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Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants [email protected]
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Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

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Page 1: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Aquatic Plant Identification

2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short CourseLyn Gettys, PhD

University of Florida Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants

[email protected]

Page 2: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Why are you here?

Besides for the CEUs, of course…

Provenance

Growth potential

Control requirements

Control methods

Page 3: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Terminology

Plant type

Growth habit

Plant parts

Page 4: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Plant type

Woody

Rigid

Durable

Herbaceous

Soft

Flexible

Page 5: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Growth habit

Emergent

Rooted in the sediment

Some parts above the waterline

Submersed

Rooted or anchored in the sediment

Most or all parts below the waterline

Floating

Roots below the waterline but not anchored

Most or all other parts above the waterline

Page 6: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Plant parts

Vegetative

Leaf shape

Leaf margin

Leaf arrangement

Other…

Flowers

Page 7: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Leaves

Leaf parts

Blade

Apex

Base

Petiole (no petiole = sessile)

Appendages (stipules, ligules)

Leaf type – simple vs. compound

illustrations from: http://www.vplants.org/plants/glossary/plate02.html

Page 8: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Leaf shape

Based on apex and base

Elliptic – narrow oval; narrower at apex and base

Cordate – heart-shaped; notched base

Lanceolate – lance-shaped; length > width

Linear – long and narrow; parallel sides

Sagittate – arrowhead-shaped; basal lobes point down

(hastate – basal lobes point out)

illustrations from: http://www.vplants.org/plants/glossary/plate03.html

Page 9: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Leaf margin

illustrations from: http://www.vplants.org/plants/glossary/plate04.html

Blade edge

Entire – smooth

Serrate – sharp teeth pointing forward

Cleft – cut about halfway to the base

Palmate – deeply lobed from a common point

Page 10: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Leaf attachment

How the leaf is attached to the stem

Basal/rosette – at the base of the plant

Alternate – one leaf per node

Opposite – two leaves per node

Verticillate (whorled) – three or more leaves per node

illustrations from: http://www.vplants.org/plants/glossary/plate02.html

Page 11: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Other vegetative traits…

On stem or leaves

Hairs

Texture

Coloration, speckling

Stipules

Ligules

Page 12: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Flowers

Flower parts

Petals (corolla)

Sepals (calyx)

Pistils (female)

Stamens (male)

Support

Peduncle

Pedicels

Sessile

illustrations from: http://www.vplants.org/plants/glossary/plate09.html

Page 13: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Flowers

Solitary flower (peduncle)

Inflorescence with multiple flowers

Panicle – branched

Raceme – unbranched with pedicellate flowers

Spike – unbranched with sessile flowers

Spathe and spadix – large bract surrounding a spike

inflorescence

Page 14: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Now for the main event…

Page 15: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Plants!

Emergent

Floating-leaved

Shoreline – herbaceous and woody

Floating – small and large

Submersed – vascular and algae

Grasses and grass-like

Rushes

Page 16: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Emergent plants

Rooted in the sediment

At least part of the plant is above the waterline

Examples:

Alligatorweed – Alternanthera philoxeroides

East Indian hygrophila – Hygrophila polysperma

Smartweed – Polygonum spp.

Bacopa – Bacopa caroliniana, B. monnieri

Creeping primrose willow – Ludwigia repens

Roundleaf toothcup – Rotala roundifolia

Page 17: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Alligatorweed

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Leaves:

Simple

Elliptic

Smooth margins

Opposite

Hollow stems

Small papery white flowers

Page 18: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Alligatorweed

Page 19: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

East Indian hygrophila

Habitat: streams and slow-moving water

Most of plant is submersed

Upper few inches above waterline

Leaves:

Simple

Elliptic

Smooth margins

Opposite

Square stems

Small bluish-white to white flowers in leaf axils

Page 20: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

East Indian hygrophila

Page 21: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Smartweed

Habitat: fresh and brackish water

Mostly shallow water

Shoreline, ditches

Leaves:

Simple, sessile, clasping

Lanceolate

Smooth margins

Alternate with swelling

where leaf attaches to stem

Small pink to white flowers

borne on a spike

Page 22: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Smartweed

Page 23: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Bacopa

Habitat: fresh and brackish water

Most of plant is submersed

Upper few inches above waterline

Leaves:

Simple

Fleshy

Smooth margins

Opposite

Page 24: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Lemon bacopa

Nearly round leaves

Blue flowers

Page 25: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Bacopa

Oblanceolate leaves

White flowers

Page 26: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Creeping primrosewillow

Habitat: fresh and brackish water

Most of plant is submersed

Upper few inches above waterline

Leaves:

Simple

Nearly round

Smooth margins

Opposite

Underside reddish

Green stems

Small yellow flowers

Page 27: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Creeping primrosewillow

Page 28: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Roundleaf toothcup

Habitat: Shallow water, wet feet

Leaves:

Simple

Round

Smooth margins

Opposite

Bright red stems

Bright rose flowers

borne on terminal spike

Pix Lyn Gettys

Page 29: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Roundleaf toothcup

Pix Lyn Gettys

Page 30: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Easily confused…

Bacopa, primrosewillow and roundleaf toothcup

Fleshy green stems and leaves bacopa

Thinner green stems, red under leaves

primrosewillow

Thin bright red stems roundleaf toothcup

Page 31: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Floating-leaved plants

Rooted in the sediment

Most of the plant is below the waterline

Examples:

Yellow waterlily – Nymphaea mexicana

Fragrant white waterlily – Nymphaea odorata

Banana lily – Nymphoides aquatica

Crested floatingheart – Nymphoides cristata

Water snowflake – Nymphoides indica

American lotus – Nelumbo lutea

Spatterdock – Nuphar lutea

Page 32: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Yellow waterlily FL, CA

Habitat: still and slow-moving water

Leaves:

Simple, up to 8”

Nearly round

Cleft

Yellow flowers

Basal peduncle

Page 33: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Yellow waterlily FL, CA

Page 34: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Fragrant white waterlily

Habitat: still and slow-moving water

Leaves:

Simple, up to 8”

Nearly round

Cleft

Fragrant white flowers

Basal peduncle

Page 35: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Fragrant white waterlily

Page 36: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Banana lily

Habitat: still and slow-moving water

Leaves:

Simple

Nearly round

Notched, round base

Cluster of roots just below

the leaves looks like a bunch

of bananas

Small white papery flowers

Page 37: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Banana lily

Page 38: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Crested floatingheart

Habitat: still and slow-moving water

Leaves:

Simple

Cordate, round base

Dark red markings

Bananas below leaves

Small white flowers

with a central crest

Page 39: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Crested floatingheart

Page 40: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Water snowflake

Habitat: still and slow-moving water

Leaves:

Simple

Round to cordate,

rounded base

Bananas below leaves

Small white or yellow

“pipe-cleaner” flowers

Page 41: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Water snowflake

Page 42: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Easily confused…

Nymphoides spp.

Green leaves, papery white flowers N. aquatica

Red on leaves, crested white flowers N. cristata

Green leaves, fuzzy white or yellow flowers N. indica

Banana lily

N. aquatica

Crested floatingheart

N. cristata

Snowflake lily

N. indica

N. peltata pic from http://www.victoria-adventure.org/aquatic_plants/david/nymphoides_peltata02_th.jpg

Page 43: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

American lotus

Habitat: still and slow-moving water

Leaves:

Simple, up to 12”

round

Peltate

Basal

Floating, emergent

Rhizome – corn-dog

BIG yellow flowers

Basal peduncle

Page 44: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

American lotus

Page 45: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Spatterdock

Habitat: still and slow-moving water

Leaves:

Simple, up to 10”

Cordate to sagittate

Basal

Floating, emergent, submersed

Yellow flowers that look

partially open

Basal peduncle

Page 46: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Spatterdock

Page 47: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Herbaceous shoreline plants

Rooted in the sediment

Most or all of the plant is above the waterline

Somewhat soft and flexible

Examples:

Wild taro – Colocasia esculenta

Lizard’s-tail – Saururus cernuus

Alligatorflag – Thalia geniculata

Pickerelweed – Pontederia cordata

Arrowhead – Sagittaria lancifolia, S. latifolia

Page 48: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Wild taro

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet, terrestrial

Leaves:

Simple, up to 2’ long

Sagittate

Peltate

Dark green and velvety

Petiole up to 4’ long

Basal

White to cream flowers

Basal spathe and spadix

Page 49: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Wild taro

Page 50: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Lizard’s-tail

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Plant height to 2’

Leaves:

Simple, up to 4” long

Cordate to sagittate

Clasping

Alternate

White flowers borne

on a bottlebrush spike

Page 51: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Lizard’s-tail

Page 52: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Alligatorflag

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Leaves:

Simple, up to 8” x 2.5’

Lanceolate, broad base

Petiole to 4’ long

Basal

Pairs of inflorescences

(scorpoid cyme) with

small purple flowers

borne on peduncles up to 7’ long

Page 53: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Alligatorflag

Page 54: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Pickerelweed

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Leaves:

Simple, up to 8” long

Cordate to lanceolate

Petiole to 4’ long

Basal

Blue, purple or white

flowers borne on a

raceme-like inflorescence

Page 55: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Pickerelweed

Page 56: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Arrowhead

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Leaves:

Simple, up to 2' long

Petiole to 4’ long

Basal

White 3-petaled

flowers

Page 57: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Arrowhead

Narrow-leaf arrowhead – lanceolate leaves

Page 58: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Arrowhead

Broad-leaf arrowhead – sagittate leaves

Page 59: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Rooted in the sediment

Most or all of the plant is above the waterline

Rigid and woody (shrubby, tree-like)

Examples:

Buttonbush – Cephalanthus occidentalis

Marsh hibiscus – Hibiscus coccineus

Peruvian primrosewillow – Ludwigia peruviana

Woody shoreline plants

Page 60: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Plant height to 6’

Leaves:

Simple, up to 3” long

Lanceolate

Coarse

Verticillate/whorled

Nifty white to cream

ball-shaped inflorescence

Buttonbush

Page 61: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Buttonbush

Page 62: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Plant height to 6’

Leaves:

Simple, up to 6” long

Juvenile – cleft

Mature – palmate

Alternate

Large red flowers

Marsh hibiscus

Page 63: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Marsh hibiscus

Page 64: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Plant height to 7’

Leaves:

Simple, up to 4” long

Lanceolate

Alternate

Bright yellow flowers

Peruvian primrosewillow

Page 65: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Primrosewillow

Page 66: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Small floating plants

Not rooted in the sediment

Most or all of the plant is above the waterline

except for the roots

Examples:

Mosquitofern – Azolla caroliniana

Common salvinia – Salvinia minima

Giant salvinia – Salvinia molesta

Landoltia duckweed – Landoltia punctata

Giant duckweed – Spirodela polyrrhiza

Duckweed – Lemna spp.

Watermeal – Wolffia spp.

Page 67: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Mosquitofern

True fern

Habitat: slow or still water

Up to ½” across

Roots up to 2” long

Fronds:

Cleft/lobed

Green to red

Page 68: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Mosquitofern

Page 69: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Common salvinia

True fern

Habitat: slow or still high-organic water

Up to ¾” across

“Roots” = fronds

Upper fronds:

Oval

Joined in pairs

Stiff hairs

Page 70: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Common salvinia

Page 71: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Giant salvinia

True fern

Habitat: slow or still high-organic water

MUCH larger

“Roots” = fronds

Upper fronds:

“Egg-beater” hairs

Page 72: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Giant salvinia

Page 73: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Landoltia duckweed

Old name: Spirodela punctata

Habitat: still or stagnant water

Smaller than native

Up to 5 roots

Leaves:

Shoe-shaped

Usually joined in pairs

May have red margin

on the underside

Page 74: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Landoltia duckweed

Page 75: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Giant duckweed

Habitat: still or stagnant water

Larger than exotic

Up to 9 roots

Leaves:

round

Usually joined in pairs

or triplets

Dark-red underside

May have a red dot

Page 76: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Giant duckweed

Page 77: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Duckweed

Habitat: slow or still water

Tiny – 1/16” to 1/8”

Single root

Leaves:

Shoe-shaped

Usually joined in pairs

or multiples

Page 78: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Duckweed

Page 79: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Watermeal

Habitat: slow or still water

REALLY tiny – smallest flowering plant

Easier to feel than see

Page 80: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Watermeal

Page 81: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Large floating plants

