84 •••
46.81 •-
55.34 -
• 3.04
- 5.96
• 8.88
- 11.80
• 14.72
- 17.76
20.50
• 32.69
- 35.00
- 37.92
- 40.84
- 46.81
- 55.34
- 78.20
3.04
2.92
2.92
2.92
2.92
3.04
2,74
12.19
2.,31
2.92
2.92
5.97
8.53
22.86
7u
(1) (2) (3)
Tubewell No:41 Village s Koil (Pala Sahibabad)
Bur-face clay 0.00-3.04 3.04
Clay 3.04 - 9.13 6.09
Clay Kankar 9.13 - 18.37 9.14
Sandy Clay 18.37 ••- 22.02 3.65
Fine tomel sand 22.02 - 27.81 5.79
Clay Kankar 27.81-31.77 3.96
Fine sand 31.77 - 39.39 7.62
Clay Kankar 39,39 - 56.76 17.37 Fine to me;d sandwith
Stone. 56.76 - 64.38 7.62
Clay Kankar 64.38 - 84.80 20.42
Fine to yellow sand. 84.80 - 87.84 3.04
Clay Kanker &. Caving
Kanker " 87.84 -104.30 16.46
Med Sand & Sandstone 104,30 -117.10 12.80
Clay Kankar 117.10 -130.51 13.41 Med to course sand with sandstone. 130.51-142.09 11.58 Clay Kanker 142.09 -155.50 13.41
Tubewell No - 42 Village - Parhawali
Surface clay 0 - 3.04 3,04
Kankar 3.04 - 6.08 3.04
Clay 6.08-9.12 3.04
Clay Kankar 9.12 -12.16 3.04
7?
( 1 )
F i n e s a n d
F i n e Sand Med . ?< Sand S t o n e F i n e Sand &. Sand S t o n e Cl£ iy &. K a n k t i r
Sill &. Kankar
Hard Clay
Sill &. Stone
Clay &. Kankar
Kankar
F'ine Sand & Sand Stone
C lay
Sill & Stone
Fine Sand
Clay Kankar
Hard Clay
Clay Kankar
Fine Sand &. Sand Stone
Fine Siand
Clay •?< Kankar
Red Clay
Sandy Clay
Fine Sand
Clay
Hard Clay
<2)
12. 16
19.78
24.34
27.38
30.42
33.46
36 .,50
39.54
42.58
45.62
47. 14
56.59
60.85
66.33
74.56
86.75
89.79
9 'P '7''?
95.87
98.91
100.3
104.39
108.39
"19.78
- 22,82
-- 24.34
"••• 27.38
••- 30.42
"- 33.46
- 36.50
- 39.54
""" ^JIL «• ^JO
~ 45.62
-• 47. 14
- 56.59
-- 60.85
••- 66.33
-• 74.56
•- 36.75
-• 89.79
-" 92. '••'2
-- 95.87
-- 98.91
- 100.3
-•- 104.39
- 108.04
<(,: V . v„ • •- V
% • , - -^ ^ ' • .