Not rooted in the sediment

Most or all of the plant is above the waterline

except for the roots

Examples:

Waterhyacinth – Eichhornia crassipes

American frogsbit – Limnobium spongia

Waterlettuce – Pistia stratiotes

Page 82: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Waterhyacinth

Habitat: almost any fresh water

Height: up to 2’

Leaves:

round

Leathery

Spongy or

inflated petioles

Basal

Roots

Dark

Feathery

Page 83: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Waterhyacinth

Page 84: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

American frogsbit

Habitat: almost any fresh water

Height: up to 2’

Leaves:

round or cordate

Leathery

Stiff petioles with ridges

Basal

Roots

Lighter

Smoother

Page 85: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

American frogsbit

Page 86: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Easily confused…

Waterhyacinth and American frogsbit

Inflated petioles, dark feathery roots Waterhyacinth

Stiff petioles, light smooth roots American frogsbit

Page 87: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Waterlettuce ? ?

Habitat: almost any fresh water

Width: up to 2’

Leaves:

Thick

Dull green

Sessile

Roots

Light

Feathery

Page 88: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Waterlettuce ? ?

Page 89: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Submersed vascular plants

Rooted or anchored in the sediment

Most or all of the plant is below the waterline

Examples:

Coontail – Ceratophyllum demersum

Fanwort – Cabomba caroliniana

Parrotsfeather – Myriophyllum aquaticum

Egeria – Egeria densa

Hydrilla – Hydrilla verticillata

Southern naiad – Najas guadalupensis

Illinois pondweed – Potamogeton illinoensis

Bladderwort – Utricularia spp.

Tapegrass, eelgrass – Vallisneria americana

Page 90: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Coontail

Habitat: shallow to deep sluggish water

Raccoon

Leaves:

Finely cut

Verticillate/whorled

Feathery

Small teeth on midribs

Coarse feel

No roots

Free-floating or may be anchored

Flowers tiny and rare

Page 91: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Coontail

Page 92: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Fanwort ( in NE/NW)

Habitat: shallow to deep sluggish water

Leaves:

Finely cut

Opposite or verticillate

Feathery

Smooth/soft

Rooted in sediment

Sessile flowers are

pink, white or purple

and ½” across

Page 93: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Fanwort

Page 94: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Easily confused…

Coontail and fanwort

No roots, coarse feel, tiny flowers coontail

Rooted, smooth feel, larger flowers fanwort

Page 95: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Parrotsfeather

Habitat: shallow water, shoreline

Leaves:

Emergent – cut

Verticillate – 4 to 6 leaves

Feathery

Trail along surface

Erect at tips

Rooted in sediment

Page 96: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Parrotsfeather

Page 97: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Egeria

Habitat: almost any water

Leaves:

Strap-shaped

Serrate margin

Very fine teeth (lens)

Verticillate – 3 to 6 leaves

Rooted in sediment

White flower ¾” across

on short peduncle

Page 98: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Egeria

Page 99: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Hydrilla

Habitat: almost any water

Leaves:

Strap-shaped, pointed apex

Serrate margin

Coarse “saw-teeth”

Verticillate – 4 to 8 leaves

Rooted in sediment

Tiny white flower

on long peduncle

Page 100: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Hydrilla

Page 101: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Easily confused…

Egeria and hydrilla

Fine teeth on margin, large flowers egeria

Coarse teeth, small flowers hydrilla

Page 102: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Southern naiad

Habitat: still or slow-moving water

Leaves:

Narrow (< 1/16” x 1”)

Serrate margin

Distinct tiny teeth (lens)

Opposite or verticillate

Green to purplish

Rooted in sediment

Page 103: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Southern naiad

Page 104: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Illinois pondweed

Habitat: almost any water

Leaves:

Floating: elliptic, to 8”

Submersed: lanceolate

Long petioles

Opposite or verticillate

Rooted in sediment

Greenish flowers on

short spike

Page 105: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Illinois pondweed

Page 106: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Bladderwort

Habitat: still or slow-moving water

Leaves:

Finely cut

Opposite or verticillate

Feathery

Smooth/soft

No roots

Free-floating or may be anchored

Bladders on leaf segments are carnivorous…

Yellow or purple two-petaled flowers on long

petioles

Page 107: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Bladderwort

Page 108: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Tapegrass, eelgrass

Habitat: almost any water

Leaves:

Up to 1” wide

Long, strap-like

Rounded apex

Basal

Rooted in sediment

Female flowers on long

spiral peduncles

Page 109: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Tapegrass

Page 110: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Submersed algae

Look like vascular plants but they aren’t…

Anchored in the sediment – no roots

Examples:

Muskgrass – Chara spp.