(3)
7.62
3.04
1.52
3.04
3.04
3.04
3.04
3.04
3.04
3.04
1.52
9.45
4.26
5.48
8.23
12.19
3.04
2.43!;
3.65
3.04
1.52
3.96
___ 3.65
. n>s.i 2-?^A '> A / '
\'
7o
( 1 ) (2) (3)
Tubewe11 No. 65 Location: University
EJurface Clay 0.00
Clay •?/ Kankar 3.04
Dirty F"'ine Sand 9.12
F i n B S a n d &. K a n k a r 12.16
Grey to Hed. Sand 18.24
Clay S: Kankar 32.87
(3ray Fine to 46.19 Med. Sand Clay «c Kankar 58.38
Dirty Fine Sand 62.95 &. Kan k a r Clay 69.03
Eirown F' ine Sand 7 5 . 1 1
Siand £>tone 7 9 . 6 8
F i n e Sand 8 1 . 2 0
Sand Stone 83.02
F'ine to Med. Sand 84.23
Clay &. Kankar 90.32
Sand Stone 97.94
Med. Sand &. Sand 99.46 Stone
Med. t o C o a r s e Eiand 1 0 0 . 9 8
Sand S t o n e 1 0 1 . 4 0 -
C l a y S t o n e 1 0 2 . 9 2 -
Clay 107,49 -
•- 3.04
•- 9.12
- 12.16
••- 18.24
•~ 32.87
- 46.19
- 58.38
-• 62.95
•~ 69.03
~- 75. 11
- 79.68
-~ 81 .20
-- 83.02
- 84.23
-- 90,32
-• 97.94
- 99.46
- 100.98
- 101.40
102.92
107.49
113.58
3.04
6.08
3.04
6.08
14.63
14.32
12.19
4,57
6.08
6.08
4.57
1 ,82
1 .21
6.09
7.62
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
4.57
6.09
7b
(1) (2) (3)
Tubewell No. 66 Village ! Khetwari
Surface SJandy Clay 0.00 - 3,04 3.04
Fine Sand 3.04 - 7.91 4.87
Kankar 7.91 - 12.17 4.26
Fine Sand 12.17 - 30.46 18.29
Clay & Kankar 30.46 - 33.50 3.04
Kankar 33.50 - 36.54 3.04
Silt 36.54 ~ 39.58 3.04
Fine Sand 39.58 - 42.62 3.04
Clay & Kankar 42.62 -55.42 12.80
Silt 55.42 -- 59.38 3.96
Clay & Kankar 59,38 -70.05 10.67
Very Fine Sand 70.05 - 71.87 1.82
Clay &. Kankar 71-87 - 75,22 3.35
Very Fine Sand 75.22 - 76.13 0.91
Fine Sand 76.13 - 81,31 5.18
Clay 81.31 - 89.94 8.53
Fine Sand &. 89,94 98.47 8.53 Sand Stone Clay &. Kankar 98.47 - 121,94 23.47
Ha rd C1ay 121.94-129.56 7 . 62
Tubewell.No - 73 Village : Saleempur
Surface Sandy clay 0 - 3.04 3.04
Very Fine Sand 3.04 - 9.13 6.09
8U
(3)
3.(34
9.14
2.43
14.63
Clay with Kankar 40.80 - 51.77 10.97
(1)
Sandy Clay with Little Kankar Fine Sand
Fine to Med. Sand Med. Sand with Kankar &. Sandstone Med. to Fine Sand
(2)
9.13 ••
12.17 ••
21.31 ••
23.74 -
26.17 -
- 12.17
- 21.31
• 23.74
-• 26.17
• 40.8
Tubewell No - 77 Village : Kheria Khwaja Budha
Surface Clay 0.00 ••- 2.13 2.13
Kaxnkar, Pebbles & gravel 2.13 -- 3.65 1.52! with clay Silty Clay with Kankar 3.65 -• 9.13 5.48 Crave1 Clay Hard 9.13 -10.65 1.52
F'ine to med sand with 10.65 ••-17.-35 6.70 mica flakes Hard C1 ay 17. 35 --18 .87 1 . 52
Kankar with very little 18.87 -22.22 3.35 c 1 ay Fine to med sand with 22.22 -24.35 2.13 sand stone Med to Fine Sand 24.35 --30.44 6.09
Med to Fine Sand with 30.44 -31.96 1.52 Kankar Sandy clay with Kankar 31.96 -41.71 9.75 Gravel and Pebbles Kankar Pebbles with V. 41.71 -43.23 1.52 Little Clay Silty Clay with little 43.23 -48.10 4.87 Blackish Gravel Silty Clay with Kankar 48.10 -56.33 8.23 Pebbles Hard Clay 56.33 -70.96 14.63
Sandstone Boulder 70.96 -74.00 3.04
Silty Clay with Kankar 74.00 -79.18 5.18
<1) (2) (3)
Tubewell.No - 80 Village - Udla Ilyaspur (Barola)
Sandy Clay 0 - 1.82 1.82
Sand -fine dirty & sand 1.82 -- 4.86 3 .Huston e Very fine sand & sand 4.86 -• 7.29 2.43 stone Clay miK with Brave1 7.29 -10.33 3.04
Sand med ium 10.33 -13 . 37 3'. 04
iSand med to Sand Stone 13„37 -16.41 3,04
Sand med &. Kankar 16.41 -19.45 3.04
Kankar 19.45 -21.88 2.43
Sand Fine &. Sand Stone 21.88 --24.92 3.04
Sand medium 24.92 -•27.96 3.04
Sand medium &. Sand stone 27.96 -30.39 2.43
Sand fine &. Sand stone 30.39 39.53 9.14
Clay & Kankar 39.53 -45.62 6.09
Clay 45.62 -48.05 2.43
Sand &. Sand stone 48.05 -51.09 3,04
Sand medium & Sand stone 51.09 -54.74 3.65
C1 ay &. Kan kar 54.74 -56 .87 2.13
Tubewell.No - 85 Village ! Ajitpurasna
Surface clay 0.00 - 1.82 1.82
Kankar 1.82 - 4.25 2.43
Sticky clay 4.25 - 6.07 1.82
82
F-ine Sand 6.07 -12.16 6.09
( 1 ) ( 2 ) (3)
Fina to Med Sand 12.16 -19.17 7.01
Sticky clay 19.17 -22.21 3,04
Med Sand &. Sand Stone 22.21 -29.63 7,62
Lehal Kankar 29,63 -32.67 3.04
Clay Kankar 32.67 -39.37 6.70
Clay Bajri 39.37 -42.41 3.04
Hard Clay Kankar 42.41 -48.50 6.09
Lehal Kankar 48.50 -51.54 3,04
Hard Clay Bajri 51.54 •••••57.63 6.09
Loose Hard Clay 57.63 -60,67 3.04
Tubewell.No - 109 Village. Haibatpur
Eiurface Clay with Kankair 0,00 - 3,65 3.65
Fine sand 3.65 ~ 7.61 3.96
Sandy clay 7.61-12.18 4.57
Fine to Med with Stone 12.18 -18.27 6,09
Clay with Kankar 18,27 -23,14 4.87
Fine sand 23.14 •••-27.40 4.26
Med sand with sandstone 27.40 -30,44 3.04
Yellow good fine sand 30,44 -45,68 15.24
Bravill,Pabelles & Fine 45.68 -51.77 6.09 Sandstone Med Course Sand with 51.77 -59,39 7,62 Stone Clay with Kankar M/K 59.39 -67.01 7.62 Caying Clay
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RESULTS OF MEGHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AOyIFER MATERIAL (Sample No. 1}
S . Na . Mes h No . Size W6? i q h t We i q h t Cu.mu 1 a t i ve Cumu 1 a t i ve in mm retained retained % retained 'A passing
in gm» in X
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4.
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25
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45
60
80
120
170
230
F'an
0.84
0,71
0»50
0 „ 35
0„25
0. 177
0. 125
0.088
0,0625
<0.0625
Nil
0.48
Nil
1 .29
26. 16
31,47
32.54
4»76
1 .87
0.90
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0 „ 48
Nil
1 .29
26. 16
31.47
32.54-
4.76
1 .87
0 „ 90
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0 „ 48
0.48
1 .77
27.93
59.40
91 .94
96.70
98.57
99.47
100
99.52
99.52
98.33
72.07
40.60
8.06
3.30
1 .43
0.53
87
RESXJL1S_QE MEGHAHI-GAL -ANAIiISIS_OE_ THE AQniEEBL MATJERIAL (Sample No. 2)
S.No. Mesh No. Size Weight Weight Cumulative Cumulative in mm retained retained % retained % passing
in gra. in %
100
99.01
99.01
98.11
75.11
47.71
18.43
10.75
5.34
0.78
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
20
25
35
45
60
80
120
170
230
Pan
0.84
0.71
0.50
0.35
0.25
0.177
0.125
0.088
0.0625
<0.0625
Nil
0.99
Nil
0.9
23.00
27.40
29.28
7.68
5.41
4.56
Nil
0.99
Nil
0.9
23.00
27.40
29.28
7.68
5.41
4.56
Nil
0.99
0.99
1.89
24.89
52.29
81.57
89.25
94.66
99.22
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