Stonewort – Nitella spp.

Page 111: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Muskgrass

Habitat: almost any water

“Leaves” (actually branchlets):

Very narrow, thread-like

Verticillate

Very coarse

No roots – only

anchored in sediment

Aromatic…

Mistaken for coontail

and fanwort - smelly

Page 112: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Muskgrass

Page 113: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Stonewort

Habitat: almost any water

“Leaves” (actually branchlets):

Very narrow, thread-like

Verticillate

Soft

No roots – only

anchored in sediment

Not aromatic…

image from http://www.victoria-adventure.org/victoria_images/outdoor_setup/nitella_th.jpg

Page 114: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Stonewort

image from http://www.okstate.edu/artsci/biol3253/boomer/NITELLA.JPG

Page 115: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Grasses and grass-like plants

Rooted in the sediment

Most or all of the plant is above the waterline

Examples:

Maidencane – Panicum hemitomon

Torpedograss – Panicum repens

Giant reed – Arundo donax

Paragrass – Urochloa mutica (Brachiaria purpurascens)

Page 116: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Maidencane

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Stem length to 6’

Leaves:

Simple, up to 1” x 12”

Linear

Loose smooth or

hairy ligule

Bright green

Small green flowers on

inflorescence up to 12”

Page 117: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Maidencane

Page 118: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Torpedograss

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Stem length to 2 ½’

Leaves:

Simple, up to ¼” x 10”

Linear

Clasping hairy ligule

Bluish cast

Small yellow flowers on

inflorescence up to 9”

Page 119: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Torpedograss

Page 120: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Easily confused…

Maidencane and torpedograss

Wider bright green leaves, loose ligule maidencane

Narrow bluish leaves, clasping ligule torpedograss

Page 121: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Giant reed

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Stems to 2” x 20’ (!!!)

Leaves:

Simple, up to 2” x 3’

Lanceolate

Papery ligule with

hairy margin

Dense feathery whitish

to brown inflorescence

up to 2’ long

Page 122: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Giant reed

Page 123: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Paragrass

Habitat: shallow water, wet feet

Stem length to 12’

Leaves:

Simple, up to ¾” x 12”

Linear

Loose hairy overlapping ligule

Small purplish flowers on

inflorescence

Page 124: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Paragrass

Page 125: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Rushes

Rooted in the sediment

Most of the plant is above the waterline

Examples:

Spikerushes – Eleocharis interstincta, E. cellulosa

True rushes – Juncus effusus, J. megacephalus

Page 126: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Spikerushes (Eleocharis)

Habitat: Shallow water, wet feet

No leaves – just a sheath

at the base of the stem

No branching

Inflorescence is a

single spikelet borne

on the tip of the stem

Page 127: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Jointed spikerush

Page 128: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Club-rush

Page 129: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

True rushes (Juncus)

Habitat: Shallow water, wet feet

May have leaves (or not…)

Open sheath at the

base of the stem

Rounded stems

Multi-branched

inflorescence

Page 130: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Soft rush

Page 131: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Big-headed rush

Page 132: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Resources

Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated

Glossary (Harris and Harris)

CAIP website: http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu

vPlants: A Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago

Region:

http://www.vplants.org/plants/glossary/index.html

Page 133: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

That’s all, folks…

You can remember all that, right?

Questions?

Check out the plants!

Thank you!!!

Page 134: Aquatic Plant ID - University of Florida · 2011-05-16 · Aquatic Plant Identification 2011 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course Lyn Gettys, PhD University of Florida Center for Aquatic

Thank you!

Thanks for coming to the 2011 Aquatic Weed

Control Short Course – see you next year!

Lyn Gettys, Ph.D. • [email protected] • Go GATORS!!!